Bromate

127.901

126.903

1450

DTXSID8023923

57.2

-0.7

Bromates, inorganic, n.o.s. is a colorless to light colored solid. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Contact may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

Slightly soluble in water.

Bromate ions are thermodynamically stable with respect to disproportionation

Slightly soluble in water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

INORGANIC BROMATES are oxidizing agents. May cause ignition in contact with organic materials. A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided metal bromates can explode by heat, percussion, or friction [Mellor 2:310 1946-47].

1450

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Combinations of finely divided bromate with combustible material or aluminum, arsenic, carbon, copper, phosphorus, or sulfur may explode on contact with heat or shock. Bromates may also ignite combustible materials.|Some mixtures of chlorates and bromates with combustible substances, including powdered metals, are likely to ignite by friction or percussion. Strong acids have a very violent action on these substances and many mixtures of chlorates and combustible substances are set on fire if acted on by strong sulfuric acid. /Clorates/|A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided bromates (also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc can be exploded by heat, percussion, and sometimes, light friction.|A combination of finely divided arsenic with finely divided bromates (also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc can be exploded by heat, percussion, and sometimes, by light friction.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IPCS/WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 216 DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS (2000). EHC publications are monographs designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations. This series issued by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), provides basic scientific risk evaluation of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.|USEPA; TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW OF BROMATE (CAS No. 15541-45-4) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (March 2001) EPA/635/R-01/002. Reviews of the literature prepared to support the evaluation of IRIS chemicals.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. (ERG, 2016)|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Bromates, inorganic, NOS/

Bromates ... may cause ignition when in contact with organic materials. The material is generally sensitive to friction and is liable to ignite. When involved in a fire it may cause an explosion. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|Bromates ... may cause ignition in contact with organic materials. /Bromates, inorganic, NOS/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS; Bromates, inorganic, NOS/|Evacuation: If the material is on fire or involved in fire consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. If fire is prolonged and material is confined in the container-consider evacuation of one (1) mile radius. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Approach fire with caution. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Bromates, inorganic, NOS/|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Approach fire with caution. /Bromates, inorganic, NOS/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Health: Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Bromates, inorganic, aqueous solution, NOS/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Contact with the material may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. /Bromates, inorganic, NOS/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A critical literature review has been undertaken of the effects that bromate (BrO3-) has on aquatic organisms. Chronic (multigeneration) studies using four marine phytoplankton species indicate a stimulation of cell division at concentrations up to 13.6 mg BrO3/L, such that the EC50 is > 13.6 mg BrO3-/L(exposure period unspecified). ... For freshwater invertebrates, the available data are limited to acute studies using two species: the water flea, Daphnia magna, with a 48-hr LC50 of 179 mg BrO3- /L; and the planarian ("flatworm"), Polycelis nigra, with a 48-hr LC50 of 2258 mg BrO3-/L. For saltwater invertebrates, there is a greater variety in the spread of species sensitivity to bromate. For crustaceans, the lowest reported acute value is a 24-hr LC50 of 176 mg BrO3-/L for mysid shrimp. For molluscs, the published data are somewhat contradictory, with different workers reporting EC50 values to oyster embryo-larvae of either 0.05-0.1 or 30 mg BrO3-/L. Following repeated attempts to resolve these differences using the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo development assay, a 24-hr EC50 of 170 mg BrO3-/L was observed. Reported 96-hr LC50 values for juvenile saltwater fish range from 427 to 512 mg BrO3-/L, while a 10-day LC50 of 279 mg BrO3-/L is also reported. For fish early lifestages, newly hatched larvae are more sensitive than embryo hatching, with a larval 96-hr LC50 of 31 mg BrO3-/L being observed. Less severe effects have been reported for older larvae (pro-larvae), for which a 96-hr LC50 of 404 mg BrO3-/L is reported. In conclusion, a number of studies provide evidence for the acute toxicity of bromate to invertebrates and fish in the lowest region of 30 mg BrO3-/L....

Bromate is a drinking water disinfection by-product formed during the ozonation of source water containing bromide.[DHHS/NTP;Toxicology Studies of Sodium Bromate (CAS No. 7789-38-0) in Genetically Modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) Mice (Dermal and Drinking Water Studies) and Carcinogenicity Studies of Sodium Bromate in Genetically Modified

... Poisoning with bromate is frequently fatal when doses exceed 6 g ... .

... The clinical course of a 2-year-old male (13 kg) with acute BrO3- poisoning /was described/. The child had ingested 1-2 ounces (30-60 mL) of a permanent wave solution containing 10-12 g BrO3-/100 mL. The child's estimated dose was 230-460 mg BrO3-/kg. Serum bromide levels peaked 12 hours after ingestion. The amount of bromide recovered from dialysate and urine was 1,850 mg, accounting for approximately 60%-70% of the bromate ingested. /Permanent wave solution containing 10-12 g BrO3-/100 mL/|Studies in rats indicate that bromate appears in plasma and urine rapidly following ingestion.|Bromate appears to be rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, at least in part unchanged, following oral administration.|Bromate is reduced to bromide in body tissues. ... Bromate levels in tissues of rats /were measured/ 24 hours after a single intragastric dose of 50 mg BrO3-/kg. Bromate was not detected (< 5 ug/g) in any of the eight tissues analyzed, but significantly (p < 0.01) increased bromide levels for the plasma, red blood cells, pancreas, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of 187.1, 289.0, 32.1, 87.4, 113.5, and 62.5 ug/g tissue, respectively, were observed. Both bromate and bromide were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in the urine (1729.9 ug/mL and 1314.1 ug/mL, respectively). ... Bromate is excreted mainly in the urine, partly as bromate and partly as bromide. Some bromate may also be eliminated in the feces ... . Bromate was detected in the urine of rats following oral doses as low as 5 mg BrO3-/kg, and a dose-related increase in urinary bromate was reported for doses up to 100 mg/kg ... . About 30% of an oral dose of 50 mg BrO3-/kg was recovered in the urine of rats as bromate 24 hours after administration.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromate is reduced to bromide in body tissues. ... Bromate levels in tissues of rats /were measured/ 24 hours after a single intragastric dose of 50 mg BrO3-/kg. Bromate was not detected (< 5 ug/g) in any of the eight tissues analyzed, but significantly (p < 0.01) increased bromide levels for the plasma, red blood cells, pancreas, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of 187.1, 289.0, 32.1, 87.4, 113.5, and 62.5 ug/g tissue, respectively, were observed. Both bromate and bromide were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in the urine (1729.9 ug/mL and 1314.1 ug/mL, respectively). In vitro studies indicate that liver and kidney tissues degrade bromate to bromide and that glutathione (GSH) is probably involved in that degradation ... . However ... bromate is very stable in the body and only small amounts are reduced to bromide. Bromate may be converted to hydrobromic acid by the hydrochloric acid in the stomach ... .

Bromate is a known animal carcinogen that is found in drinking water supplies treated with ozone. Bromate targets the kidney for toxicity and cancer, the peritoneum for cancer (mesotheliomas derived from testes), testes for lowered sperm count and the thyroid for follicular cell cancer. Kidney tumors as well as other toxicities may be caused by the metabolism of bromate to reactive intermediates. There is evidence that bromate and its stable metabolite bromide are actively transported by the sodium iodide transporter (NIS) protein found in the thyroid, kidney and testes. This association strongly suggests that characterizing the preferential distribution of bromate into the NIS-rich tissues and its subsequent metabolism to reactive metabolites is important for interpreting the dose-response characteristics of bromate in rodents...|One proposed mechanism /by which bromate causes renal toxicity/ is that exposure to bromate causes the formation of reactive intermediates, which in turn cause lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage in the kidney, but not other organs. Kidney toxicity and DNA damage following bromate exposure can be reduced by cotreatment with antioxidants. In addition, one study identified the protein alpha2u-globulin in the kidney of male rats treated with bromate. Although alpha2u-globulin does not appear to be the primary mechanism by which bromate acts, it has been hypothesized that it contributes to the apparent sensitivity of male rats to the kidney effects of bromate. ...|Glutathione-SH (GSH) and cysteine administered 30 min before or after bromate significantly inhibited the induction of micronuclei in rat peripheral blood reticulocytes ... . Treatment of superoxide dismutase had no effect on the induction of micronucleated reticulocytes. This suggests that the mechanisms involved in micronuclei formation parallel those involved in production of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage via the production of oxygen radicals.|Exposure of mammalian cells to bromate (BrO3-) generates oxidative DNA modifications, in particular 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine (8-oxoG). The damaging mechanism is quite unique, since glutathione, which is protective against most oxidants and alkylating agents, mediates a metabolic activation, while bromate itself does not react directly with DNA. Neither enzymes nor transition metals are required as catalysts in the activation. The ultimate DNA damaging species has not yet been established, but experiments under cell-free conditions suggest that neither molecular bromine nor reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide or singlet oxygen are involved. Rather bromine radicals (Br*) or oxides (BrO*, BrO2*) might be responsible. Compared to hypochlorite (ClO-), bromate is much less cytotoxic, probably because the former halite efficiently reacts with proteins and other vitally important cellular constituents. In consequence, oxidative DNA damage and the induction of mutations and micronuclei is easily detectable at non-cytotoxic concentrations of bromate, while DNA damage by hypochlorite is observed only at cytotoxic concentrations and follows a non-linear (hockey-stick-like) dose response.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)|Carcinogens

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim calm and warm. (ERG, 2016)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromates and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Bromates and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromates and Related Compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. Replace fluid losses, treat electrolyte disturbances caused by vomiting and diarrhea, and monitor renal function. Perform hemodialysis as needed for support of renal failure.|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The most common acute signs are severe gastrointestinal irritation, central nervous system (CNS) depression, renal failure, and hearing loss.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Clinical signs of bromate poisoning include anemia and hemolysis, renal failure and hearing loss. Loss of hearing appears to be more common in adults than in children ... . The hearing loss and renal failure can have a prolonged course in some, but not all, people poisoned by bromate ... . Poisoning with bromate is frequently fatal when doses exceed 6 g ... .|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Symptomatology: 1. Vomiting, diarrhea, gastric pain. 2. Restlessness & later apathy ... 3. Methemoglobin formation & hemolysis, which develop slowly @ first ... may or may not occur in bromate poisoning ... 4. Lumbar pain, oliguria & albuminuria, progressing to anuria & azotemia within few hr or few days. 5. Death from renal failure, usually within 1-2 wk.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Nausea & vomiting was almost always noted, usually with epigastric pain. Diarrhea occurred sometimes & hematemesis was reported once. ... ascribed to the caustic action of bromic acid & bromine produced by stomach acid acting on the bromate ion.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromate

... bromate is a contaminant of commercially produced solutions of sodium hypochlorite used for disinfection of drinking water ... can add as much as 3 ug/L bromate into drinking water

Method: ASTM D6581; Procedure: chemically suppressed ion chromatography; Analyte: bromate; Matrix: raw water, finished drinking water and bottled (non-carbonated) water; Detection Limit: 2.73 ug/L.|Method: EPA-NERL 300.0; Procedure: ion chromatography; Analyte: bromate; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.02 mg/L.|Method: EPA-NERL 321.8; Procedure: ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry; Analyte: bromate; Matrix: drinking water; Detection Limit: 0.3 ug/L.|Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 300.1; Procedure: ion chromatography system equipped with a conductivity detector; Analyte: bromate; Matrix: reagent water, surface water, ground water, and finished drinking water; Detection Limit: 1.44 ug/L.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for BROMATE COMPOUNDS (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens