Chloroacetaldehyde

78.495

78.50

203-472-8

CF069F5D9C

0706

2232

DTXSID4020292

Colorless liquid [Note: Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution]

29130000

17.1

0.37

2-chloroethanal appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point about 190°F. Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. It is very toxic by inhalation.

1.19 g/cm³

-16.3 °C

85-86 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

190°F (40% solution)

n 20/D 1.407

soluble in ether (Weast, 1986), acetone, and methanol (Hawley, 1981)

Safe Storage: Separated from strong oxidants, acids, metals and food and feedstuffs. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/

Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 13.3

2.7

Acute oral LD 50 for rats 75 mg/kg, mice 69 mg/kg (quoted, RTECS, 1985).

Class IIIA Combustible Liquid: Fl.P. at or above 140°F and below 200°F.

Contact with oxidizing materials & acids may cause ... explosions.

Acrid, penetrating odor

3.10e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

Henry's Law constant = 2.39X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Conversion factors: 1 mg/L equals 309 ppm; 1 ppm equals 3.2 mg/cu m|Wt/gal: 9.9 lb at 25 °C; at concentration above 50% in water it forms insoluble hemihydrate|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Soluble in water. Forms an insoluble hemihydrate at greater than 50% concentration.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable

2-CHLOROETHANAL polymerizes on standing. At greater than 50% concentration in water, it forms an insoluble hemihydrate. Sensitive to heat. Reacts with oxidizing agents. Incompatible with acids and water (NTP, 1992). Burns to give poisonous and irritating gases.

88 °C

10.61 eV

Class IIIA Combustible Liquid: Fl.P. at or above 140°F and below 200°F.

The vapour is heavier than air.

I

6.1(a)

UN22322-Chloroethanal, Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B.UN 2232 6.1/PG 1

R24/25;R26;R34;R40;R50

26-28-36/37/39-45-61

AB2450000

T+,N

Separated from strong oxidants, acids, metals and food and feedstuffs.

The anhydrous substance polymerizes on standing, but reverts to the monomer on distillation.

P260-P280-P301 + P310 + P330-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H301-H310 + H330-H314-H335-H351-H400

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|...By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an effluent gas cleaning device.|A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Oxidizers, acids.

Davidson I WF et al; Drug Chem Toxicol 5 (4): 319-88 (1982). A review of metabolism, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of ethylene dichloride is presented. One of its metabolites is chloroacetaldehyde.|Chloroacetaldehyde is found in an EPA document entitled Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program: Interim Guidance (Nov, 1985). This voluntary program provides two goals: to increase community awareness of chemical hazards and to develop state and local emergency response plans for dealing with chemical accidents.[Roytech/SOCMA Suspect Chemicals Source Book. 4th ed. Burlingame, CA: Roytech Publications, 1985., p. IV-230]|USEPA Chemical Profiles: Chloroacetaldehyde (1985)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Contain poisonous and irritating chloride gases. Behavior in Fire: May yield highly toxic chloride fumes when heated to decomposition. (USCG, 1999)|Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 88 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.|Flammable - 2nd degree

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H226 (70.37%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 54 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]|P201, P202, P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2232 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME

Above 88 °C explosive vapor/air mixtures may be formed. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/|Contact with oxidizing materials & acids may cause ... explosions.

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/|In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/|In fire fighting conditions use a self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or positive pressure mode.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/|1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.|Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Chloroacetaldehyde; 2-Chloroethanal)/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

... Chloroacetaldehyde presents a serious hazard from inhalation of its vapor, which is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 1 ppm (3 mg/cu m).

Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 1 ppm (3 mg/cu m).

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Separated from strong oxidants, acids, metals and food and feedstuffs.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Corrosive. The vapour is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of high concentrations of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames. NO contact with oxidizing agents or acids. Above 88 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

| 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.

P023; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

P023; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when acetaldehyde, chloro-, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Chloroacetaldehyde was identified as a contaminate produced during the bleaching process at pulp mills and was detected in the effluent(1).

LD50 Guinea pig ip 0.636 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal 67.0 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit ip 1.39 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 2.0 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Individuals with diseases of the eye, skin, kidney, liver, and respiratory system/ may be /at an increased risk from exposure to this chemical/.

Chloroacetaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals and as a raw material to make dyestuffs(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde was identified as a contaminate produced during the bleaching process at pulp mills and was detected in the effluent(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloroacetaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Biodegradation of chloroacetaldehyde may be important based on degradation studies of 2-chloroethanol which has been shown to degrade via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetate to glycollic acid by Pseudomonas CE1r that was isolated from soil(5).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 35 hours and 13 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde has a reported hydrolysis rate of 2X10-6 to 5X10-6/hour at 37 °C(6). Biodegradation of chloroacetaldehyde may be important based on degradation studies of 2-chloroethanol which has been shown to degrade via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetate to glycollic acid by Pseudomonas CE1r that was isolated from soil(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroacetaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.3 days, calculated from its rate constant of 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec(3). Chloroacetaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroacetaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 8.7X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloroacetaldehyde had a reported hydrolysis rate at 37 °C of 2X10-6 to 5X10-6/hour(2). Chloroacetaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for chloroacetaldehyde(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of chloroacetaldehyde can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for chloroacetaldehyde is estimated as 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 35 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 13 days(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Chloroacetaldehyde was detected in finished water after ozone/chlorine and/or ozone/chloramine treatment of Mississippi River water(1).

NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) has statistically estimated that 788 workers are potentially exposed to chloroacetaldehyde in the USA(1). Occupational exposure to chloroacetaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetaldehyde is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloroacetaldehyde via ingestion of treated drinking water(SRC).

Chloroacetaldehyde can be oxidized to chloroacetatic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase followed by conjugation with glutathione and finally give rise to the formation of the urinary metabolite thiodiglycolic acid. Chloroacetaldehyde may be also directly conjugated with GSH.|The metabolism of 2-(13)C-chloroacetaldehyde at doses of 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg b.w. and that of 2-(13)C-chloroacetaldehyde at a dose of 5.9 mg/kg b.w. were studied in the isolated perfused rabbit heart model using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. We have shown that, whereas chloroacetaldehyde is cardiotoxic at doses above 2 mg/kg b.w., this toxic effect is not accompanied by an increase in intramyocardial citrate levels. Chloroacetate, its main metabolite, is not cardiotoxic. The metabolism of chloroacetaldehyde is complex and leads, in addition to chloroethanol, glycolic acid, conjugates of glutathione with chloroacetate or chloroethanol (and/or their metabolites, S-(2-carboxymethyl) cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxymethyl) cysteine, S-(2-hydroxymethyl)cysteine) and thiodiglycolic acid. Low amounts of chloroacetate are metabolized by isolated perfused rabbit hearts into glycolic acid and glutathione conjugate (and/or its metabolites, S-(2-carboxymethyl) cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxymethyl)cysteine). ...|Chloroethylene oxide, a postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride rearranged to 2-chloroacetaldehyde.|Chloroacetaldehyde has been shown to be a urinary metabolite of cyclophosphamide in the rat.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|2-chloroacetaldehyde is a known human metabolite of l-cyclophosphamide and l-ifosfamide.

2-Chloroacetaldehyde a metabolic breakdown product of vinyl-chloride, was reacted with pyrimidine nucleosides in methanol to study adduct formation. After trimethylsilylation, products were analyzed by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Reaction of 3-methyluridine with 2-chloroacetaldehyde indicated that it can react with both the 3-methyluracil and ribose moieties. Molecular ions suggest that 2-chloroacetaldehyde attaches a 1-hydroxy-2-chloroethyl group to the 3-methyluracil moiety. 2-Chloroacetaldehyde not only formed etheno derivatives and oxoethyl adducts, respectively, but also yielded other types of adducts with nucleic acids. 2-Chloroacetaldehyde reacted with free nucleosides or single stranded nucleic acids to yield cyclic etheno derivatives. Model nucleosides (cytosine or uracil) in which the most nucleophilic site (the N-3 position) was blocked by a methyl group were treated with 2-chloroacetaldehyde to investigate whether these adducts are formed in native DNA. GC/MS analyses suggested that 2-chloroacetaldehyde can add a 2-chlorovinyl group to 3-methylcytosine.

Poisonous; may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Overexposure causes intense irritation and edema of the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and skin. Prolonged exposure causes tissue destruction, chemical burns and residual scarring. The eyes may experience permanent damage. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting. Thus, the risk of increasing the medical problems by inducing vomiting of a volatile corrosive chemical is very high. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ During low exposures, the initial discomfort generally abated after 5 or 10 minutes but recurred if exposure resumed after interruption. Any vapor concentration producing even slight irritation in humans was believed to be potentially injurious on single, prolonged or repeated exposure. Eye contact by a 40% aqueous solution presented a serious hazard of injury, including tissue destruction.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... The low-molecular-weight aldehydes and the halogenated aldehydes, such as chloroacetaldehyde, were particularly irritating and presented a serious hazard from exposure to the vapors. The mucous membranes of the nasal and oral passages and the upper respiratory tract were affected, producing a burning sensation, an increased ventillation rate, bronchial constriction, choking, and coughing. The eyes teared and a burning sensation was noted on the skin of the face.|/GENOTOXICITY/ Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) reacts with DNA bases, forming hydroxyethano derivatives of different stability, which are subsequently converted into etheno (epsilon) adducts: epsilon A, epsilon C, epsilon G. DNA polymerase fingerprint analysis was used to study the distribution of CAA-induced modifications in the p53 sequence. A plasmid bearing cDNA containing the human p53 gene was reacted in vitro with CAA, then dehydrated for conversion of hydroxyethano into etheno adducts, and primer extension by T7 DNA polymerase in the presence of four dNTPs was performed. The DNA repair enzymes methylpurine-DNA glycosylase and Escherichia coli exonuclease III were used to convert epsilon A residues in the template into DNA strand breaks, which enabled precise localization of the epsilon A residues within the p53 gene. Hydroxyethano derivatives of adenine and cytosine in a template blocked T7 DNA polymerase and caused premature chain termination opposite adenine or one base before cytosine. After dehydration, both epsilon A and epsilon C were much more easily by-passed by T7 DNA polymerase. Formation of epsilon G was identified as 'stop bands' one base before guanine residues. Modification of cytosine and guanine was additionally recognized by weakening or disappearance of non-specific stops on an undamaged template, probably due to steric hindrance by the tertiary DNA structure for polymerase. Etheno adduction of cytosine and guanine relaxed the compact DNA structure and enabled DNA polymerase to by-pass. In exons 5-8 of p53, 143 out of 500 sites appeared to be damaged by CAA, with four particularly densely modified regions between codons 135-147, 218-222, 234-255 and 284-292. The pattern of modification followed the pattern of p53 mutations found in vinyl chloride-associated liver angiosarcomas in humans and rats, but only in regions that showed 100% homology with the human sequence. ...|/GENOTOXICITY/ Vinyl chloride (VC), a known human and rodent carcinogen, is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 to chloroethylene oxide (CEO), which can rearrange to chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) or undergo hydrolysis. To further understand the roles of CEO and CAA in VC mutagenesis, the types and frequencies of mutations induced at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl-transferase (hprt) locus were examined in a human B-lymphoblastoid line constitutively expressing human cytochrome P450 2E1 (H2E1 cells). VC was toxic and mutagenic to H2E1 cells as a function of incubation time; exposure to 7.5% VC in air resulted in 75% survival and an hprt mutant frequency of 42 x 10(-6) after 48 hr, compared to 5.7 +/- 2.7 x 10(-6) for unexposed cells. The exposure of H2E1 cells to 0.8 to 15.0% VC in air produced similar mutant frequencies without a clear dose-response relationship, suggesting saturation of metabolic activation. Both CEO and CAA exhibited dose-dependent increases in cell killing and mutant frequency in H2E1 cells. Treatment with 16 uM CEO for 24 hr resulted in 75% survival and an induced mutant frequency of 23 x 10(-6), while 16 uM CAA produced 5% survival and an induced mutant frequency of 20 x 10(-6). Structural alterations at the hprt locus in independent thioguanine-resistant clones were examined by Southern blot analysis of Pst I-digested DNA with a full-length human hprt cDNA probe. Ten percent (5/50) of VC-induced and 18% (7/38) of CEO-induced mutants showed detectable deletions, compared with 45% (9/20) of CAA-induced mutants. Thus, VC and CEO displayed similar toxicity/mutation profiles and a similar frequency of large deletions, whereas CAA displayed greater toxicity and a larger frequency of deletion mutations. These results suggest that the majority of mutations induced by VC occur through its metabolite, CEO.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-chloroacetaldehyde

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.|inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation skin, eyes, mucous membrane; skin burns; eye damage; pulmonary edema; skin, respiratory system sensitization

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Serious skin burns. Pain. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Loss of vision. Severe deep burns.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Chloroacetaldehyde is commercially available as a 45 wt% aqueous solution.

Acetaldehyde, 2-chloro-: ACTIVE

Method: NIOSH 2015, Issue 1; Procedure: gas chromatography with electron capture detection; Analyte: chloroacetaldehyde; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.1 ug per sample.|Method: OSHA 76; Procedure: gas chromatography with electron capture detector; Analyte: chloroacetaldehyde; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 21.3 ppb (68.4 ug/cu m)|Gas chromatography can separate and determine chloroacetaldehyde and its impurities.|Determination of chloroacetaldehyde in air by differential pulse polarography was studied.|Analyte: Chloroacetaldehyde; Matrix: Air; Range: 1.8-6.4 mg/cu m; Procedure: Collection on silica gel, desorption with 50% aqueous methanol, gas chromatography using electron capture detection; Precision: (coefficient of variation) 0.060.

Chloroacetaldehyde (CA) is a nephrotoxic and neurotoxic metabolite of the anticancer drug ifosfamide (IFA) and is a dose-limiting factor in IFA-based chemotherapy. Plasma levels of CA in IFA-treated cancer patients are often difficult to determine due to the lack of a sufficiently sensitive and specific analytical method. /The authors/ have developed a simple and sensitive HPLC method with fluorescence detection to measure CA formation catalyzed by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, either in vivo in IFA-injected rats or in vitro in liver microsomal incubations. This method is based on the formation of the highly fluorescent adduct 1-N(6)-ethenoadenosine from the reaction of CA with adenosine (10 mM) at pH 4.5 upon heating at 80 degrees C for 2 hr. The derivatization mixture is directly injected onto a C18 HPLC column and is monitored with a fluorescence detector. Calibration curves are linear (r > 0.999) over a wide range of CA concentrations (5-400 pmol). The limit of detection of CA in plasma using this method is <0.1 uM and only 50 uL of plasma is required for the assay. By coupling this method with a recently described HPLC-fluorescent method to determine acrolein, a cytochrome P450 metabolite of IFA formed during the activation of the drug by 4-hydroxylation, the two major, alternative P450-catalyzed pathways of IFA metabolism can be monitored from the same plasma samples or liver microsomal incubations and the partitioning of drug between these two pathways thereby quantitated. This assay may prove to be useful for studies of IFA metabolism aimed at identifying factors that contribute to individual differences in CA formation and in developing approaches to minimize CA formation while maximizing IFA cytotoxicity.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree