Germanium

72.64

73.921181

231-164-3

619P6J82AE|00072J7XWS

DTXSID8052483|DTXSID30422913

C95170

GRAYISH-WHITE, LUSTROUS, BRITTLE METALLOID; DIAMOND-CUBIC STRUCTURE WHEN CRYSTALLINE

28053090

0

0.06920

Silver powder

5.323 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

937.2 °C

2700 °C

IS HIGHLY TRANSPARENT TO INFRARED LIGHT; HAS A HIGH INDEX OF REFRACTION

insoluble H2O, HCl, dilute alkali hydroxides; attacked by aqua regia [MER06]

Flammables area

0 mm Hg @ 25 deg C

MANY...CAN IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY & EXPLODE WHEN SUSPENDED IN AIR. /POWDERED METALS/

THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT AT APPROX 25 °C: 6.1X10-6 °C; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY @ 25 °C: 0.14 CAL/SEC CM/DEG C; SPECIFIC HEAT (0-100 °C): 0.074 CAL/G/DEG C|COVALENT BOND IONIZATION ENERGY @ 0 DEG K= 1.2 ELECTRON VOLT; BAND GAP: 0.67 ELECTRON VOLT; ATOMS/CC= 4.42X10+22; IMPURITY ATOM IONIZATION ENERGY: APPROX 0.01 ELECTRON VOLT; INTRINSIC RESISTIVITY @ 300 DEG K= 47 OHM-CM|ELECTRON MOBILITY @ 300 DEG K: 3900 SQ CM/V SEC; HOLE MOBILITY @ 300 DEG K= 1900 CM/V SEC; HOLE DIFFUSION CONSTANT @ 300 DEG K= 49|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for GERMANIUM (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7380 J/g

3.5733X10+8 J/kmol @ melting point

Critical temperature: 9803 K; critical pressure 6.511X10+8 Pa

III

8

UN 3089 4.1/PG 2

3

36/37/38-36/38-11

26-36/39-2

LY5200000

F,Xi

Stable. Slightly soluble in strong acids. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P261-P305 + P351 + P338

H315-H319-H335

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The powdered metal reacts violently with nitric acid, and mixtures with potassium chlorate or nitrate explode on heating. Heated germanium burns with incandescence in oxygen.|Germanium is oxidised by the fused hydroxide with incandescence.|MIXT OF GERMANIUM WITH POTASSIUM NITRATE OR POTASSIUM CHLORATE EXPLODES WHEN HEATED.|ACTION OF CONCN NITRIC ACID ON POWDERED GERMANIUM IS VERY VIOLENT.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for GERMANIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 119: Principles and Methods for the Assessment of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals (1991)|Scansetti G; Sci Total Environ 120 (1/2): 85-91 (1992). The metals gallium, germanium, indium, niobium and tellurium are reviewed. Information was provided on uses, biological availability, toxicity, blood concentrations and reference values.|Ohri LK et al; J Pharm Technol 9: 237-41 (1993). A review of the potential applications and toxic effects of germanium.|Slawson RM et al; Plasmid 27 (1): 72-9 (1992). Germanium and silver resistance, accumulation, and toxicity in microorganisms.|Lauwerys RR, Hoet P; Industrial Chemical Exposure- Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. Second Edition. Lewis Publishers Inc. Chelsea, MI. 1993.

|Warning|H228 (69.49%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P201, P202, P210, P240, P241, P260, P273, P280, P281, P308+P313, P314, P370+P378, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 297 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

MODERATE, IN FORM OF DUST, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME. SEE ALSO POWDERED METALS. ...DANGEROUS, IN DISPERSED FORM WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME OR SPARKS OR BY CHEMICAL REACTION WITH OXIDIZERS. MANY...CAN IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY & EXPLODE WHEN SUSPENDED IN AIR. /POWDERED METALS/|WHEN FINELY DIVIDED, BURNS IN CHLORINE OR BROMINE

MANY...CAN IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY & EXPLODE WHEN SUSPENDED IN AIR. /POWDERED METALS/

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|ADEQUATE EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN AREAS WHERE DUST OF METALLIC GERMANIUM, THE DIOXIDE, OR CONCENTRATE IS DISPERSED. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED NEAR MELTING FURNACES... PROCESS OF MFR & ALLOYING MONOCRYSTALS...SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN VACUUM.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

OAK & BEECH HUMUS IN ONE LOCALITY IN GERMANY CONTAINS 70 PPM.

...ONE WOULD EXPECT SIGNIFICANT AMT IN URBAN ATMOSPHERE AS RESULT OF RELATIVELY HIGH (1.6 TO 7.5%) GERMANIUM CONCN IN COAL.

GERMANIUM IS NOT FOUND IN THE FREE STATE, BUT ALWAYS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER ELEMENTS.|EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE IN EARTH'S CRUST ABOUT 0.0007%. PREDICTED & CALLED EKASILICON BY MENDELEEFF. DISCOVERED IN 1886 BY CLEMENS WINKLER.|METAL IS FOUND IN ARGYRODITE, A SULFIDE OF GERMANIUM & SILVER; IN GERMANITE, WHICH CONTAINS 8% OF ELEMENT; IN ZINC ORES; IN COAL; & OTHER MINERALS. ...ITS PRESENCE IN COAL INSURES LARGE RESERVE OF THE ELEMENT IN YR TO COME.|Occurs in significant concentrations in many coals of the world ... with the highest concentration occuring in the upper and lower few centimeters of the vein.

...EST 2000 TONS/YR AS AMT DISCHARGED IN STACK GASES, FLUE DUST & ASHES FROM COAL BURNING PLANTS IN UNITED KINGDOM. COAL ASH MAY CONTAIN 20-280 MG GE/KG...

GERMANIUM OCCURS WIDELY IN FOOD; SEAFOODS SUCH AS CANNED TUNA & DRIED PAN FISH CONTAIN 3 PPM GERMANIUM, & CANNED TOMATO JUICE & BAKED BEANS CONTAIN ABOUT 5 PPM.

INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURES ARE TO THE DUSTS & FUMES OF THE METAL & ITS OXIDE DURING THE SEPARATION & PURIFICATION FROM THE ORE CONCENTRATE. CADMIUM, LEAD, & ZINC ARE CONCOMITANT EXPOSURES... IN THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, EXPOSURES ARE CONFINED TO METAL FUMES FROM WELDING OR MULTIPLE-ZONE MELTING.|EXPOSURE TO GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE & ITS HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS (GERMANIUM OXIDE, HYDROGEN CHLORIDE) MAY OCCUR IN PRODN OF GERMANIUM & ITS CMPD. DUST CONCN RANGING FROM 5 TO 70 MG/CU M (CORRESPONDING TO GERMANIUM CONCN UP TO ABOUT 7 MG/CU M) ... OCCUR IN PRODN OF GERMANIUM MONOCRYSTALS. IN SOME CASES ... CONTAINED UP TO 30% OF FREE SILICA.|... NO AIR STANDARDS FOR GERMANIUM ... HAVE BEEN SET BY AN OFFICIAL AGENCY. INFORMATION HAS BEEN LIMITED TO EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ELEMENT ... NO WORKER EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE HAS BEEN REPORTED.

ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT IS RAPID...76.3% OF THE ADMINISTERED DOSE WITHIN 4 HR & 96.4% AFTER 8 HR. BY SC, IM, OR IP INJECTION... ABSORPTION IS RAPID & PRACTICALLY COMPLETE. AFTER 1 HR 93.8% OF IM DOSE HAD DISAPPEARED FROM THE SITE OF INJECTION...|...IM DOSE...NO GERMANIUM COULD BE RECOVERED FROM ANY OF THE MUSCLES INJECTED AFTER 7 HR. IT ENTERS THE BLOOD STREAM, AND IS TRANSPORTED, UNBOUND TO PLASMA PROTEINS IN PLASMA, & IS CARRIED RAPIDLY TO THE TISSUES, WHERE IT IS DEPOSITED AMONG ALL THE ORGANS.|IN MICE CONTINUOUS FEEDING OF GERMANIUM CAUSES ACCUMULATION IN THE SPLEEN; HOWEVER SAME IS NOT TRUE FOR RATS. INHALATION EXPOSURE OF RATS TO GERMANIUM AND GERMANIUM OXIDE ... REVEALED RAPID REMOVAL FROM THE LUNG TISSUE.|INORGANIC GERMANIUM ... READILY ABSORBED FOLLOWING A FEW MG ORAL, SUBCUTANEOUS, INTRAMUSCULAR, OR INTRAPERITONEAL DOSES IN THE RAT. BLOOD LEVELS ATTAINED... LESS THAN 10 UG/G WITHIN A FEW HOURS AFTER ADMIN; FOLLOWING SINGLE SMALL DOSE, GERMANIUM LEAVES BLOOD STREAM WITHIN FEW HR. /GERMANIUM CMPD/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for GERMANIUM (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

FOR RATS BIOL T/2 CAN BE...EST AS 1.5 DAYS FOR WHOLE BODY RETENTION, 2 DAYS FOR LIVER & 4.5 DAYS FOR KIDNEY.

Impurities: Boron and Silicon

AMONG SUBGROUP IVA METALS, GERMANIUM IS CONSIDERED LEAST TOXIC... PHARMACOLOGICAL INERTNESS, DIFFUSIBILITY, & RAPID EXCRETION ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW GERMANIUM TOXICITY.|GERMANIUM IS NOT CONSIDERED AN INDUSTRIAL HEALTH HAZARD; ACCIDENTAL POISONINGS IN HUMANS ARE RARE, IN SPITE OF EXPOSURE TO APPRECIABLE AMT OF GERMANIUM IN FOODS & FLUE DUST, & IN ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.|Symptoms: Low temperature, languor, diarrhea, cyanosis, extreme depression of heart and breath, edema, lung hemorrhage, spot hemorrhage from the small intestine wall, peritoneal extravasation.|One effect which may have human relevance is the profound ability of germanium to disturb water balance when high exposure levels are expected. This leads to hemoconcentration, a fall in blood pressure, and hypothermia.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GERMANIUM (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Germanium

Infrared Optics, 60%; Fiber optics systems, 15%; Detectors, 10%; and Semi-conductors (incl transistors, diodes and rectifiers), 5% (1985)|Infrared systems, 42%; fiber optics, 34%; gamma-ray, X-ray, and inrared detectors, 10%; semiconductors (including transistors, diodes, and rectifiers), 8%; and other applications (catalysts, phosphors, metalurgy, and chemotherapy), 6% (1992).

GRADES: TRANSISTOR, IE, IMPURITIES 1 PART IN 10. FORMS: INGOTS; SINGLE CRYSTALS, PURE OR DOPED; POWDER|/Available/ in 99.99-99.9999% min purity grades

Germanium: ACTIVE|GERMANIUM OCCURS IN SOME MINERAL ORES BUT IS PRODUCED IN UNITED STATES PRIMARILY AS BY-PRODUCT OF ZINC.|GERMANIUM.../IS/ TRANSPARENT TO INFRARED &...USED IN INFRARED SPECTROSCOPES & OTHER OPTICAL EQUIPMENT, INCL EXTREMELY SENSITIVE INFRARED DETECTORS.|DOPED WITH ARSENIC, GALLIUM, OR OTHER ELEMENTS, IT IS USED AS TRANSISTOR ELEMENT IN THOUSANDS OF ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS. ...AS SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT NOW PROVIDES LARGEST USE OF GERMANIUM.|GERMANIUM CATALYSTS ARE USED IN SOME PETROLEUM REFINING OPERATIONS & PROCESSES FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYESTER FIBERS.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for GERMANIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

...ANALYSIS BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY WITH PHENYLFLUORONE, WHOSE LIMIT OF DETECTION IS ABOUT 0.1-0.5 MG/L.|THE LIMIT OF DETECTION OF AAS /ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY/ IS IN ORDER OF 1.5 MG/L & CAN BE REDUCED TO 0.015 MG/L BY USING GRAPHITE TUBE ATOMIZER.|ATOMIC EMISSIION SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GERMANIUM IN NATURAL WATERS & PARTICULATE MATTER IN AIR.|LIMIT OF DETECTION OF EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHY (BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES) IS ABOUT 1 UG.|Method 1620. Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy method with a lower threshold limit of 0.5 mg/L.

LIMIT OF DETECTION OF SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY (SSMS) (IN HUMAN TISSUE SAMPLES), 0.007 MG/KG WET WT.