C.I. Acid Red 27

604.47

603.926880

213-022-2

37RBV3X49K

DTXSID2021232

Dark, reddish-brown powder

32129000

241.69000

6.06870

Dark reddish-brown to dark brown Crystalline Powder

1.50 g/cm³ (approx)

>300°C

44ºC

H2O: 50 g/L (20 ºC)

Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.

5.82X10-25 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)

LD50 intraperitoneal in mouse: 1gm/kg

Henry's Law constant = 2.68X10-30 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Discharge white by hydrosulfite on wool and silk|Hydrochloric acid does not change color intensity of solution; sodium hydroxide increases it|The aqueous solution is vivid red (1 cm layer)|Stable to light in aqueous solution

Can be explosive as an airborne dust at certain concentrations. Moderately soluble in water.

Azo, Diazo, Azido, Hydrazine, and Azide Compounds

AMARANTH may form toxic gases with acids, aldehydes, amides, carbamates, cyanides, inorganic fluorides, halogenated organics, isocyanates, ketones, metals, nitrides, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, acyl halides, and strong oxidizing or reducing agents. May form flammable gases with alkali metals. Explosive combination can occur with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides.

NONH for all modes of transport

3

36/37/38

36/37/39-26

QJ6550000

Xi

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Certificates issued for FD&C Red No. 2 and all mixtures containing this color additive are canceled and have no effect after January 28, 1976, and use of this color additive in the manufacture of food, drugs, or cosmetics after this date will result in adulteration.

RADOMSKI JL; TOXICOL OF FOOD COLORS; ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY 14: 127-37 (1974). REVIEW ARTICLE ON TOXICOLOGY OF FOOD COLORS WITH AMARANTH INCLUDED.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H315 (62.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 272 companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material at ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

... In the current study, the potencies of single and combination use of allura red AC (R40), tartrazine (Y4), sunset yellow FCF (Y5), amaranth (R2), and brilliant blue FCF (B1) were examined on neural progenitor cell (NPC) toxicity, a biomarker for developmental stage, and neurogenesis, indicative of adult central nervous system (CNS) functions. R40 and R2 reduced NPC proliferation and viability in mouse multipotent NPC, in the developing CNS model. Among several combinations tested in mouse model, combination of Y4 and B1 at 1000-fold higher than average daily intake in Korea significantly decreased numbers of newly generated cells in adult mouse hippocampus, indicating potent adverse actions on hippocampal neurogenesis. However, other combinations including R40 and R2 did not affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Evidence indicates that single and combination use of most tar food colors may be safe with respect to risk using developmental NPC and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the response to excessively high dose combination of Y4 and B1 is suggestive of synergistic effects to suppress proliferation of NPC in adult hippocampus. Data indicated that combinations of tar colors may adversely affect both developmental and adult hippocampal neurogenesis; thus, further extensive studies are required to assess the safety of these additive combinations.|Two groups of 100 mice received either 0 or 0.01 g amaranth paste (= 0.004 g amaranth) by gavage daily. One drop of either 9,10-dimethyl-2-benzanthracene or 3,4-benzopyrene was applied once per week to interscapular skin. Papillomata appeared 3.5 weeks earlier in test animals and in a greater number of animals. A larger percentage became malignant in test animals.|Cholestyramine at 2.5% suppl level counteracted toxic effects produced in rats by addition of 5% amaranth to their purified, low-fiber diet.|Mutagenic activity of beta-naphthylamine was suppressed in presence of amaranth. Similar results /have been/ reported with alpha-naphthylamine suggesting that amaranth interacts with liver-activation system to prevent conversion of amine to mutagen.

LD50 Mouse ip 1000 mg/kg|LD50 Rat iv 1 g/kg|LD50 Rat ip 1 g/kg|LD50 Mouse oral >10 g/kg bw|LD50 Rat oral 6 g/kg bw

Amaranth is not known to occur in nature.

Amaranth's production and use as a dye for wool and silk(1), for dyeing leather, staining wood, coloring paper coatings and coloring photographs, and as a biological stain(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, the ionic nature of amaranth may result in ion-exchange processes with clay that would reduce leaching(1). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an ion and ions do not volatilize. Amaranth will not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-25 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Amaranth may be biodegraded under anaerobic conditions where reductive cleavage of the azo linkage may occur(3).|AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, amaranth is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the ionic nature of this dye(1). Amaranth will exist almost entirely as an ion at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces and bioconcentration are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Amaranth may be biodegraded under anaerobic conditions(2) such as may occur in sediments(3).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), amaranth, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.82X10-25 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase amaranth may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Amaranth absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). A first order rate constant of 0.00568/day was recorded(5).

The loss in absorbance of an amaranth solution exposed to sunlight for approximately 80 days was reported; a first order rate constant of 0.00568/day was recorded(1), corresponding to a half-life of 112 days(SRC). The dye is stable to light in aqueous solution(2).

As amaranth is an ionic compound, bioconcetration will not be an important environmental fate process(1).

The ionic nature of amaranth may result in ion-exchange processes with clay that would reduce leaching(1).

As amaranth is an ionic compound, volatilization from water and soil surfaces will not be an important environmental fate process(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 13,792 workers (5.645 of these were female) were potentially exposed to amaranth in the US(1). Occupational exposure to amaranth may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where amaranth is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to amaranth via dermal contact with consumer products containing amaranth(SRC).

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. (See all compounds classified as Coloring Agents.)|Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499) (See all compounds classified as Indicators and Reagents.)

Of FD&C Red No.2 administered orally 10% appear in the urine and 43% in the feces (accounting for 53%). Part of the absorbed reduction product is further metabolized to unknown products|A single oral dose of 50 mg per animal was administered to four rats. Only 2.8% was absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract; the metabolites in the urine and bile were predominantly products resulting from the reductive fission of the azo-linkage, such as 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid and 1-amino-2-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid. The former compound was found also in the feces.|The absorption and elimination of 1-amino-4-naphthalene-sulfonic acid, one of the azo-reduction products in rats were examined after dosing by gavage, in drinking-water and mixed into the diet. Little is metabolized by mammalian liver azo-reductase systems, almost all reduction occurring through gut microflora. 1-amino-2-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalene sulfonic acid was not studied as it is not well absorbed.|1-Amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid, one of the metabolites of amaranth, is absorbed to the extent of 18% after its oral administration.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for AMARANTH (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Hydroxy-1-(p-sulfophenylazo)naphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid yields 1-amino-2-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid in Escherichia and Proteus; 1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid in Escherichia and Proteus.|The mechanism of the azo reduction of sulfonazo III and amaranth by the rat hepatic monooxygenase system was studied. Air strongly inhibited (greater than 95%) the enzymatic reduction of both azo compounds; a 100% CO atmosphere inhibited amaranth reduction (greater than 90%) but only slightly inhibited sulfonazo III reduction (13%). The addition of 50 microM sulfonazo III to microsomal incubations stimulated oxygen consumption, NADPH oxidation, and adrenochrome formation, whereas 100 microM amaranth did not. The reduction potentials of these two azo compounds were also very different (amaranth, E = -0.620 V; sulfonazo III, E = -0.265 V versus normal hydrogen electrode). The organic mercurial mersalyl converted cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420 (68%) and markedly decreased NADPH-cytochrome P-450(c) reductase activity (97%) in microsomal preparations, presumably by inactivating or destroying functional sulfhydryl groups important for the catalytic activity of these enzymes. GSH was used to restore, and NADP+ to protect, the activities of the monooxygenase components from the effects of mersalyl. The data indicate that inactivation of NADPH-cytochrome P-450(c) reductase inhibits sulfonazo III and amaranth reduction, whereas inactivation of cytochrome P-450 inhibits only amaranth reduction. Furthermore, the reduction of sulfonazo III by purified microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450(c) reductase was significantly faster than the rate of reduction of amaranth. These studies demonstrate that two distinct sites of azo reduction exist in the monooxygenase system and that not all azo compounds are reduced by cytochrome P-450.|The liver enzyme that reduces azo-linkages plays little part in the metabolism /of rats/, as was shown in experiments in which the amaranth was given by intrasplenic infusion. Reduction of the compound is therefore most probably affected by the intestinal bacteria.|Amaranth is rapidly reduced by a suspension of bacteria obtained from large intestine and cecum of rats. /Investigators/ found that it is reduced by rat liver homogenates as well as by rat intestinal contents. Products of reductive cleavage of amaranth, namely, 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid and 1-amino-2-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid (R-amino salt), are found in urine of rats fed the color.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for AMARANTH (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/CASE REPORTS/ Of seven patients with recurrent urticaria or angio-edema suspected to be sensitive to azo-dyes such as amaranth, one reacted with urticaria to amaranth provocation. Objective signs of a reaction were observed in one further case and in three other patients subjective symptoms were noted.|/GENOTOXICITY/ Food coloring agent, amaranth /has/ been tested at 0.02-8mM in human peripheral blood cells in vitro, in order to investigate /its/ genotoxic, cytotoxic and cytostatic potential. Amaranth at the highest concentration (8mM) demonstrates high genotoxicity, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity. The frequency of SCEs/cell was increased 1.7 times over the control level. ...|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... Spectroscopic titration studies for the interaction of amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine with DNA showed that these dyes bind to calf thymus DNA and distinct isosbestic points are observed clearly suggesting binding of the dyes to DNA. Additionally DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments showed that these colorants are obviously capable for strong binding to linear dsDNA causing its degradation. PCR amplification of all DNA fragments (which previously were pre-treated with three different concentrations of the colorants, extracted from agarose gel after separation and then purified), seems to be attenuated with a manner dye concentration-dependent reflecting in a delayed electrophoretic mobility due to the possible binding of some molecules of the dyes. Evaluation of the data and curves were obtained after quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lanes of the gel by an analyzer computer program. /These/ results indicate that these food colorants had a toxic potential to human lymphocytes in vitro and it seems that they bind directly to DNA.|/IMMUNOTOXICITY/ /In/ peripheral blood lymphocytes purified from normal human volunteers, Amaranth at non-cytotoxic millimolar concentrations caused limited though statistically significant inhibition of activation of cell proliferation by phytohemagglutinin, and natural killer cell activity.

Acid Red 27

2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-[2-(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)diazenyl]-, sodium salt (1:3): ACTIVE|May not be used in foods, drugs, or cosmetics|Color additives were initially regulated in the United States under the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Bureau of Chemistry. In 1906, the Food and Drugs Act was passed by Congress, which prohibited the use of poisonous or deleterious colors in confectionery and the coloring or staining of food to conceal damage or inferiority. In 1927, responsibility of the Food and Drugs Act was transferred to FDA. Increasing government oversight, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) was passed in 1938 and established the three following categories for colors: FD&C: colors used in foods, drugs and cosmetics; D&C: colors used in drugs and cosmetics when in contact with mucous membranes or ingested; and Ext. D&C: colors used in products applied externally.|Former applications: color & concn in carbonated beverages: orange flavor 2 parts; cherry 100 parts, 50 ppm; raspberry 99 parts, 45 ppm; grape 94.5 parts, 55 ppm; strawberry 80 parts, 50 ppm /From table/|Former applications: Amaranth solution USP- solution of amaranth in purified water; contains, in each 100 mL, 0.9-1.1 g of amaranth. Clear, vivid red ... coloring agent for ... pharmaceutical preparations ...

A screening method for the detection of artificial colors (naphthol yellow, tartrazine, quinoline yellow, Sunset yellow, Allura red, amaranth, azorubine, Ponceau 4R and Red 2G) in saffron is described. The method involves removal of crocins by precipitation of crocetin (pH 0.1, 90 °C) before adsorption of the artificial colors on polyamide SPE cartridges (pH 2). After washing with methanol, acetone and methanol, elution was done with a methanol:ammonia solution (95:5 v/v), and detection was performed by derivative spectrometry. Sample pretreatment changes the UV-Vis saffron extract profile in such a way that second derivative spectra can be used to identify the presence of added colors. Erythrosine, which was found to be pH dependent, could not be detected under the above conditions. The lowest detectable amount for each color was strongly dependent on chemical structure. The recovery of carminic acid was very low possibly due to irreversible retention on the polyamide. This procedure can replace the current ISO TLC method (2003) and be used alternatively or in combination with HPLC procedures adopted in the same standard.

Derminative procedure for amaranth using high-speed liquid chromatography.|FD&C red number 2 were separated by paired-ion chromatography. Solvent and type of packing given.|... FD&C red number 2 were separated by thin-layer chromatography.

Food additives|Food Additives -> COLOUR; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant; Hair dyeing

Food Additives -> COLOUR;