Phenothiazine

199.27

199.27

143237

202-196-5

GS9EX7QNU6

0937

760392|2037

DTXSID5021126

C740

YELLOW, RHOMBIC LEAFLETS OR DIAMOND-SHAPED PLATES FROM TOLUENE OR BUTANOL|YELLOW PRISMS FROM ALCOHOL|GRAYISH-GREEN TO GREENISH YELLOW POWDER, GRANULES OR FLAKES|Grayish-green to greenish-yellow solid. [insecticide]

29343090

37.3

4.2

Yellow Prills or Beads

1.34 g/cm³

185.1 °C

371 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

202°C

1.675

H2O: 2 mg/L (25 ºC)

Store below +30°C.

0.0000647 Pa (20 °C)

Oral-Mouse LD50: 5000 mg/kg; Intravenous-Mouse LD50: 178 mg/kg

Combustible; combustion produces toxic sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide gases

SLIGHT ODOR

TASTELESS

pKa = 2.52

SUBLIMES @ 130 °C @ 1 MM HG

Insoluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

PHENOTHIAZINE is slowly decomposed by sunlight. (NTP, 1992). Organosulfides are incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials generate heat and in many cases hydrogen gas. Many of these compounds may liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition or reaction with an acid.

471 °C

Combustible Solid, but not a high fire risk.

Ⅲ

2811

1

36/37/38-43-51/53-36/38-40-20/21/22-52/53-48/22-22

26-36-61-36/37/39-29-22-36/37

SN5075000

Xi,N,Xn

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from oxidant

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. May discolour upon exposure to light.

P273-P280

H302-H317-H373-H412

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Phenothiazine for use only as a polymerization-control agent is an indirect food additive for use as a component of adhesives.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available, but it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)|Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Warning|H302 (93.07%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 3456 companies from 49 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P307+P311, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P312, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Fires involving this compound should be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)|Use powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this compound under refrigerated conditions and protect it from exposure to light. (NTP, 1992)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear butyl rubber gloves, full protective clothing, self-contained breathing apparatus, and protective shoes.|(See protection codes)

ALTHOUGH PHENOTHIAZINE OXIDIZES FAIRLY EASILY WHEN IT IS EXPOSED TO AIR, RISK OF FIRE IS NOT HIGH.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|MAIN PRECAUTIONS MUST BE DIRECTED @ PREVENTING ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF MATERIAL DURING MFR & USE. ... PROCESSES SHOULD BE ENCLOSED & LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE APPLIED WHERE DUST WOULD OTHERWISE ESCAPE... FIRE PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE PROVIDED...|The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.|The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PHENOTHIAZINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Employee, with skin irritation characterized by itching and reddening, developed a tolerance within a 1- to 4-week period following initial exposure.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m, skin.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is mildly irritating to the skin.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause skin photosensitization. The substance when ingested may have effects on the blood and nervous system.

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Avoid inhalation of dust.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Phenothiazine has been identified in the effluent from the organics and plastics industry (551 ng/ul extract) and the rubber processing industry (29441 ng/ul extract)(1).

Phenothiazine has been identified in Gill Creek, near Niagara Falls, at a maximum sediment concentration of 80 ppm(1).

moderately

PREVIOUS DRENCHING WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MAY ALSO SERVE TO INCR ITS TOXICITY.|ANTIOXIDANTS, EG PHENOTHIAZINE, INHIBITED THE MUTAGENICITY OF BENZO(A)PYRENE & SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES TOWARDS SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAIN TA98; THIS INHIBITION WAS CONCN DEPENDENT.

LD50 Rat oral 5000 mg/kg.

Phenothiazine's production and use as an insecticide(1,3), medication(3,10), anthelmintic agent(3), polymerization inhibitor(4,5), an antioxidant(4,6-9) and in the manufacture of promethazine hydrochloride(2), pharmaceuticals(3), dyes(4), chloropromazine and related antipsychotic drugs(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4300(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenothiazine will have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phenothiazine will not be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4,SRC), or from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on an estimated vapor pressure of 8.9X10-7 mm Hg(5,SRC). The adsorptivity of phenothiazine is expected to be sensitive to pH since phenothiazine is a base with a pKa of 2.52(6). According to a MITI biodegradation study(7), biodegradation of phenothiazine will not be an important fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4300(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenothiazine would adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Phenothiazine would be essentially non-volatile from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4,SRC). Experimental BCF values of 127-660 and 180-528(6) suggest that phenothiazine will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC) according to a recommended classification scheme(5). According to a MITI biodegradation study(6), biodegradation of phenothiazine will not be an important fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phenothiazine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.9X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2,SRC) will exist as both vapor and particulate in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenothiazine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 hours(3,SRC). Particulate-phase phenothiazine may be physically removed from the air by dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phenothiazine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

354.81|An estimated BCF value of 840 was calculated for phenothiazine(SRC), using an experimental log Kow of 4.15(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). An eight-week bioconcentration study using carp and phenothiazine concentrations of 20 and 2 ug/l gave BCF values of 127-660 and 180-528, respectively(4). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of phenothiazine is estimated as approximately 4300(SRC), using an experimental log Kow of 4.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that phenothiazine has slight mobility in soil(SRC). The adsorptivity of phenothiazine is expected to be sensitive to pH since phenothiazine is a base with a pKa of 2.52(4).

The Henry's Law constant for phenothiazine is estimated as 2.8X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that phenothiazine will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Phenothiazine's estimated vapor pressure, 8.9X10-7 mm Hg(3,SRC) and Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil will not occur(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: Phenothiazine has been qualitatively identified in the Niagara River(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 59,591 workers (3,840 of these are female) are potentially exposed to phenothiazine in the USA(1).|Occupational exposure to phenothiazine can occur through dermal contact and ingestion(1).

Antibiotics, Macrolide; Antiprotozoal Agents|AT ONE TIME EMPLOYED IN HUMAN MEDICINE AS ANTHELMINTIC & URINARY ANTISEPTIC.|MEDICATION (VET): ...EMPLOYED IN...VET MEDICINE FOR PINWORM, THREADWORM & ROUNDWORM INFESTATIONS. IT HAS ALSO BEEN USED AS URINARY ANTISEPTIC...|MEDICATION (VET): IT IS STILL OF VALUE FOR TREATMENT OF HELMINTHIASIS IN SHEEP & OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for PHENOTHIAZINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

VET: ...ANIMALS.../HAVE/ DIED AFTER RECEIVING...THERAPEUTIC DOSE, WHEREAS OTHERS HAVE SURVIVED MANY TIMES THIS AMT. ...VARIATION IN TOXICITY...ADEQUACY OR OTHERWISE OF DIET, & PARTICULARLY ITS PROTEIN CONTENT, IS IMPORTANT FACTOR. DEHYDRATION IS ANOTHER, MORTALITY IN LAMBS BEING HIGHEST UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TOXIC EFFECTS...CONSIDERED...GREATEST IN HORSE, LESS SO IN DOG & PIG, WHILE RUMINANTS & BIRDS APPEAR...RESISTANT. ...TOXIC EFFECTS... MORE FREQUENTLY IN CATTLE THAN IN SHEEP & GOATS. YOUNG & DEBILITATED ANIMALS...MORE SUSCEPTIBLE... DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCES...PROMOTE ABSORPTION...|Use of the drug in weak animals, particularly those that are anemic and emaciated, is strictly contraindicated. Animals known to be constipated should not be treated with phenothiazine, since retention of the drug in the digestive tract and resulting absorption of greater than normal quantities is likely to lead to drug poisoning. Use of phenothiazine in pregnancy is contraindicated only during the last month of gestation.

3. PROBABLY LIES NEAR BORDERLINE BETWEEN TOXICITY CLASSES 3 & 4. 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). 4= VERY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 50-500 MG/KG BETWEEN 1 TEASPOON & 1 OZ FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB).

Substances that are destructive to protozoans. (See all compounds classified as Antiprotozoal Agents.)

BECAUSE OF ITS LOW SOLUBILITY, RATE OF ITS ABSORPTION FROM GI TRACT IS DEPENDENT ON PARTICLE SIZE. MICRONIZED FORM OF DRUG IS ABSORBED RAPIDLY.|...ABOUT 30-50% OF ORAL DOSE PASSES THROUGH ALIMENTARY TRACT UNCHANGED. SOME PHENOTHIAZINE IS CONVERTED WITHIN GUT TO SOL DERIV...WHICH ARE ABSORBED INTO PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM. ...DERIV ARE SECRETED IN URINE & ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS RED COLOR WHEN EXPOSED TO AIR. THEY ALSO APPEAR IN BILE & IN MILK OF LACTATING ANIMALS. URINARY & FECAL EXCRETION OF PHENOTHIAZINE OR ITS DERIV ACCOUNTS FOR 80% OF ORAL DOSE IN SHEEP; FATE OF REMAINING 20% IS UNKNOWN.|URINARY & FECAL EXCRETION OF PHENOTHIAZINE OR ITS DERIV ACCOUNTS FOR 80% OF ORAL DOSE IN SHEEP; FATE OF REMAINING 20% IS UNKNOWN.|ABSORBED BY SKIN.|... Phenothiazine was readily absorbed from the alimentary tract, with the free drug and reddish oxidation products appearing in the urine.

SOME PHENOTHIAZINE IS CONVERTED WITHIN GUT TO SOL DERIV, MAINLY PHENOTHIAZINE SULFATE...|YIELDS 3-HYDROXYPHENOTHIAZINE IN DOGS. /FROM TABLE/|THE ANTHELMINTIC, PHENOTHIAZINE, WAS OXIDIZED TO SULFOXIDE BY ENZYMES OF THE PROGLOTTIDS OF THE CESTODE, MONIEZIA EXPANSA & CYTOSOL OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE NEMATODE ASCARIS SUUM. ENZYMES IN THESE TISSUES ALSO DECR SULFOXIDES TO THIOETHERS IN ABSENCE OF O.|RAT, MOUSE, & GERBIL EXCRETED THE MAJORITY OF PHENOTHIAZINE IN CONJUGATED FORM. THE RAT, MOUSE, & GERBIL PRODUCED LEUCOPHENOTHIAZONE SULFATE AS MAJOR METABOLITE, RELYING MORE ON C-OXIDATION PATHS THAN THE HAMSTER WHICH EXCRETED LARGE AMT OF PHENOTHIAZINE N-GLUCURONIDE.

1.10 Days

Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms: Itching, irritation, reddening skin; hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, abdominal cramps, tachycardia; kidney damage; skin photo sensitization Target Organs: Skin, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys (NIOSH, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

In human beings, photosensitization of the skin has been noted, but keratitis has been reported only among workers handling the compound, and in this instance the nature of the keratitis has not been described, and it is not clear whether it is due to mechanical irritation by crystals of the substance or from hydrogen sulfide liberated in its manufacture|OVERDOSAGE (& ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURES) HAVE CAUSED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, TOXIC HEPATITIS, SKIN PHOTOSENSITIZATION, & INTENSE PRURITUS BUT APPARENTLY NOT CENTRAL NERVOUS DEPRESSION.|Average or large oral doses of phenothiazine may cause hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, abdominal cramps, and tachycardia. Gastrointestinal and skin irritation, renal damage, skin photosensitization, and pruritus have also been reported.|PHENOTHIAZINE ITSELF HAS HARMFUL IRRITANT PROPERTIES, & INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE MAY PRODUCE SKIN LESIONS & PHOTOSENSITIZATION INCL PHOTOSENSITIZED KERATITIS.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHENOTHIAZINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

phenosan

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.|inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Itching, irritation, reddening skin; hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, abdominal cramps, tachycardia; kidney damage; skin photophobia (abnormal visual intolerance to light) sensitization

Severe itching. Redness.

Skin, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys

DISPERSIBLE POWDERS (36%).|GRADES: TECHNICAL; NF.

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|10H-Phenothiazine: ACTIVE|PURIFICATION: VIERLING, US PATENT 2,887,482 (1959); RIGBY, US PATENT 3,000,887 (1961 TO SHELL OIL).|/OXIDATION/...CAN BE PREVENTED BY ADMIXTURE OF 0.3-1.0% METHENAMINE.|...PARENT OF NUMBER OF DYESTUFFS INCL METHYLENE BLUE, THIAZINE DYES & THIAMINE BLUE.|INTRODUCED IN 1925, IT WAS ONE OF EARLIEST ORG INSECTICIDES. ACTION: ORAL INSECTICIDE & ANTHELMINTIC. FED IN SALT OR MINERAL SUPPLEMENT TO CONTROL HORN FLY & FACE FLY LARVAE & TO REMOVE & CONTROL CERTAIN INTERNAL PARASITES.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PHENOTHIAZINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IN FEEDS BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY.|GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD PRESENTED.|Method 1625 W and S. Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Isotope Dilution GCMS. Capillary Gas Chromatography with Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Minimum level = 20 ug/l (Water).|PMD-PFI Determination of Phenothiazine by IR Spectrometry. Infrared Spectrometry with no detection limit reported.|PMD-TLC Thin-layer Chromatographic System for Identification of Pesticides. Thin layer chromatography with no detection limit reported.

HPLC DETERMINATION OF PHENOTHIAZINE RESIDUES IN SHEEP TISSUES.