Dialifos

393.85

393.85

233-689-3

2811|2783

DTXSID0037522

White crystalline solid; also reported as oil|COLORLESS

2933990011

113

4.69

clear colorless liquid

1.435±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

68 °C

465.9±55.0 °C(Predicted)

100 °C

1.616

In water, 0.18 mg/L at 25 deg C

0-6°C

6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 deg C

Oral-rat LD50: 5 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 39 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; heat releases toxic sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, phosphorus oxide, chloride gas

Henry's Law constant = 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole at 20-25 °C (est)

HYDROLYZED BY ALKALI, AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 50% LOSS AT PH 8 IN 2.5 HOURS /TECHNICAL DIALIFOS/|Decomposes on distillation|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Amides and Imides

Releases nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and phosphorus oxides when heated. Readily hydrolyzed by concentrated alkali. Avoid alkali. [EPA, 1998]. Organophosphates, such as DIALIFOR, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

NON-CORROSIVE

I

6.1(a)

2783

3

24-28-50/53

28-36/37-45-60-61

TD5165000

T+,N

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Reported to be readily hydrolyzed by strong alkali.

P264-P273-P280-P301 + P310-P312-P501

H300-H311-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Alkaline hydrolysis... . In accordance with 40CFR165 recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed of properly by following package label directions or be contacting your state regional office.

Strong bases.

Releases nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and phosphorus oxides when heated. Readily hydrolyzed by concentrated alkali. Avoid alkali. (EPA, 1998)

|Danger|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P405, and P501|H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 41 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.|Protective clothing, including gloves, should be worn.

This material may not burn but does ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulfur oxides. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/|If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pestices, solid, nos/

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos/|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate protective clothing. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, n.o.s. fall in DOT Hazard Class 6.1 and dialiflor falls in Packing Group I. The label required is "Poison."|No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Slight skin and eye irritation. ...

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Dialifor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

most toxic

LD50 Rat oral 5-71 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 145 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 39 mg/kg, male|LD50 Rabbit oral 58-71 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIALIFOR (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Dialifor's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use in the US as an acaricide and insecticide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.69(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dialifor is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dialifor from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(4). Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives of 1.8 hr at 37.5 °C and pH 7.4, 14 hr at 20 °C and pH 7.4, and 15 days at 20 °C and pH 6.1(5), indicate that hydrolysis may be an important fate process of dialifor in moist soil(SRC); however this process may be attenuated by adsorption. Dialifor is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data for dialifor were not available(SRC, 2007).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Dialifor was reported to have a half-life of 11.9 days at 23.9 °C on foliage in grape fields(1). Dialifor exhibited half-lives of 140 and 150 days when applied to a moist clay loam at pH 6.2, 20 °C, and respective concns of 1 and 0.1 ppm(2).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.69(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dialifor is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 820(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, dialifor undergoes rapid hydrolysis. Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives of 1.8 hr at 37.5 °C and pH 7.4, 14 hr at 20 °C and pH 7.4, and 15 days at 20 °C and pH 6.1(7), indicate that hydrolysis will be the primary fate process of dialifor in water. Biodegradation data for dialifor were not available(SRC, 2007).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dialifor, which has a vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dialifor is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase dialifor may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Dialifor does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dialifor with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At room temperature and pH 8, dialifor is hydrolyzed 50 percent in 2.5 hours(2). Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives at pH 7.4 were experimentally determined to be 1.8 and 14 hr at 37.5 and 20 °C, respectively(3). At pH 6.1 and 20 °C the half-life of dialifor in water was determined to be 15 days(3). Dialifor does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

An estimated BCF of 820 was calculated for dialifor(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.69(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), but dialifor's rapid hydrolysis(4) probably prevents bioconcentration, especially under basic conditions(SRC).

The Koc of dialifor is estimated as 8500(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.69(1)and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that dialifor is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for dialifor is estimated as 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dialifor is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Dialifor's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Dialifor is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

ON ORANGES & LEMONS, RESIDUE HALF-LIFE OF TORAK WAS 40-60 DAYS & 60-80 DAYS. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF PRESENCE OF THE OXYGEN ANALOG ... .

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since dialifor is no longer produced or used in the US (Spring, 1998). In the past, dialifor was applied directly to various crops as an insecticide and acaricide and exposure to this compound was primarily by inhalation and dermal contact in the field where it was applied. (SRC)|Workers were exposed to approximately 5.6-9.87 ppm dialifor in dislodgeable residues from foliage of 3 grape fields in Madera, CA on September 28, 1976(1).|IN VINEYARD TREATED WITH DIALIFOR @ 2.2 KG/ACRE IN 113.5 L OF WATER, INITIAL DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES WERE AS HIGH AS 2.3 MUG/SQ CM. AT LEAST 65 DAYS ARE REQUIRED BEFORE A POSSIBLY SAFE LEVEL OF LESS THAN O.66 MUG/SQ CM IS REACHED. A REPORT WAS MADE TO THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ON SEPTEMBER 8-10, 1976 THAT 118 OF 120 FIELD WORKERS HAD BECOME ILL HARVESTING GRAPES IN VINEYARD, WHICH HAD BEEN TREATED WITH TORAK AND ZOLONE.

Torak ... was almost completely metabolized when admin to dairy cow in feed (5 ppm) for 4 days. 3% of unchanged /Torak/ recovered from feces, but none was found in urine or milk. /Torak/|In mammals, following oral administration, dialifos is rapidly eliminated, principally in the urine, as the o-phthalic acid salt.

Torak ... was almost completely metabolized when admin to dairy cow in feed (5 ppm) for 4 days. 3% of unchanged ... recovered from feces. ... urinary diethyl phosphorothionate accounted for 33% of the dose; only traces of diethyl phosphate were detected. Incubation ... with beef-liver prepn ... yielded diethyl phosphorothionate ... .|... /Torak/ was unchanged after 8 hr in presence of fresh rumen fluid ... .|First metabolic step is ... oxidation to the thiophosphate.

OPs /including dialifor/ exert their neurotoxicity by binding to and phosphorylating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in both the central (brain) and peripheral nervous systems... .. There are laboratory animal data on OPs for cholinesterase activity in plasma, red blood cell (RBC) and brain, as well as behavioral or functional neurological effects in submitted guideline studies. Measures of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very limited for the OP pesticides. As a matter of /EPA/ science policy, blood cholinesterase data (plasma and RBC) are considered appropriate surrogate measures of potential effects on PNS acetylcholinesterase activity and of potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) when brain cholinesterase data are lacking...

This material can cause serious symptoms and in extreme cases death by respiratory arrest. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised. Note: Dialifor is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Signs and Symptoms of Dialifor Exposure: Acute exposure to dialifor may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dialifor exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dialifor. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Rush to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dialifor. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Rush to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of dialifor is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of dialifor may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed toThe following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. ... Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. ... The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of ... glycopyrolate were added to ... saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. ... /Organophosphate pesticides/|Pralidoxime. Before administration of pralidoxime, draw a blood sample (heparinized) for cholinesterase analysis (since pralidoxime tends to reverse the cholinesterase depression). Administer pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM), a cholinesterase reactivator, in cases of severe poisoning by organophosphate pesticides in which respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and/or twitching are severe. When administered early (usually less than 48 hours after poisoning) pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic as well as the muscarinic effects of poisoning. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the "aging" process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a non-reactivatable form. ... Dosage of pralidoxime may be repeated in 1-2 hours, then at 10-12 hour intervals if needed. In very severe poisonings, dosage rates may be doubled. Repeated doses of pralidoxime are usually required. In cases that involve continuing absorption of organophosphate (as after ingestion of large amounts), or continuing transfer of highly lipophilic organophosphate from fat into blood, it may be necessary to continue administration of pralidoxime for several days beyond the 48 hour post-exposure interval usually cited as the limit of its effectiveness. ... Blood pressure should be monitored during administration because of the occasional occurrence of hypertensive crisis. Administration should be slowed or stopped if blood pressure rises to hazardous levels. Be prepared to assist pulmonary ventilation mechanically if respiration is depressed during or after pralidoxime administration. If intravenous injection is not possible, pralidoxime may be given by deep intramuscular injection. /Organophosphate pesticides/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for DIALIFOR (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human volunteers were given Torak as corn oil soln or gelatin capsules: single daily doses of 0, 10, 0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg or three divided doses totaling 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 or 0.95 mg/kg/day. Plasma cholinesterase & tributyrinase were inhibited @ 0.05 mg/kg or more, but diethylsuccinase was not inhibited at any dosage.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Nausea ... Vomiting, Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea, Excessive Salivation ... 2. Headache, Giddiness, Vertigo & Weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea & Sensation of Tightness in Chest Are Common in Inhalation Exposure. 4. Blurring or Dimness of Vision, Miosis ... Tearing, Ciliary Muscle Spasm, Loss of Accommodation & Ocular Pain ... Mydriasis ... Sometimes Seen ... Probably Due to Sympatho-adrenal Discharge. 5. Loss of Muscle Coordination, Slurring of Speech, Fasciculations & Twitching of Muscles (Particularly of Tongue & Eyelids), & Generalized Profound Weakness. 6. Mental Confusion, Disorientation & Drowsiness. /Parathion/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 7. Difficulty in Breathing, Excessive Secretion of Saliva & of Resp Tract Mucus, Oronasal Frothing, Cyanosis, Pulmonary Rales & Rhonchi & Hypertension, (Presumably Due to Asphyxia). 8. Random Jerky Movements, Incontinence, Convulsions, & Coma. 9. Death Primarily Due to Resp Arrest Arising from Failure of Resp Center, Paralysis of Resp Muscles, Intense Bronchoconstriction or All Three. /Parathion/|/SURVEILLANCE/ Among a crew of 120 grape pickers (110 men and 10 women), 15 became sick one day, 100 additional workers became sick the next day, and three more became sick the 3rd day. Some were only dizzy or mildly weak. Others also had headaches, blurred vision, and tightness in the chest. Most plasma and red cell values were depressed more than 60%. Eighty-five of the workers received medical attention. Most were treated with atropine and some with 2-PAM. Three workers were hospitalized. Recovery was uneventful. The vineyard had been treated with dialifos and a less toxic compound, phosalone. On the basis of measurements made soon after the illnesses, it was concluded that the leaf residues of dialifos and of its oxon that caused poisoning were 100 and 2 ppm, respectively. Because of some evidence that the insecticide had been applied recently and in view of the relatively small proportion of oxon in the residues, this may have been an example of simple reentry poisoning.

dialifor

'TORAK'; EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (240 AND 480 G TECHNICAL PRODUCT/L).|Dialifos is available in formulations of 24-72% emulsifiable concentrate.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Dialifor (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.

PRODUCT ANALYSIS: ... IS BY UV SPECTROMETRY. RESIDUES MAY BE DETERMINED BY GLC WITH TID.|A METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF DIALIFOR USING CAPILLARY GC WITH FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION.|Method: EPA-OSW 8270D; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: phosalone; Matrix: solid waste matrices, soils, air sampling media and water; Detection Limit: 100 ug/L.

Agrochemicals -> Acaricides, Insecticides|Pharmaceuticals