Aluminum sulfate

342.15

341.818268

233-135-0

I7T908772F

1191

3264|3077

DTXSID2040317

C228

White, lustrous crystals, pieces, granules, or powder

2833220000

266

-0.09660

White Powder and/or Chunks

1.61 g/cm³

770 °C (decomp)

112-116 °C

Index of refraction: 1.47

H2O: soluble

Separate from air, water, halocarbons, alcohols. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquid storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. /Aluminum alkyls/

Esentially zero.

Oral-mouse LD50: 6207 mg/kg; peritoneal-mouse LD50: 1735 mg/kg

High fever decomposes toxic sulfur oxides; hydrolysis produces sulfuric acid, irritating to lungs

Violently explosive

ODORLESS

HAS SWEET, MILDLY ASTRINGENT TASTE

2,9 or above (5 % solution)

Melts when gradually heated; at 250 °C loses its water; ...on long boiling of aqueous solution, insoluble basic salt precipitates.|Insoluble in alcohol; 86.9 g/100 mL water at 0 °C; 1104 g/100 mL water at 100 °C density: 1.69 at 17 °C; mp 86.5 °C with decomposition; colorless, monoclinic crystals; index of refraction: 1.474, 1.467, 1.483 /Aluminum Sulfate Octadecahydrate/|Solid. MW: 666.43 for /Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate/|One part of technical aluminum sulfate reduces the alkalinity as calcium carbonate by 0.55 parts.|Decomposes at 770 °C|Heat of formation = -820.98 kcal/mole; free energy of formation = -738.99 kcal/mole; standard entropy = 57.2 cal/deg (all at 25 °C)

Dissolves in water with evolution of some heat. Creates acidic solutions.|Water soluble.

Salts, Acidic

Water-Reactive

Aqueous solutions of ALUMINUM SULFATE are acidic. The solid may corrode metals in presence of moisture.|ALUMINUM SULFATE, SOLUTION is acidic. Will corrode metals. A strong acid. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 136].

Aluminum sulfate solution is corrosive to aluminum.|May corrode metals in presence of moisture

9.2

UN 1760/3077

1

37/38-41-51/53-36/37/38

26-39-61-37/39-29

BD1700000

Xi,N

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

Less sensitive than trialkylaminums to oxidation upon exposure to air. /Alkylaluminum halides/

P280-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310

H290-H318

Aluminum compounds are treated under anhydrous conditions to prevent violent reactions, recover solvent, and form Al compounds suitable for landfill by reaction with anhydrous hydrolysis agent, eg calcium hydroxide. /Aluminum compounds/|SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Aluminum sulfate: Pretreatment involves hydrolysis, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide.

May corrode metals in presence of moisture. /Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate/|Extremely reactive with air, moisture, and compounds containing active hydrogen... /Alkyl aluminum compounds/|Reacts violently with a broad range of materials including air & water. /Aluminum alkyls/

Aluminum sulfate used for multiple purposes in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.|Aluminum sulfate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: aluminum sulfate is included in antiperspirant and topical antifungal drug products.

Anon; Information profiles on Potential Occupaional Hazards: Aluminum & Compounds, 2nd Draft (Revised); GRA & I Issue 21 NTIS/PB89-216238 (1989)> TD3: Information profiles are working papers used by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to assist the Institute in establishing priorities. The proile summarizes data on organic and inorganic substances containing aluminum as the only metal. Each summary presents data on known and suspected health effects, the extent of worker exposure, physical and chemical properties and the industrial importance of the following aluminum compounds: aluminum metal, aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum chlorhydrate, aluminum chloride anhydrous, aluminum chloride hydrous, aluminum distearate, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum fluoride, aluminum hydride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum oxide, aluminum ortho-phosphate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum silicate, aluminum sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, calcium aluminum silicate, diethylaluminum chloride, sodium aluminate, tri-n-butylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum. Detailed literature searches are conducted to identify information to be used in the profile sumaries. Sponsored by National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockville, MD.

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Produces sulfuric acid upon decomposition. (USCG, 1999)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H290 (27.66%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]|P234, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P330, P390, P404, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 838 companies from 32 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P313

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Dust respirator; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)|Wear impervious chemical protective clothing, including gloves to prevent skin contact with the liquid. Use splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shield to prevent eye contact with liquid. Approved respirator should be used in the event of vapor concentrations. (USCG, 1999)|Personal protective equipment /incl/ dust respirator; safety glasses or face shield; rubber gloves.|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)/|Protective clothing and a high standard of training in the necessary precautionary measures are essential for the handling of the materials. /Aluminum alkyls/

May burn, but will not ignite.|Certain polymerization catalysts, such as aluminum alkyls, react & burn violently on contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/|Aluminum alkyls are organic aluminum compounds that are highly reactive and dangerous because of spontaneous burning in air. /Aluminum alkyls/|Prophoric material in flammable solvent. Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. /Aluminum alkyls/

...Violently explosive when they come into contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)|Stop flow of liquid before extinguishing fire. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. DO NOT use water as straight stream directly on spilled material. Water fog can be used to control fire. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents on spilled material. Violent reaction may result. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. /Aluminum Alkyls/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ALUMINUM SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

Dust /is/ irritating to eyes, nose, and throat. Solid /is/ irritating to skin and eyes.|/Aluminum powder/ may cause minor irritation to lungs & eyes. /Aluminum powder, uncoated/|Irritation of the eyes has been noted in patients who have been exposed /to aluminum alkyls/. /Aluminum alkyls/|May cause minor irritation to lungs or eyes. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 2 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Aluminum, soluble salts & alkyls, as Al/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10-Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 10 mg/cu m (total). /Aluminum/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m (resp). /Aluminum/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 2 mg/cu m. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al)/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from bases and strong oxidants. Dry. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin.

The substance may have effects on the central nervous system. This may result in impaired functions.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Avoid inhalation of dust. Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

moderately

Aluminum Sulfate, Hydrated (ACS & FCC): ORAL (LD50): **Acute:** >9000 mg/kg in the ouse [MSDS]. >9000 mg/kg in the rat [MSDS]. **Acute Toxicity** There is little indication that aluminum is acutely toxic by oral exposure despite it is widely found in foods, drinking water, and many antacid preparations. In 1988, a population of about 20 000 citizens of Camelford, England, was exposed to increased levels of aluminum for 5 days. The aluminum was accidentally ingested by the population from a water supply facility using aluminum sulfate for water treatment. Some adverse effects observed were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers, skin ulcers, skin rashes, and arthritis-type pain were observed. It was concluded in one study that the adverse effects of aluminum sulfate were primarily mild and transient. No long-lasting effects on health could be attributed to the exposures from aluminum in the drinking water during this period. **Chronic Toxicity** In humans, excess exposure to aluminum via dialysis water (aluminum sulfate) is a known etiological factor in several pathological conditions in patients treated with hemodialysis. Clinical symptoms and signs of aluminum toxicity include hypercalcemia, anemia, vitamin D refractory osteodystrophy, and a dialysis encephalopathy. Bone pain, pathological fractures, and proximal myopathy may occur. Aluminum has also been suggested as an etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer senile and pre-senile dementia, as well amyotrophic sclerosis. Despite this, the most recent investigations have failed to confirm this hypothesis. A study in man has verified a number of possible deleterious interactions of aluminum salts with phosphorous metabolism, especially in long-term ingestion of aluminum-containing antacids. It has been suggested that aluminum exposure is a risk factor for the development or acceleration of onset of Alzheimer disease (AD) in humans. The world health organization has completed a meta-analysis of 20 epidemiological studies done to test the hypothesis that aluminum in drinking-water is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Six studies on populations in Norway were considered of sufficiently high quality to meet the general criteria for exposure and outcome assessment and the adjustment for at least some confounding variables. Of six studies that examined the relationship between aluminum in drinking- water and dementia, three found a positive relationship, but three did not. However, each of the studies had significant deficiencies in the study design (e.g. ecological exposure assessment; failure to consider aluminum exposure from all sources and to control for important confounders, such as education, socioeconomic status, and family history; the use of surrogate outcome measures for AD; and selection bias). In general, the relative risks determined were less than 2, with large confidence intervals, when the total aluminum concentration in drinking-water was 0.1 mg/L or higher. Due to the pathogenesis of AD and knowledge obtained from studies, it was concluded that the present epidemiological evidence does not support a causal association between AD and aluminum in drinking-water. In addition to the epidemiological studies that examined the relationship between AD and aluminum in drinking-water, two studies studied cognitive dysfunction in elderly populations in relation to the levels of aluminum in drinking water. The results proved conflicting. A study of 800 male subjects, age 80-89, drinking water containing aluminum concentrations up to 98 μg/L found no relationship. The second study used “any evidence of mental impairment” as an outcome measure and found a relative risk of 1.72 at aluminum drinking-water concentrations above 85 μg/L in 250 males. Such data are insufficient to show that aluminum is a cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly. **Note on possible risk of breast cancer** Widespread concern has been raised regarding the exposure to aluminum in deodorant/antiperspirant products, with inconclusive results,,,. Results from a more recent case-control study suggest an association between underarm cosmetic use and aluminum concentration in breast tissue and breast cancer. The observed association of underarm cosmetic use with breast cancer was, however, limited to women who report using the products multiple times a day before age of 30.

... Aluminum was added to the freshwater tanks as aluminum sulfate and the pH of the tank was adjusted slowly as necessary to avoid localization of the acid. The tanks were then allowed to equilibrate and 20 fish /golden shiners/ were placed in each tank. At pH 4.5 and 5.0 + 100 ppm aluminum, all fish died within a few hr. With total aluminum concn of 10 ppm and 100 ppm and pH 4.5 and 5.0, it appeared that the aluminum and the acid had a synergistic effect. Visual inspection of the fish showed that the aluminum interacted with the gills, which may have caused suffocation. It is possible that some chemical forms of aluminum are more toxic than others. Suspended clay (aluminum silicate) does not appear to be toxic, but in acid solution, aluminum ion is released, which may be toxic. ...|Four cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cvs. Gulf, Marshall, Urbana, and Wilo) were grown in nutrient solution (pH 4.2 at 0 and 74 uM aluminum). Following a 30 min equilibration period after seeds were exposed to aluminum on day 10 after germination, total and monomeric aluminum concn were 78 + or - 6 and 69 + or - 5 um, respectively. Cations were desorbed from the Donnan free space of roots of 15, 23, and 35 day old plants using barium chloride, barium chloride triethanolamine, ammonium acetate, and potassium chloride. (The ability of desorbents to displace cations varied widely for the desorbent effect). Barium chloride triethanolamine showed the greatest ability to displace aluminum cations from the Donnan free space, while NH4+ did not displace detectable amounts of aluminum +3. The amounts of aluminum +3 displaced by barium +2 and potassium +1 from aluminum treated roots were larger in younger than in older roots. Aluminum considerably decr the amount of desorbed divalent cations (calcium +2, magnesium +2) and increased the amount of desorbed potassium +1 and sodium +1. /Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate/

LD50 Rat oral 1930 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 6.3 mg/kg|LD50 Guinea pig oral 490 mg/kg bw /from table/|LD50 Dobra Voda Mouse oral 980 mg Al/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ALUMINUM SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... The effects of aluminum or acid on growth-related hormones were compared in mallard ducklings: growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). Birds received two levels of acid: sulfuric acid (0.056 or 0.277 moles sulfate per kg) or aluminum sulfate (0.1 or 0.5% aluminum; 0.056 or 0.277 moles sulfate per kg). Two sodium sulfate (0.056 or 0.277 moles sulfate per kg) treatment groups were added as additional controls, and a group was given control diet ad libitum. Ducklings were fed the test diets for 15 days. In addition, there were pair-fed controls to the acid and aluminum diets. Growth as indicated by body weight, average daily gain, and tibiotarsus length was reduced (p < 0.05) in ducklings on the high aluminum diet compared to those fed control diets.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute and chronic toxicity of aluminum sulfate to Ceriodaphnia dubia larvae and juveniles were examined in static renewal tests. The live offspring of Ceriodaphnia dubia in seven day test ranged from 34.2 to 8.2 for 0 to 100% effluent, respectively. Delayed brood release and significant reductions in Ceriodaphnia dubia reproduction observed in 100% effluent were likely due to the combined effects of reductions in pH and dissolved oxygen concentration, physical stress due to high levels of suspended solids, and possibly, the presence of aqueous aluminum.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...Freshwater benthic algal populations /were exposed/ to aluminium concentrations of 50, 100 and 500 ug Al/L (as aluminium sulfate) at pH 4.8 in artificial streams. During the 28-day test, aluminium in acidified water inhibited the abundance of diatoms and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) more than the acidity alone. Aluminium decreased chlorophyll abundance beyond the effects of acidity alone at 500 ug/L.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The egg and fry stages of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200, or 300 ug/L aluminum (as aluminum sulfate) in soft water at various pH levels (3.8 to 6.0). For both fry stages of brook trout, survival at pH 4.8 was reduced when 200 ug/L were added and at pH 4.2 survival was lower at all aluminum concentrations compared to controls. Mortality was not confined to the exposure period and often continued after transfer to control water following short term exposure of eggs and fry. In general an additional 15 to 30% of cleavage eggs died following exposure. In another experiment, groups of 10 swim-up fry lake and brook trout were exposed to 0, 100, 300, and 1000 ug/L aluminum for 6, 24, 50, or 120 hr at pH 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, or 4.4. Single episodes of exposure required extreme combinations of pH, aluminum or time to produce significant mortality of fry. At pH 3.8, mortality of brook trout was mostly confined to the post exposure period and addition of aluminum improved survival over that in controls. Aluminum lethality of brook trout was apparent within 50 hr at pH 4.0 and post-exposure mortality was confined to aluminum treatments. For brook trout, addition of 1000 ug/L aluminum produced substantial mortality following 24 hr at pH 4.4 (approx 25% at 24 hr, to 95% at 120 hr).|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Occurs in nature as mineral alunogenite.|THE CRUDE LUMP ALUM AS IT OCCURS WITH EARTH ATTACHED HAS BEEN KNOWN AS ROCK ALUMINUM (ALUMEN RUPEUM) AND AS ROMAN ALUMINUM. /ALUM/

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 212,242 workers (57,674 of these are female) are potentially exposed to aluminum sulfate in the US(1).|48,708 total employees (est) and 10,286 female employees (est) are occupationally exposed to aluminum sulfate.|WORKMEN ... CONTAMINATED WITH ALUM /THROUGH EYES/ ... . /ALUMINUM/|... The floc poses a potential human health risk if ingested by swimmers or if others use the lake as a potable water source.|Production of aluminum sulfate and aluminum fluoride is associated with exposure to several irritant substances. Such production has been connected with reversible bronchial obstruction or asthma.

Solutions containing 5 to 10% aluminum sulfate have been used as local applications to ulcers and to arrest foul discharges from mucous surfaces. Aluminum sulfate is also used in the preparation of aluminum acetate ear drops. It is often purchased over the counter and is available in solid stick or powder form for minor cuts and abrasions after shaving,. Aluminum sulfate is also used as an adjuvant in vaccines.

Aluminum sulfate has an action similar to that of alum but is more stringent. A saturated solution is employed as a mild caustic. Solutions containing 5 to 10% have been used as local applications to ulcers and to arrest foul discharges from mucous surfaces. Aluminium sulfate is also used in the preparation of aluminium acetate ear drops.|Some aluminum compounds are employed therapeutically, eg, aluminum hydroxide is one component of the antacids recommended in the treatment of stomach ulcers and gastritis. Large doses of aluminum hydroxide (in the order of grams) are prescribed for patients who, as a result of renal dysfunction, have high blood phosphate levels. Aluminum acetotartrate in solution is used in the treatment of sores and for other dermatological purposes. The solution inhibits bacteria and has astringent properties. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is very commonly used in deodorants, and a solution of aluminum sulfate has been tried without significant success against stings of fire ants. /Aluminum and its salts/|/The following aluminum salts are used in the various drug classes./ (1) Antacids: aluminum; dihydroxyaluminum acetate; aluminum carbonate; aluminum oxide; bismuth aluminate; Magaldrate; dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate; and dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate. (2) Internal analgesics (buffered aspirins): aluminum hydroxide and aluminum glycinate. (3) Antidiarrheals: Kaolin; aluminum magnesium silicate; and Attapulgite. (4) Douches: ammonium aluminum sulfate (5- 16%); potassium aluminum sulfate; and Alum (12%). (5) Antiulcerative: aluminum sucrose sufate. /Aluminum salts, from table/|...Batch coagulation treatments of water samples spiked with Qbeta, MS2, T4, and P1 viruses were conducted with four different aluminum coagulants. The total infectious virus concentration in the suspension of floc particles that eventually formed by dosing with coagulant was measured after the floc particles were dissolved by raising the pH with an alkaline beef extract solution. The virus concentrations were extremely reduced after the water samples were dosed with aluminum coagulants. Viruses mixed with and adsorbed onto preformed aluminum hydroxide floc were, however, completely recovered after the floc dissolution. These results indicated that the aluminum coagulation process inactivates viruses.

Aluminum sulfate may be used as a deodorant, as well as an astringent. Aluminum sulfate is also known as an astringent. Astringents are substances that cause contraction or shrinkage of tissues and that dry up secretion. Used as a post-shaving treatment, it can eliminate bleeding from superficial wounds,. It has also shown in vitro anti-microbial activity.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity. (See all compounds classified as Adjuvants, Immunologic.)

The degree of aluminum absorption depends on a number of factors, such as the aluminum salt ingested, pH (for aluminum speciation and solubility), bioavailability, as well as dietary conditions. These facts should be taken into consideration during tissue dosimetry and response assessment to aluminum sulfate. It can be concluded that the use of currently available animal studies to develop a guideline value is inappropriate at this time due to the above specific toxicokinetic/dynamic factors that may affect results.|Aluminum is excreted predominantly via the kidneys and therefore may accumulate in patients with renal failure. About 2% is excreted in bile.|Aluminium which is absorbed is located primarily in the heart, spleen, and bone.|In mammals GI absorption of ingested aluminum is poor due to transformation of aluminum salts into insoluble aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) in digestive tract, brought about by pH changes and presence of phosphate in diet. At higher doses, such as 200 mg aluminum/kg as aluminum sulfate, intestinal absorption is about 10% in rats ... .|... No increases in urinary excretion of aluminum or in aluminum deposition in organs of rats when twice normal aluminum concentration was given as ... sulfate in food. When concentration was increased to about 15 times normal, both urinary excretion and organ deposition were enhanced.|In rats retention of aluminum in bone, liver, and testes ... increased with large ingested doses such as 200 mg aluminum/kg in the form of aluminum sulfate ... Level in brains of ... rats increased /SRP: to a level/ tenfold that of control. ... Excretion is mainly fecal, representing both unabsorbed ... and aluminum excreted into digestive tract from liver via bile.|Spring wheat plants (Triticum aestivum (L.) cvs. Kadt and WW 20299) were grown in culture and exposed to aluminum as aluminum sulfate. Aluminum uptake by roots of 9-day old plants at pH= 4.1 during 2 hr (initial uptake) could be divided into a free diffusible component and a bound fraction which was non-exchangeable with calcium. Two types of aluminum binding sites were identified: one insensitive to low temp (2 °C) and one existing only at 22 °C. At 2 °C and 200 uM aluminum, uptake reached approx 1.2 umol aluminum/g fresh wt within 50 min and remained at this level. At 22 °C, aluminum uptake did not reach equilibrium within 150 min and was characterized by a rapid uptake (0.50 umol aluminum/g fresh wt) for less than 20 min, followed by another phase at 0.19 umol Aluminum/g fresh wt/hr. The initial uptake of aluminum increased under conditions which favored leakage of phosphorus from the roots; uptake of aluminum from 50 uM aluminum was about twice as high in high phosphorus plants compared to low phosphorus plants. With 1X10-4 dinitrophenol present in the external soln, aluminum uptake increased by approx 70% at 150 and 250 uM aluminum and by approx 25% at 50 uM aluminum in both cultivars.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ALUMINUM SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Numerous studies have actually shown that the rate of aluminum clearance in the blood decreases with time following aluminum ingestion, and therefore a single elimination half-life (t1⁄2) cannot depict the whole-body elimination of aluminum.

When used as a deodorant, the volume of sweat produced is reduced by narrowing sweat ducts. The inhibition of body odor causing bacteria is another important strategy for deodorization. By inhibiting or deactivating odor-producing bacteria, there is little to none metabolism of sweat components thus decreasing the occurrence of body odor. Recent studies suggest that the active binding of alum to the membranes of dendritic cells (DCs) result in alteration of lipid membranes structures as a key process in alum's adjuvant effect in vaccines. As new adjuvants are being developed, alum may remain as an ingredient of adjuvant combinations, or it may eventually be supplemented by other agents that more effectively provide depot and local inflammatory responses to accentuate host immune responses.|...Glioma (C-6) and neuroblastoma (NBP2) cells were utilized to assess early changes in oxidative parameters consequent to a 48-hr exposure to aluminum sulfate. A 500-uM concentration of this salt produced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content in glioma cells. However, the same concentration of the aluminum salt did not lead to any significant changes in the neuroblastoma cells. Mitochondrial respiratory activity in glioma cells was also found to be significantly higher in the aluminum treated cells. As judged by morin-metal complex formation, aluminum can enter glioma cells much more readily than neuroblastoma cells.|... The aim of this work was to assess by in vivo brain microdialysis whether chronic administration of aluminium in the drinking water (2.5% aluminium sulfate) also impairs the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the cerebellum of rats in vivo. Chronic exposure to aluminium reduced NMDA-induced increase of extracellular cGMP by ca 50%. The increase in extracellular cGMP induced by the nitric oxide generating agent S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was higher (240%) in rats treated with aluminium than in controls. Immunoblotting experiments showed that aluminium reduced the cerebellar content of calmodulin and nitric oxide synthase by 34 and 15%, respectively. Basal activity of soluble guanylate cyclase was decreased by 66% in aluminium-treated rats, while the activity after stimulation with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was similar to controls. Basal cGMP in the cerebellar extracellular space was decreased by 50% in aluminium-treated rats. These results indicate that chronic exposure to aluminium reduces the basal activity of guanylate cyclase and impairs the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the animal in vivo.|Aluminum salts have been shown to stimulate (3)H-thymidine incorporation in primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. Aluminum chloride or sulfate salts in concentrations between 0.01 to 100 uM were, in general, most effective in stimulating thymidine uptake by bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells with maximal efects observed after a 24 hr exposure to the metal. Concentration of aluminum salts greater than 100 uM inhibited thymidine incorporation. Cell numbers were not affected by exposure to concentrations of the aluminum salts less than approx 100 uM. Concentrations producing half maximal stimulation of bovine brain misrovessel endothelial cell thymidine incorporation were approx, 0.3 uM and 0.5 uM, for aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate, respectively. These findings indicate that bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells are sensitive to lower concentrations of aluminum salts than other mammalian cell types. Hydroxyurea completely inhibited thymidine incorporation into bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells in the presence and absence of aluminum suggesting that thymidine incorporation into bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells is representative of DNA synthesis. Endothelial cell growth factor stimulated both measured DNA synthesis and bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell numbers in the primary culture system. Aluminum had only slight effects on DNA synthesis in edothelial cell growth factor stimulated bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. In contrast to endothelial cell growth factor, aluminum then, appears to provide a stimulus for DNA synthesis but not subsequent mitosis in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. Results from this study are consistent with previous studies in other cell types and with current knowkedge of the effects of aluminum on the blood brain barrier in vivo. /Aluminum salts/

The iron-free grade: (<0.005% ferric oxide max) ... using pure alumina trihydrate in place of bauxite or clay.

Inhalation of dust irritates nose and mouth. Ingestion of large doses causes gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, and purging. Dust irritates eyes and skin. (USCG, 1999)|Vapor irritates eyes, nose and respiratory tract due to formation of sulfuric acid. Ingestion of large doses causes gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, and purging. Liquid irritates eyes and skin. (USCG, 1999)|Corrosives

INHALATION: rinse nose and mouth with water. INGESTION: give large amounts of water. EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min. SKIN: flush with water, wash with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)|Call for medical aid. INHALATION: Move to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. INGESTION: Give large amounts of water. Induce vomiting. EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 min., occasionally lifting lids. SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush with copious amounts of water. (USCG, 1999)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

/Exposure to aluminum sulfate/: Call for medical aid. Dust: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat. If inhaled will cause difficult breathing. If in eyes, hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Solid: Irritating to skin and eyes. If swallowed with cause nausea or vomiting. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush affected areas with plenty of water. If in eyes, hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water. If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk. If swallowed and victim is unconscius or having convulsions, do nothing except keep victim warm.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...The exposures of workers engaged in the synthesis of the simple aluminum sulfate salt /were reported/. ...Exposures were poorly controlled as a result of start-up problems, and atmospheric exposure concentrations ranged form 0-53 mg/cu m as dusts with 25-30% in the respirable range. The employees manifested nocturnal wheezing and breathlessness characteristic of occupational asthma. This reversible airway obstruction persisted despite 2-5 years of nonexposure (mean=41 months) in 11 of the 19 workers initially affected. The similarity of these cases of reversible obstructive airway disease or occupational asthma cases to those seen in aluminum smelters is noteworthy. However, the occupational asthma syndrome is not uncommon, as it has been reported consequent to other irritant metal salt exposures, such as from chromates, platinum, nickel, and vanadium.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Simpler salts, such as... the simple sulfate, are capable of evoking irritant effects at biological interfaces. Even here, such effects usually require relatively large dosing or protracted skin contact; when they ar inhaled, irritation can also be seen at higher doses, particularly with respirable particulate sizes.|/CASE REPORTS/ ...On two occasions the ingestion of 30 g /of aluminum/ has killed an adult human. Death is probably due to the corrosive action of the sulfuric acid formed by hydrolysis of the salt.|/CASE REPORTS/ In one plant where the carbon (electrode) plant was separate from the potroom, electrode workers had greater reduction in /forced expiratory volume in one second/ (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) than potroom workers. In another, after only 4 months' exposure to aluminum, fluoride, and sulfate, nocturnal wheezing, breathlessness, and reversible airways obstruction were found with increased methacholine sensitivity (17 of 19 workers suffered air flow obstruction after inhaling 0.1% methacholine). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from potroom workers contained more fibronectin, albumin, and hyaluronon and less angiotensin-converting enzyme than fluid from unexposed men.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

alum

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Burns.

Coagulant for water and waste treatment, 65% (pulp and paper industry, 15%; other industries, 50%); rosin size precipitant for paper, 35%; other, less than 1% (1981)|Water & waste treatment, - potable, 25%, - waste & sewage, 20%, - pulp and paper, 10%; papermaking, - paper, 20% - paper board, 20%; miscellaneous, 5% (1984) /estimate/

Grades: iron-free; technical; CP; USP /United States Pharmacopeia/; FCC /food chemicals codex/; a liquid form (49.7 water) is also available.|Article of commerce usually contains 5 to 10% less water than theory. /Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate/|Ground & powder, food grade, and commercial.|The commercial grade is available both as a lump or granular solid containing 17.0-17.5% aluminum oxide (57% aluminum sulfate) and as a solution containing 7.5-8.5% aluminum oxide.|Commercial product is known as cake alum or patent alum. It is about 99.5% pure. /Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate/

Adhesive manufacturing|Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt (3:2): ACTIVE|Iron removal treatments for the technical-grade sulfate are not economical for meeting the requirements of the iron-free grade.|Flocculation and removal of bacteria were observed during two separate aluminum sulfate treatments for removal of phosphorus from a eutropic recreational lake. In addition, die-off and release of bacteria from aluminum sulfate floc were studied in columns under laboratory condition. ...During the aluminum sulfate treatment of the lake, 90% of the fecal coliform population and /approx/ 70% of the fecal streptococci population were removed from the water column within 72 hr. Numbers of fecal coliform in the floc on the lake bottom exceeded 2,400/100 mL at 120 hr compared with the pretreatment concentration of 30 fecal coliform /100 mL. ...In a second aluminum sulfate application to the lake, 95% of the total culturable bacterial population was removed from the water column. ...The numbers and survival of Escherichia coli in the floc suggest the probable concn of the other enteric organisms, including pathogens.|Polycationic coagulation aids were useful in removing virus, but anionic or nonionic polyelectrolytes probably would not be effective. Clays are sometimes added, to ensure formation of a visible floc to which virus may adsorb. Organic matter in the water interfered with virus removal by coagulation and settling; this effect may be prevented by prechlorination or preozonation. Finally, it should be noted that the virus removed had not been inactivated. Virus adsorbed to floc was quite capable of causing infection.|Aluminum sulfate, not more than 5% activated carbon

Food additives|Agrochemicals -> Bactericides|Health Hazards -> Corrosives|Cosmetics -> Antiperspirant; Deodorant|S

Food Additives -> FIRMING_AGENT;