Thionyl chloride

118.97

118.97

231-748-8

4A8YJA13N4

1409

1836

DTXSID3064778

Colorless to pale yellow or reddish liquid|Pale yellow to red liquid|Colorless to pale yellow, fuming, refractive liquid|Colorless to yellow to reddish liquid [Note: Fumes form when exposed to moist air]

28121095

36.3

0.68

≤50(APHA) Liquid

1.638 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-104.5 °C

76 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

105°C

1.593

Solubility in water: reaction.;Miscible with toluene, chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and diethyl ether.

Store at RT.

97 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

Relative vapour density (air = 1): 4.1

Inhalation-Rat LC50: 500 PPM/1 hour

Irritating; emit toxic sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine and other gases in water; decompose toxic sulfur oxides and chloride fumes when heated

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Suffocating odor

Decomposes at 140 °C|Fuming, refractive liquid; decomposes when heated above 140 °C. Hydrolyzed by water forming sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid.|Specific heat of liquid: 1.00 J/g-K|Dielectric constant: 9.05 at 20 °C

Emits dense corrosive fumes in moist air. Violently reacts with water to liberate hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide [NFPA 10th ed. 1991]. Thionyl chloride reacts vigorously with water to generate gaseous HCl and SO2. Based on a scenario where the chemical is spilled into an excess of water (at least 5 fold excess of water), half of the maximum theoretical yield of Sulfur Dioxide gas will be created in 0.25 minutes. Experimental details are in the following: "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.

Acyl Halides, Sulfonyl Halides, and Chloroformates

Water-Reactive

THIONYL CHLORIDE reacts, potentially explosively, with dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide containing traces of iron or zinc [Spitulnik, M. J., Chem. Eng. News, 1977, 55(31), p. 31]. Undergoes violent reactions with bases (ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, amines), alkali metals (sodium, potassium), esters (ethyl acetate), toluene mixed with ethanol / water [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 1325]. Has an expansion ratio from gas to liquid of nearly 1000:1. Hence may cause an explosion if heated while contained [MCA Case History No. 1808]. May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts [J. Haz. Mat., 1981, 4, 291]. Perchloric acid ignites on contact with sulfinyl chloride. (Bailar, 1973, Vol. 2, 1442). SOCl2 reacts with esters, such as ethyl acetate, forming toxic SO2 gas and water soluble/toxic acyl chlorides, catalyzed by Fe or Zn (Spagnuolo, C.J. et al. 1992. Chemical and Engineering News 70(22):2.).

Noncombustible Liquid

The vapour is heavier than air.

31.0 kJ/mol

I

8

UN 1836 8/PG 1

1

14-20/22-29-35-40-34-20/21/22

26-36/37/39-45-28-27

XM5150000

C

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from alkalis and food additives

Reacts violently with water. Incompatible with most common metals, strong reducing agents, strong bases, alcohols, amines.

P261-P280-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338-P403 + P233

H302-H314-H331

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|Spray on a thick layer of a (1:1) mixture of dry soda ash and slaked lime behind a shield. After mixing, spray water from an atomizer with great precaution. Transfer slowly into a large amount of water. Neutralize ...|/Laboratory Quantities/ Package Lots: Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small Quantities: Wear butyl rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. In the fume hood, pour the thionyl chloride into a large evaporating dish. Cover the thionyl chloride with excess solid sodium carbonate or calciun carbonate. When the reaction has subsided, very slowly add the mixture to a pail of cold water. Allow to stand for 24 hr. Test the pH of the solution and neutralize if necessary. ...

Incompatible materials: Alcohols, amines, metals, reacts violently with water.|Violent reaction with water releases hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. Both these decomposition products constitute serious toxicity hazards. ... A powerful chlorinating agent. Potentially explosive reaction with ammonia, bis(dimethylamino)sulfoxide (above 800 °C), chloryl perchlorate, 1,2,3-cyclohexanetrione trioxime + sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexafluoroisopropy-lideneaminolithium. Violent reaction or ignition with 2,4-hexadiyn-1-6-diol, o-nitrobenzoyl acetic acid, o-nitrophen-yl-acetic acid, sodium (ignites at 300 °C). Incompatible with ammonia, dimethyl formamide + trace iron it zinc, linseed oil + quinoline, toluene + ethanol + water.|Dimethyl sulfoxide decomposes violently on contact with a wide range of acyl halides, aryl halides and related compounds. Examples /include/ ... thionyl chloride.|Thionyl chloride and 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol reacting in dimethyl formamide forms 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bischlorosulfite which is shock sensitive and decomposes violently upon distillation.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transfer or use of chemical weapons. The Convention mandates the destruction and prohibition of chemical weapons and related facilities and provides for restrictions on international trade in toxic chemicals and precursors.[Available from, as of February 22, 2018: http://www.opcw.org]|Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. Thionyl chloride; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2001; 2000/15OSH/028.[Available from, as of February 1, 2018: https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/0015028osh.pdf]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form. (ERG, 2016)|Not combustible. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.|Corrosives, Reactive - 2nd degree

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501|H300 (18.42%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 847 companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P280, P285, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P342+P311, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 59 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P312, P321, P330, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P320, P321, P330, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1836 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

This chemical is a noncombustible liquid.|Not combustible, but closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. DO NOT use water. Violent reaction may result. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.|Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. Keep water out of open containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.|If material involved in fire: Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Container explosion may occur under fire conditions.|... Interaction with water violently decomposes the /thionyl/ chloride to hydrogen chloride (2 mol) and sulfur dioxide (1 mol), the total expansion ratio from liquid to gas being 993:1 at 20 °C, so very high pressures may be generated.|... Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.|ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Do not flush with water. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Spill Handling: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Cover with sodium bicarbonate or an equal mixture of soda ash and slaked lime. After mixing, spray water from an atomizer with great caution. Transfer slowly into a large container of water. Neutralize ... It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.|Initial isolation and protective action distances: Distances shown are likely to be affected during the first 30 min after materials are spilled and could increase with time. If more than one tank car, cargo tank, portable tank, or large cylinder is involved in the incident is leaking, the protection action distance may need to be increased. ... When spilled on land: Small spills (from a small package or a small leak from a large package) - First: Isolate in all directions 100 ft/30 m. Then: Protect persons downwind - Day 0.2 mi/0.3 km, Night 0.5 mi/0.8 km. Large spills (from a large package or from many small packages) - First: Isolate in all directions 300 ft/100 m. Then: Protect persons downwind - Day 0.6 mi/0.9 km, Night 1.2 mi/1.9 km. When spilled in water: Small spills (from a small package or a small leak from a large package) - First: Isolate in all directions 100 ft/30 m. Then: Protect persons downwind - Day 0.2 mi/0.3 km, Night 0.9 mi/1.5 km. Large spills (from a large package or from many small packages) - First: Isolate in all directions 1000 ft/300 m. Then: Protect persons downwind - Day 2.1 mi/3.3 km, Night 4.7 mi/7.5 km.|For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.|Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.|Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases.|/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Thionyl chloride is included on the dangerous goods list.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Thionyl chloride is included on the dangerous goods list.

A corrosive irritant that causes burns to the skin and eyes.|Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, mucous membranes; eye, skin burns.

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL Ceiling limit 1 ppm (5 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.

Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling value: 1 ppm (5 mg/cu m).

Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Ventilation along the floor. Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is very corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation may cause lung oedema. The substance may cause effects on the lungs. This may result in inflammation and blockage of the airways. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO contact with water.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

| 4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.| 0 - Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.| 2 - Materials that readily undergo violent chemical changes at elevated temperatures and pressures.|W - No water: Materials that react violently or explosively with water.

highly toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Thionyl chloride is a colorless to pale yellow or reddish liquid. Thionyl chloride is an industrially produced liquid used to make acyl chlorides and to synthesize pharmaceuticals including drugs and vitamins. It is used to make dyes, to prepare organic chlorine compounds, as a solvent in the production of herbicides, and as an electrolyte in lithium batteries. Thionyl chloride is also used to prepare polyacrylate-type engineering thermoplastics made from iso- and tere-phthaloyl chlorides. It is required in the manufacture of methylphosphonic dichloride, a key precursor for the nerve gas Sarin. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, mucous membranes, as well as eye and skin burns. Symptoms of exposure range from mild irritation to death and include dyspnea, burns, pulmonary edema, and inflammation. Cases of thionyl chloride-induced lung injury have been noted. ANIMAL STUDIES: A 20-min exposure to 17.5 ppm proved fatal to cats. Male rats were exposed to 99% pure thionyl chloride in a whole-body inhalation chamber. Two of five males died at 1239 ppm, three of five died at 1509 ppm, and four of five died at 1989 ppm. All deaths occurred within 48 hours of exposure. Severe lung irritation and edema were reported as the cause of death.

LC50 Rat inhalation 736 ppm/1 hr|LC50 Rat inhalation 1277 ppm/1 hr|LC50 Rat inhalation 500 ppm/1 hr

Thionyl chloride's production and use in the manufacture of pesticides, engineering plastics, as a chlorinating agent, catalyst(1) and in the synthesis of various nerve agents(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thionyl chloride reacts rapidly and violently with water, water vapor or moisture to form sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride(1). Therefore, soil adsorption, volitilization, and biodegradation in soil are not expected to be environmental fate processes(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Thionyl chloride reacts rapidly and violently with water, water vapor or moisture to form sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride(1). Therefore, sediment adsorprion, volitilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation in water are not expected to be environmental fate processes(SRC).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thionyl chloride reacts rapidly and violently with water, water vapor or moisture to form sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride(1). Therefore, reaction with hyrdroxyl radicals is not expected to be an environmental fate process(SRC).

Thionyl chloride reacts rapidly and violently with water, water vapor or moisture to form sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 4 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of thionyl chloride in the United States may be as low as 10-25 workers up to the range of 100-500 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7082 workers (1223 of these are female) were potentially exposed to thionyl chloride in the US(1).

Thionyl chloride is rapidly hydrolyzed to sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride and the metabolism and disposition follow those two compounds. Following inhalation, sulfur dioxide is distributed throughout the body after dissolving into surface fluid. Some remains in the respiratory system for a week or more following exposure. Urinary excretion clears it from the body. Hydrogen chloride dissolves in the nasal passages. Hydrogen chloride is not metabolized; however, hydrogen and chloride ions resulting from adsorption in the respiratory tract may be distributed throughout the body.

Thionyl chloride is rapidly hydrolyzed to sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride and the metabolism and disposition follow those two compounds. Following inhalation, sulfur dioxide is distributed throughout the body after dissolving into surface fluid. Some remains in the respiratory system for a week or more following exposure. Urinary excretion clears it from the body. Hydrogen chloride dissolves in the nasal passages. Hydrogen chloride is not metabolized; however, hydrogen and chloride ions resulting from adsorption in the respiratory tract may be distributed throughout the body.|In view of its reactivity with water, moisture, etc., rapid hydrolysis upon contact with mucous membranes (eyes, respiratory tract) releaseing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride can be expected.

The following impurities can be present:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Skin: If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation at the first sign of upper airway obstruction may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/|If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. If victim is conscious, administer water or milk. Do not induce vomiting. Medical observation is recommended for 24-48 hr after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor of authorized paramedic may consider administering a corticosteroid spray.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, mucous membranes; eye, skin burns.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of exposure range from mild irritation to death and include dyspnea, burns, pulmonary edema, and inflammation.|/CASE REPORTS/ ... A case /was reported/ of a pharmaceutical production plant worker exposed for two minutes to an unknown amount of thionyl chloride vapor during repair of a vent pipe. The worker experienced burning of the eyes, upper airway, and chest followed by feelings of suffocation. He began coughing with expulsion of blood. He was hospitalized ... with cough, sero-mucosal excretion, pharyngeal and chest burning. His respiratory function test showed insufficient ventilation and examination revealed vesicular murmur with wheezing at end of expiration. He was diagnosed with acute asthmatic tracheal bronchitis, was treated with bronchodilators and antibiotics, and recovered.|/CASE REPORTS/ /An/ employee suffered CNS effects after an acute exposure to an unknown concentration of what was believed to be thionyl chloride. The employee was not wearing any respiratory protection, inhaled 2-3 breaths of thionyl chloride vapor, and began suffering from rhinitis, lacrimation, sore throat, and coughing. The employee also exhibited signs of impaired hand-eye coordination, memory, judgment, and slurred speech. These clinical signs had improved six hours post exposure and no symptoms were present 72 hours post exposure.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Thionyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

thionyl chloride

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; eye, skin burns

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Serious skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Technical-grade ... The thionyl chloride content should be min. 99.6%.|Grade: 93%, 97.5%

Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing|Thionyl chloride: ACTIVE|/The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transfer or use of chemical weapons. The Convention mandates the destruction and prohibition of chemical weapons and related facilities and provides for restrictions on international trade in toxic chemicals and precursors./ The Convention's monitoring and verification measures involve submission of declarations regarding ... /Schedule 1, 2, and 3 chemicals/ and inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons of the facilities where these chemicals are produced. ... Schedule 3 chemicals ... /may/ have been stockpiled or used as weapons, but ... are produced /and used/ in large quantities for purposes not prohibited by the Convention (2). Thionyl chloride is listed in the CWC Annex on Chemicals under Schedule 3 (1).

EPA Method 9250. Automated Ferricyanide, Colorimetric Method for the determination of chloride in ground water, drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. No significant interferences were noted. The applicable range is 1 to 250 mg chloride/L sample. In a single laboratory using surface water samples at concentrations of 1, 100, and 250 mg chloride/L, the standard deviation was +/- 0.3. In a single laboratory using surface water samples at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg chloride/L, recoveries were 97% and 104%, respectively. /Chloride/|EPA Method 9251. Automated Ferricyanide, Colorimetric Method for the determination of chloride in ground water, drinking, surface and saline waters and domestic and industrial wastes. When particulate matter is present, the sample must be filtered or centrifuged prior to the determination. The applicable range is 1-200 mg chloride/L of sample. Precision and accuracy data were not given. /Chloride/|EPA Method 9252. Mercuric Nitrate Titrimetric Method for the determination of chloride in ground water, drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. This method is suitable for all concentration ranges of chloride content; however, in order to avoid large titration volume, a sample aliquot containing not more than 10 to 20 mg chloride per 50 mL is used. In a single laboratory, using surface water samples at an average concentration of 34 mg chloride/L, the standard deviation was +/- 1.0. A synthetic unknown sample containing 241 mg/L chloride ... in Type II water was analyzed in 10 laboratories, with a relative standard deviation of 3.3% and a relative error of 2.9%. /Chloride/|Method 4500-Chloride Ion B. Argentometric Method for the determination of chloride ions in water and wastewater. In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate the end point of the silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver chloride is precipitated quantitatively before red silver chromate is formed. Interferences include bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfide, thiosulfate, and sulfite ions; orthophosphate in excess of 25 mg/L; and iron in excess of 10 mg/L. A synthetic sample containing 241 mg chloride ion/l in distilled water was analyzed in 41 laboratories with a relative standard deviation of 4.2% and a relative error of 1.7%. /Chloride/|Method 4500-Chloride ion C. Mercuric Nitrate Method for the determination of chloride ions in water and wastewater. Chloride can be titrated with mercuric nitrate because of the formation of soluble and slightly dissociated mercuric chloride. In the pH range 2.3 to 2.8, diphenylcarbazone indicates the titration end point by formation of a purple complex with the excess mercuric ions. Bromide and iodide ions; and chromate, ferric, and sulfite ions interfere when present in excess of 10 mg/L. A synthetic sample containing 241 mg chloride ion/L in distilled water was analyzed in 10 laboratories, with a relative standard deviation of 3.3% and a relative error of 2.9%. /Chloride/

Fire Hazards -> Corrosives, Reactive - 2nd degree