Ethiofencarb

225.31

225.31

249-981-9

FY0YB813XV

1754

2757

DTXSID3037545

Colourless crystals.

29309090

63.63000

2.04

1.231 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

33.4 °C

327.3±34.0 °C at 760 mmHg

151.7±25.7 °C

1.549

1800 mg l -1 (20 °C)

APPROX 4°C

4.5 x 10 -4 Pa (20 °C)

Oral-Rat  LD50: 200 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 71 mg/kg

Combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxides and oxysulfide gases

Mercaptan-like odor.

151.94 Ų [M+Na]+

Yellow oil /Technical/

III

6.1(b)

2992

3

22-50/53

60-61

FC2628000

Xn,N

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Stable in neutral and acidic media, but hydrolysed in alkaline solution. ...In aqueous solution, photodegradation in sunlight is very rapid.

P273-P501

H302-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P301+P312, P330, P391, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 197 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P301+P310, P312, P314, P321, P330, P405, and P501

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

The protective clothing should be kept in separate places where it cannot be contaminated with toxic chemicals. It should be forbidden to keep this clothing in living quarters. Protective clothing must be washed at least once a week and each time it is contaminated with pesticides. Before washing the clothing should be soaked for several hours in a calcium carbonate solution. /Pesticides/|Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide ... is being handled or used. /Pesticides/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Carbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHIOFENCARB (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Carbamates produce slight to moderate skin and eye irritation, depending on the vehicle used, duration of contact, and on whether the substance is applied to the abraided or intact skin. From the available data, it cannot be excluded that some of the carbamates will have a slight to moderate sensitization potential. /Carbamate Pesticides/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

Cholinesterase inhibition. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in respiratory depression. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

highly toxic

LD50 Rat oral 200 mg/kg|LD50 Rat dermal >1000 mg/kg/b.w.|LD50 Mouse oral 71 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal 2500 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHIOFENCARB (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ As a rule, birds are not very sensitive to carbamates while bees are extremely sensitive. /Carbamate pesticides/|/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic to anthurium and begonias.

Ethiofencarb's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethiofencarb is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethiofencarb from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.1X10-6 mm Hg (3) and water solubility, 1820 mg/l(4). Ethiofencarb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Five weeks after application of a 10% 14C-carbonyl-labeled ethiofencarb granular formulation to soil under greenhouse conditions, the metabolites (sulfoxide and sulfone) were found in the soil, and the parent compound was no longer detectable(5). Radiochemical determination of the degradation rate showed that ethiofencarb had a half-life of about 2 weeks under greenhouse condtions(5). Similar rates of degradation were determined under field conditions(5). In a study of the photolysis of sulfur containing pesticides on soil surfaces, the percent loss of ethiofencarb from three agricultural sandy loam soils with 0.53, 2.2, and 6.3% organic matter, were 74, 70, and 30%, respectively, after 8 hours of sunlight exposure(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethiofencarb is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.1X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1820 mg/l(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 7.4(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.04(4) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). At pH 6 and 50 °C, the half-life of ethiofencarb was 3.2X10+4 seconds (8 hours) and was not degraded at pH 6 and 20 °C(8). At pH 9, 20 and 50 °C, the half-lives of ethiofencarb were 1.1X10+6 seconds (300 hours) and 1.1X10+3 seconds (3.0 hours), respectively(8). At pH 2, ethiofencarb was not degraded at any of the studied temperatures(8). At pH 12 and 20 and 50 °C degradation was instantaneous(8). The half-life for hydrolysis of ethiofencarb in water (65.6 mg/l Ca2+, 10.7 mg/l Mg2+, pH 6.8) was 8 days; CO2 was evolved by hydrolysis of the carbamate group(9). The half-lives of ethiofencarb by photodegradation in water were 51.7, 9.9, and 1.3 hours with humic acid potassium salt concentrations of 0, 10, and 100 mg/l, respectively; solutions were irradiated for 8 hours in a standardized irradiation test using a mercury high pressure lamp with a filter tube of borosilicate glass(10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethiofencarb, which has a vapor pressure of 7.1X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethiofencarb is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase ethiofencarb may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). While ethiofencarb was found to photodegrade in aqueous and nonaqueous solution(4,5) and on soil(6), do data were found regarding the direct photolysis of ethiofencarb by sunlight in air(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethiofencarb with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 16 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At pH 6, the half-life of ethiofencarb was 3.2X10+4 seconds (8 hours) at 50 °C and was not degraded at 20 °C(2). At pH 9, the half-lives of ethiofencarb were 1.1X10+6 seconds (300 hours) at 20 °C and 1.1X10+3 seconds (3.0 hours) at 50 °C(2). At pH 2, ethiofencarb was not degraded at any of the studied temperatures(2). At pH 12, degradation was instantaneous at 20 and 50 °C(2). The half-lives of ethiofencarb by photodegradation in water were 51.7, 9.9, and 1.3 hours with humic acid potassium salt concentrations of 0, 10, and 100 mg/l, respectively; solutions were irradiated for 8 hours in a standardized irradiation test using a mercury high pressure lamp with a filter tube of borosilicate glass(3). Half-lives of photodegradation of ethiofencarb ranged from 75 minutes to 20 hours depending on solvent (cyclohexane 280 nm) or natural sunlight(4). In a study of the photolysis of sulfur containing pesticides on soil surfaces, the percent loss of ethiofencarb from three agricultural sandy loam soils with 0.53, 2.2, and 6.3% organic matter, were 74, 70, and 30%, respectively, after 8 hours of sunlight exposure(5). The half-life for hydrolysis of ethiofencarb in water (65.6 mg/l Ca2+, 10.7 mg/l Mg2+, pH 6.8) was 8 days; CO2 was evolved by hydrolysis of the carbamate group(6).

An estimated BCF of 7.4 was calculated for ethiofencarb(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.04(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In addition, ethiofencarb undergoes hydrolysis(4,5) and photolysis(6) in aquatic environments, and bioconcentration is not expected to be a significant fate process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for ethiofencarb can be estimated to be 230(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethiofencarb is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for ethiofencarb is 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7.1X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1820 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethiofencarb is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Ethiofencarb's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Ethiofencarb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

...Milk collected from the /Holstein/ cow 6 hr after treatment /with a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg) of ring (14C) croneton/ contained 128 ppb 14C residues; 60% of this was as the free carbamate metabolites, croneton sulfoxide and sulfone. ...

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since ethiofencarb is no longer produced or used. (SRC)

In animals, 14C-ethiofencarb is rapidly excreted.|When administered as a single oral dose to rats, 41% of the carbonyl-labelled compound was eliminated in the urine and 7% in the feces (within 72 hr), while 47% was eliminated as 14CO2. When similarly administered but in ring-labelled form, 96% was eliminated in the urine and 2% in the feces within 72 hr. The compound, therefore, undergoes hydrolysis, producing a phenol and a carbamic acid derivative which breaks down further to CO2.|Maintenance of rats on a diet containing 6.6 ppm of ethiofencarb gave ...total excretion (urine plus feces) decreasing to 1% of one day's intake by the third day after return of the animals to the normal diet. The major metabolites identified were the sulfoxide and sulfone of ethiofencarb and the sulfoxide and sulfone of the phenol; the latter two compounds were excreted mainly as conjugates, and the parent compound was detected in the urine only in trace amounts. Tissue residues detected after either a single oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw or administration of 6.6 ppm in the diet for one week were below 1 mg/kg, and these declined more rapidly after administration of the ring-labelled than the carbonyl-labelled compound. This suggests that the carbonyl-labelled residues were incorporated into normal tissues components, as would be expected.|Bile-duct-cannulated rats were orally administered 14C-ethiofencarb. Biliary radioactive carbon measurements made two days after administration revealed the following percentage of the dose 20.2%. /Most/ of the dose was eliminated in the urine, while the feces did not exceed an elimination rate of 3%. Enterohepatic circulation of metabolites is suggested by these findings.|A lactating Holstein cow and a male Yorkshire pig treated with a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg) of ring (14C) croneton excreted 97.8% and 90.0% of the dose, respectively, in the urine after 24 hr. None of the swine tissues examined 24 hr after treatment contained detectable residues, and of the bovine tissues, only the kidney, liver, and skin contained detectable activity (0.016, 0.017, and 0.05 ppm 14C-croneton equivalents, respectively). Milk collected from the cow 6 hr after treatment contained 128 ppb 14C residues; 60% of this was as the free carbamate metabolites, croneton sulfoxide and sulfone. White Leghorn hens given ring 14C-croneton as a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg) or in twice-daily doses (0.5 mg/kg) over 7 consecutive days showed patterns of metabolism and excretion similar to those observed in the pig and cow. Birds sacrificed 4 hr after the last dose contained from 0.019 ppm 14C-croneton equivalents in the fat to 0.324 ppm in the kidney. By 24 hr, only the liver and kidney (0.044 and 0.022 ppm, respectively) contained residues in excess of 0.01 ppm, and within 4 days the residues in these organs were 0.01 ppm or less. Residues in eggs laid by these hens were 0.03 to 0.04 ppm 14C-croneton equivalents 2 days after treatment; egg residues reached a maximum of 0.06 to 0.07 ppm 7 days after treatment and declined rapidly following the termination of treatment. About 75% of the radiocarbon in the eggs occurred as free phenol sulfoxide and sulfone, 10% occurred as free croneton sulfoxide and croneton sulfone, 5% occurred as water-soluble metabolites, and 5% occurred as unextracted residues. The remaining 5% was accounted for by unknown metabolites in the organo-extractable fraction.

The main metabolites are ethiofencarb sulfoxide and sulfone, ethiofencarb phenol and the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone.|The first step in the metabolism of carbamates is hydrolysis to carbamic acid, which decomposes to carbon dioxide (CO2) and the corresponding amine. The mechanism of hydrolysis is different for N -methyl and N -dimethyl derivatives. The N -methyl carbamates pass through an isocyanate intermediate, whereas in the hydrolysis of N - dimethylcarbamates, an addition product with a hydroxyl ion is formed yielding the alcohol and N -dimethyl substituted acid. The rate of hydrolysis by esterases is faster in mammals than in plants and insects. Apart from hydrolysis, oxidation also takes place including: hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, O -dealkylation, N -methyl hydroxylation, N -dealkylation, oxidation of aliphatic side chains, and sulfoxidation to the corresponding sulfone. Oxidation is associated with the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzymes. Conjugation leads to the formation of O - and N -glucuronides, sulfates, and mercapturic acid derivatives in mammals. Glycosides and phosphates are conjugation products more common in plants. /Carbamate Pesticides/|The fate of Croneton, 2-ethylthiomethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate, was determined in rats following single oral or dietary exposure to the 14C-carbonyl- and 14C-ring-labeled insecticide. Greater than 95% of the (14C)Croneton equivalents was excreted in the urine or as a combination of 14CO2 (47%) and urinary products (41%) 72 hr after a single oral dose. The feces contained 27% of the dose. A similar excretion pattern was observed during a 7-day feeding period. The principal urinary metabolites were Croneton sulfoxide (23-28% of the dose), phenol sulfoxide (20-23%), phenol sulfone (9-25%), and Croneton sulfone (3-11%) after a single oral dose and similar in the long term study. The carbamates were excreted primarily as free metabolites while the phenolic constituents were eliminated as acid labile conjugates.|The comparative ester hydrolysis and selective toxicity of carbamate insecticides were studied in 4 mammalian species. Hydrolysis rates of carbaryl and ethiofencarb (Croneton) were examined in the rat, mouse, guinea pig and gerbil. Respiratory 14CO2 resulting from the hydrolysis of orally administered (carbonyl-14C)carbamates (0.2 mg/kg) was taken as measure of in vivo hydrolytic capabilities. Ester hydrolysis was greater for ethiofencarb in all species tested, although the relative order of hydrolysis among species was the same with both compounds. After 24 hr, gerbils had hydrolyzed 91% of the ethiofencarb an 65% of the carbaryl. Guinea pigs hydrolyzed somewhat less of the compounds, 65 and 85%, but more than rats and mice, 40 and 25%.|About 75% of the radiocarbon in the eggs /from White Leghorn hens given one to 14 oral doses of croneton/ occurred as free phenol sulfoxide and sulfone, 10% occurred as free croneton sulfoxide and croneton sulfone, 5% occurred as water-soluble metabolites, and 5% occurred as unextracted residues. The remaining 5% was accounted for by unknown metabolites in the organo-extractable fraction.

Carbamates are effective insecticides by virtue of their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. They also inhibit other esterases. The carbamylation of the enzyme is unstable, and the regeneration of AChE is relatively rapid compared with that from a phosphorylated enzyme. Thus, carbamate pesticides are less dangerous with regard to human exposure than organophosphorus pesticides. The ratio between the dose required to produce death and the dose required to produce minimum symptoms of poisoning is substantially larger for carbamate compounds than for organophosphorus compounds. /Carbamate Pesticides/

Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Artificial respiration (via a tracheal tube) should be started at the first sign of respiratory failure and maintained for as long as necessary. Cautious administration of fluids is advised as well as general supportive and symptomatic pharmacological treatment and absolute rest. /Carbamate pesticides/|When dermal exposure occurs, decontamination procedures include removal of contaminated clothes and washing of the skin with alkaline soap or with a sodium bicarbonate solution. Particular care should be taken in the cleaning of the skin area where venupuncture is performed. Blood might be contaminated with carbamates and therefore inaccurate measures of ChE inhibition might result. Extensive eye irrigation with water or saline should also be performed. In the case of ingestion, vomiting can be induced, if the patient is conscious, by the administration of ipecacuanha syrup (10-30 ml) followed by 200 ml of water. However, this treatment is contraindicated in the case of pesticides dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents. Gastric lavage (with the addition of bicarbonate solution or activated charcoal) can also be performed, particularly in unconscious patients, taking care to prevent aspiration of fluids into the lungs (i.e., only after a tracheal tube has been put in place). The volumes of the fluids introduced in the stomach should be recorded and samples of gastric lavage frozen and stored for subsequent chemical analysis. If the formulation of the pesticide involved is available, it should also be stored for further analysis (i.e., detection of toxicologically relevant impurities). A purge to remove the ingested compound can be administered. /Carbamate pesticides/|The clinical approach to carbamate toxicity is similar to that for organophosphate poisoning; the major exception is that pralidoxime usually is not recommended. /Carbamates/|Stabilization: Assess the adequacy of the airway and ventilation and use oxygen, suction, intubation, artificial ventilation, intravenous lines, and cardiac monitors as needed. /Carbamates/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ETHIOFENCARB (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Principal effects /of anticholinesterases as toxic components of insecticides/ on eye, whether from local contact or systemic poisoning, are miosis and spasm of accommodation for near vision. /Anticholinesterases/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The clinical picture of carbamates intoxication results from accumulation of ACh at nerve endings. ...The signs and symptoms can be categorized into the following 3 groups: (a) Muscarinic manifestations - increased bronchial secretion, excessive sweating, salivation, and lachrymation; pinpoint pupils, bronchoconstriction, abdominal cramps (vomiting and diarrhea); and bradycardia. (b) Nicotinic manifestations - fasciculation of fine muscles (in severe cases, diaphragm and respiratory muscles also involved); and tachycardia. (c) Central nervous system manifestations- headache, dizziness, anxiety, mental confusion, convulsions, and coma; and depression of respiratory center. All these signs and symptoms can occur in different combinations and can vary in onset and sequence, depending on the chemical, dose, and route of exposure. The duration of symptoms is usually shorter than that observed in organophosphorus poisoning. Mild poisoning might include muscarinic and nicotinic signs only. Severe cases always show central nervous system involvement; the clinical picture is dominated by the respiratory failure sometimes leading to pulmonary edema due to the combination of the above mentioned symptoms. /Carbamate pesticides/

croneton

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Dizziness. Nausea. Muscle twitching. Sweating. Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Laboured breathing. Cough. Blurred vision.

See Inhalation.

Emulsifiable concentrate, granules.|Tradenames: 'Croneton' (Bayer); ...'Arylmate' (Bayer).

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Ethiofencarb (technical grade) as Class IB: highly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide.

Product analysis by HPLC with UV determination. Residues determined by GLC.

Agrochemicals -> Insecticides