Chlormequat chloride

158.07

157.042511

3563994

213-666-4

PPL2215L82

0781

34858

2811

DTXSID6020303

White cyrstalline solid|Colorless crystals

2923900011

0

-3.80

White to off-white Crystalline Powder or Crystals

1.14 to 1.15 g/mL at 20 deg C

245 °C (decomp)

H2O: almost transparency;Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 74 (good)

0-6°C

Vapour pressure at 20°C: negligible

Oral-rat LD50: 600 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 54 mg/kg

Decomposes toxic chloride, nitrogen oxide gas when heated

.

TYPICAL AMINE ODOR

pH = 5.14

Henry's Law constant = 1.6X10-14 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C (est)

Very hygroscopic|Begins to decompose at 230 °C|The technical grade is 97-98% pure.|Less than 0.01 mPa at 20 °C|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Very hygroscopic. Water soluble. Aqueous solutions are acidic.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. It is corrosive to unprotected metals. (NTP, 1992) Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions. They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

Aqueous solutions are corrosive to metal

III

6.1

UN 2811 6.1/PG 3

2

21/22

36/37

BP5250000

Xn

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Corrodes many metals. Very hygroscopic.

P280

H302-H312

Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the /agricultural/ use of this product may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility. Container Disposal: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning or puncture and dispose of in /accordance with local, state, and Federal laws/.|This crystalline, water-soluble solid melts at 245 °C with decomp. Incineration is a highly effective disposal method. Heating the product with strong aqueous alkali would result in decomp with the evolution of trimethylamine and other gaseous products. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))|SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Should not be combined with dinoseb, cyanazine, or other contact herbicides.|Attacks many metals in presence of water.

USEPA/Office of Pesticides Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Chlormequat Chloride (EPA 738-R-07-014) 73 pp. (September 25, 2007)|DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of (2-Chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 158 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1714

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P312, P322, P330, P363, and P501|H290 (22.19%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]|P234, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P330, P363, P390, P404, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 401 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P309+P311, P312, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P405, and P501

(Non-Specific -- Poisonous Solid, n.o.s.) For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)|In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Poisonous Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel, place in clean, dry container and cover, move from spill area. For large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use -Liquid Formulations. All mixers, loaders, applicators and other handlers must wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants and shoes plus socks."|PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material.|The current chlormequat chloride labels require that applicators and other handlers wear the following personal protective equipment (PPE): Long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Chemical resistant gloves, such as butyl rubber > or =14 mils, natural rubber > or =14 mils, neoprene rubber > or =14 mils, or nitrile rubber > or =14 mils. Shoes plus socks.|Wear protective clothing and impermeable gloves.

Noncombustible solid.

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions.

Sweep spilled substance into containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles).

End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. "Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.|End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.|End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.|End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The aerosol of this substance irritates slightly the eyes.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in glass, high-density plastic, rubber or epoxy resin-protected metal containers.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The aerosol is mildly irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system, cholinergic symptoms without acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chlormequat chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

highly

LD50 Rat oral 330-750 mg/kg.|LD50 Mouse oral 215-1020 mg/kg|LD50 Rat percutaneous >4000 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit male percutaneous 440 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ /An/ ...avian reproduction study with the Japanese quail... had mean-measured concentrations of 158, 387 and 982 mg/kg diet. The study was conducted with a two week pre-treatment period followed by a 6-week exposure period, rather than the guideline 10-week pre-laying exposure followed by a 10-week egg-laying exposure period. The most sensitive endpoints were the adult parameters of food consumption and male body weight gain; both endpoints showed significant adverse effects at all treatment levels. As a result, the required NOAEC could not be statistically determined (<158 mg ai/kg diet) from this study. The most sensitive reproductive parameter was a significant reduction in hatchlings per eggs set and number of cracked eggs in the highest test concentration. Additionally, absolute testes weight was significantly reduced (by 16%) in the 982 mg/kg group and there was a significant increase in egg shell thinning and decreased egg strength at the highest test concentration. These reductions may reflect effects on endocrine-mediated processes.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a 21-day chronic toxicity study on the water flea, ...a NOAEC of 5.0 mg ai/L was reported based on a statistically significant 20% reduction in live offspring relative to the control.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ One supplemental subacute 21-day toxicity study following OECD 204 was reviewed. ...Rainbow trout were exposed to chlormequat chloride concentrations of 43, 100, 250, 590, 1400 and 3400 mg/L. By the sixth day of the study (guideline acute fish toxicity tests are 96 hr), 90% of the fish in the 3400 mg ai/L concentration were dead. No other treatment-related mortalities were observed. Therefore, the NOAEC for this study is 1400 mg ai/L and the LC50 is >1400 mg ai/L, which results in chlormequat chloride being classified as practically non-toxic to freshwater fish on an acute exposure basis.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chlormequat is classified as moderately toxic to the aquatic vascular plant Lemna gibba based on reductions in all measured parameters, the most sensitive being frond number, with an EC50 of 2.8 mg ai/L and a NOEC of 0.04 mg ai/L. Chlormequat chloride is less toxic to nonvascular plants such as green algae Scenedesmus subcapitatus with a 96-hr EC50 >899 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of 233 mg ai/L and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria; Anabaena flosaquae) with an EC50 >207 mg ai/L and a NOAEC=207 mg ai/L.|/MAMMALS and BIRDS/ /In 3 month old male mallards/ LD50 at 95% confidence level was 265 mg/kg chlormequat chlorine. Signs of intoxication: Ataxia, miosis, falling, sitting, using wings for pedestrian locomotion, tremors, tetanic seizures, immobility, opisthotonos, and frequent spasms. Signs appeared as soon as 5 min and mortalities usually occurred between 15 and 40 min after /oral/ treatment. Remission took up to 3 days.

A bioassay of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to F344 rats. Groups of 50 rats of each sex were administered either 1500 or 3000 ppm of the compound for 108 weeks. Matched controls consisted of 20 untreated rats. Mean body weights of dosed rats were lower than those of corresponding controls for part or all of the bioassay. Survival was not affected significantly in any of the dosed groups of rats, and was at least 64% in dosed or control groups at the end of the bioassay. Sufficient numbers of dosed and control rats of each sex were at risk for the development of late-appearing tumors. No tumors occurred in the rats of either sex at incidences that could be associated with administration of the test chemical. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride was not carcinogenic for F344 rats of either sex.|A bioassay of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to B6C3Fl mice. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were administered 500 or 2000 ppm for 102 weeks. Matched controls consisted of and 20 untreated mice of each sex. Mean body weights of dosed female mice were lower than those of corresponding controls for part or all of the bioassay. For the dosed male mice mean body weights were essentially the same as those of the corresponding controls. Survival was not affected significantly in any of the dosed groups of mice and was at least 64% in every dosed or control group at the end of the bioassay. Sufficient numbers of dosed and control mice of each sex were at risk for the development of late appearing tumors. Since there was virtually no decrease in mean body weight in dosed male mice and only a slight decrease in female mice, and since there were no other toxic signs and no dose related mortality, the animals may have been able to tolerate higher doses. No tumors occurred in the mice of either sex at incidences that could be associated with administration of the test chemical. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride was not carcinogenic for B6C3Fl mice of either sex.

Chlormequat chloride's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a plant growth regulator(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 203(2), indicates that chlormequat chloride is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). In soils, the primary fate processes for the chlormequat chloride cation are expected to be biodegradation and adsorption(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Chlormequat chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). In soil, chlormequat chloride is degraded rapidly by microbial activity(2). Half-lives in 4 soils were reported as averaging 32 days at 10 °C and 1 to 28 days at 22 °C(2).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 203(2) indicates that chlormequat chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and therefore would be expected to adsorb strongly to sediments and suspended matter, clay minerals, and other materials with negative surface charges(7). In water, the primary fate processes for the chlormequat chloride cation are expected to be biodegradation and adsorption(SRC). Chlormequat chloride is a quarternary cation at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow of -3.80(4) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Although no biodegradation data were located for the chlormequat chloride cation in water, chlormequat chloride has been reported to be degraded rapidly by microbial activity in soil(2), suggesting that biodegradation in water could occur. Adsorption to sediments does not appear to reduce biodegradability of some quaternary ammonium compounds; although adsorption to certain clay minerals may retard biodegradation(3). Based on analogy to other quaternary ammonium compounds(3), the reduction of biomass or other nutrient materials in natural water may reduce the biodegradation rate of the chlormequat chloride cation and acclimation enhances biodegradation of quaternary ammonium compounds.|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlormequat chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 7.50X10-8 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlormequat chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase chlormequat chloride may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Chlormequat chloride does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlormequat chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chlormequat chloride exists as a quaternary ammonium cation in the environment(SRC). Chlormequat chloride does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for chlormequat chloride(SRC), using a log Kow of -3.80(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of chlormequat chloride has been reported to be 203(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that chlormequat chloride is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). Chlormequat chloride is expected to adsorb strongly to various materials, including suspended solids in wastewater treatment facilities, sediments in rivers and lakes, suspended organics and minerals in natural water systems, clays, proteins, and microorganisms(4-6). Further, adsorption of quaternary ammonium compounds to river sediment occurs primarily by an ion-exchange mechanism(5). Monitoring studies of river water samples from Germany reported that 50% of an alkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium compound detectable in the water column was associated with suspended solids in the water; the suspended solids in the water comprise a small fraction of the water(7).

Chlormequat chloride is a quarternary cation at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Chlormequat chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.50X10-8 mm Hg(1).

Chlormequat was determined in four /sow/ milk samples in the range of 0.4 ng/g to 1.2 ng/g...

Occupational exposure to chlormequat chloride may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlormequat chloride is produced or used(SRC). During chlormequat chloride chloride's use as a growth regulator(1), workers may be exposed to chlormequat chloride through dermal contact and inhalation of dust and sprays, especially during application(SRC).

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. (See all compounds classified as Plant Growth Regulators.)

Chlormequat was determined in four /sow/ milk samples in the range of 0.4 ng/g to 1.2 ng/g...|The distribution of Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in the eggs of laying hens was studied using 15N-CCC. Twelve layers (37 weeks old) were divided into four groups and used in this study consisting of three feeding phases. In phase one (7 days), all the hens received a CCC-free diet [165 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 11.58 MJ ME/kg DM]. In phase two (11 days), four levels of 15N-CCC: 0, 5, 50 and 250 ppm were added to the respective diets, while in phase three (7 days), CCC-free feed was again offered. Egg samples were taken and the 15N content of egg yolk and albumin were determined. At the end of phase two, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 15N content in egg yolk from hens fed the 50 and 250 ppm CCC diets and in albumin from hens fed the 250 ppm CCC diet. The estimated 15N-CCC residue was 1.71, 6.64, 28.80 ppm in egg yolk and 1.58, 1.08 and 4.50 ppm in albumin from hens fed 5, 50 and 250 ppm CCC, respectively. The CCC residue, from quantitative analysis ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and 0.93 to 2.43 ppm in yolk of hens fed 50 and 250 ppm CCC, respectively, whereas a range of 0.40-1.46 ppm, was found in the albumin of hens fed 250 ppm. The difference in measured CCC in yolk and albumin and that estimated from 15N-CCC could have been due to breakdown products of 15N-CCC. Seven days after withdrawal of 15N-CCC, the estimated 15N-CCC residue in egg yolk decreased to 0.43, 2.45 and 15.59 ppm, on 5, 50 and 250 ppm CCC dietary treatments, respectively, and to 2.46 ppm in albumin from hens fed 250 ppm CCC. The higher increase in 15N content could have been due to a higher incorporation of 15N-CCC into yolk than albumin during the process of rapid yolk deposition. This experiment showed that consumed CCC is distributed both into yolk and albumin in a dose dependent manner and that CCC is metabolized in laying hens. However, the level of CCC in the diet which could lead to accumulation of detectable CCC levels in eggs as observed in this study, is much higher than the established maximum residual limits in grains.|In mammals, following oral administration, 97% is eliminated within 24 hr, principally as the unchanged substance.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the metabolic products of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in eggs and meat of laying hens fed a diet containing (15)N-CCC. Ten brown laying hens were randomly divided into two groups of five each. One group was offered (15)N-CCC free diet while the other group received a diet with 100 ppm (15)N-CCC for 11 days. Samples of eggs and meat from the laying hens were collected. Egg yolks and albumen were separated. Meat was collected from the breast and femur. The metabolic products of CCC were measured using ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ion trap-ESI-MS/MS). Determination of CCC or its metabolites in eggs and meat showed that CCC was metabolized to choline. Corresponding MS/MS spectra were obtained for m/z 104 (choline) or 105 ((15)N-choline), whereas nothing was detected at m/z 122 (CCC) or 123 ((15)N-CCC). The results from this study indicate that CCC will be metabolized in tissues of laying hens.|When (14)C-labeled CCC was applied to kohlrabi, cauliflower, or tomatoes, degradation of CCC was very small. The first product was probably choline which entered the plant pool. Small amounts of labeled methyl groups from choline were found as S-methyl methionine. CCC was not degraded when applied to sugarcane. In alfalfa, CCC was slowly metabolized and was primarily incorporated into choline of phosphatidylcholine.|Almond seedlings were treated with labeled CCC. Translocation to leaves and to the roots was observed. (14)CO2 was formed within 2 h after application. Radioactivity was observed in 17 known amino acids, an unidentified ninhydrin positive compound, malic acid, citric acid, choline and 2-chloroethylamine.|When CCC was incubated in rumen contents or juice under anaerobic conditions, microbial degradation of CCC did not occur.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chlormequat chloride has been reported in the literature to act at the nicotinic receptor site of the neuromuscular junction. The test material may act as a depolarizing agent at this site, leading to muscular excitation followed by muscle weakness. Acute toxicity may lead to respiratory arrest. Acute toxicity of chlormequat chloride has also been reported to differ by species, which is likely due to sensitivity to depolarizing neuromuscular blockers.

Inhalation of spray and prolonged or repeated contact with skin should be avoided. (EPA, 1998)

Signs and Symptoms of Chlormequat Chloride Exposure: No information on specific clinical effects of exposure to chlormequat chloride was found in available references. However, because chlormequat chloride is expected to be corrosive, irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may be noted. Light-headedness, drowsiness, slurred speech, pupillary dilation, increased salivation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), abdominal pain, and spontaneous vomiting may occur. Stridor (high pitched, noisy respirations), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and pulmonary edema may occur. Apathy and mental confusion may develop, with progression to coma and death. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chlormequat chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chlormequat chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Rush to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chlormequat chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 30 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Rush to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize! 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Activated charcoal is of no value. 5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. 6. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/CASE REPORTS/ The suicide of a young man with the plant growth regulator Cycocel (chlorocholine chloride and choline chloride) is reported. Morphological and toxicological findings are presented...|/CASE REPORTS/ Discussion of a case of acute contact dermatitis caused by occupational exposure to the growth inhibitor cycocel.|/CASE REPORTS/ A case was provided of accidental ingestion of Cycocel which manifested as a cholinergic crisis that led to sudden death. The patient was a 59 yr old male nursery worker who accidentally drank a mouthful of plant growth chemical Cycocel, containing the active ingredient (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat). Initially he was seen by his family physician and indicated he had not swallowed any of the liquid. He later realized that he must have swallowed some of the liquid. An electrocardiogram revealed-T wave inversion and flat AVF. Following transfer to the hospital, the patient suffered a seizure, demonstrated bradycardia, experienced severe dysrhythmia followed by ventricular fibrillation which eventually resulted in asystole. Autopsy results indicated marked pulmonary edema, coronary atherosclerosis, atheromata of aorta, and localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Chlormequat was detected in the stomach contents and urine. The Cycocel the patient ingested apparently was kept in a refrigerator at the nursery along with bottled drinking water. The appearance of these solutions is similar; however, the cycocel has a fishy smell.|/ENDOCRINE MODULATION/ Twenty-four pesticides /including chlormequat chloride/ were tested for interactions with the estrogen receptor (ER) and the androgen receptor (AR) in transactivation assays. Estrogen-like effects on MCF-7 cell proliferation and effects on CYP19 aromatase activity in human placental microsomes were also investigated. .../Chlormequat chloride was inactive in all assays reported./

Chloride, Chlormequat

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

See Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness.

CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE TECHNICAL: Active Ingredient 66.0% Chlormequat chloride|CHLORMEQUAT E-PRO PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride|CITADEL: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride|CYCOCEL PLANT GROWTH REGULANT: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Ethanaminium, 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1): ACTIVE|Cycocel is a plant growth regulant preventing lodging of cereals in cereal crops ... treated plants are generally compact & sturdy & have typically shortened internodes, dark green leaves & shortened petioles. Plants usually remain dwarfed under optimal watering & fertilization.|Chlormequat chloride applications are applied using several types of application equipment -- including ... low-pressure handwands, backpack sprayers, and high-pressure handwands.|Mixtures with other growth regulator herbicides and with urea are possible, but should be applied immediately after mixing.|... Effective in ... crops such as vegetables (tomatoes, capsicum, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes, cucurbits, peas), grape vines, mango, tobacco, etc. /Former/|... Plant growth regulator which influences the habit of certain plants by shortening and strengthening the stem ... . It can also influence the developmental cycle resulting in increased flowering and harvest.

CYCOCEL WAS DETERMINED IN PLANTS BY COLORIMETRIC & SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROCEDURES.|Product analysis is by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate (chlormequat chloride and choline chloride can thus be determined separately) or by colorimetry. Residues may be determined by GLC after reaction with sodium phenylsulphide or by colorimetry.|Quantitative TLC determination of the plant-growth regulator chlorocholine chloride in grain and grain products.|A LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of chlormequat in milk and serum was developed and validated ... Validation of the method was based on recovery tests at three spiking levels, determined as double determinations and repeated at least four times. Samples were extracted with methanol-water-acetic acid, centrifuged, filtrated and determined by LC-MS/MS. The mean recoveries were in the range 80-110%, and the LOD was 0.2 ng/g for serum and 0.3 ng/g for milk...|A simple and sensitive method to detn chlormequat (chlorocholine chloride) residues in plant tissue has been devised. The technique is based on an in vitro multi-step reaction where chlormequat is initially N-demethylated with potassium pentafluorothiophenolate followed by a further reaction with excess reagent to produce a pentafluorothiophenyl deriv. ECD and MS were used for quant detn and identification. The method was applied to the analysis of cotton seed harvested from cotton plants treated with various concn of chlormequat.

GROWTH REGULATORS