Furazolidone

225.16

225.16

200-653-3

DTXSID4041997

C65783

Yellow crystals from DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones

2934992000

101

-0.1

yellow

1.7±0.1 g/cm3

255 °C

353.4°C at 760 mmHg

2 °C

1.670

formic acid: soluble 50mg/mL

0-6°C

Odorless

Decomposed by alkali|Crystals will darken under strong light.

NONH for all modes of transport

3

62-40-36-20/21/22-11-68

36-22-36/37-16

RQ3675000

Xn,F

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P281

H361

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Furazolidone aerosol powder. (a) The product contains either 4 or 10 percent furazolidone in inert dispersing agent and propellant. ... (c) Indications of use: (i) Dogs. For treatment or prevention of bacterial infection of superficial wounds, abrasions, lacerations, and pyogenic dermatitis. (ii) Horses. For treatment or prevention of bacterial infection of superficial wounds, abrasions, lacerations, and following firing (heat or electrocautery) ... (iv) Horses and ponies. For treatment or prevention of bacterial infection of superficial wounds, abrasions, lacerations, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ssp. and Proteus spp. sensitive to furazolidone.|Furazolidone. A tolerance of zero is established for residues of furazolidone in the uncooked edible tissues of swine.

|Warning|H341 (10.2%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]|P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 51 companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Rarely, patients receiving oral furazolidone have exhibited a disulfiram-like reaction to alcohol characterized by flushing, slight temperature elevation, hypotension, dyspnea, and, in some cases, a sense of constriction in the chest.

LD50 Rat oral 2336 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 1782 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 300 mg/kg

Furazolidone's production and use as a topical anti-infective and antiprotozoal(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 570(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 40 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furazolidone is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of furazolidone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Furazolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil as the compound was degraded in aquaculture sediments; the main metabolite was 3-(4-cyano-2-oxybutylidene-amino)-2-oxazolidone(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 570(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 40 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furazolidone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.04(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation may be an important fate process in water as the compound was degraded in aquaculture sediments; the main metabolite was 3-(4-cyano-2-oxybutylidene-amino)-2-oxazolidone(8).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), furazolidone, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC) determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase furazolidone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase furazolidone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Field studies conducted during October and November, 1992 in Bergen, Norway showed that furazolidone was unstable in light when dissolved in seawater in quartz tubes and exposed for 20 days(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of furazolidone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Field studies conducted during October and November, 1992 in Bergen, Norway showed that furazolidone was unstable in light when dissolved in seawater in quartz tubes and exposed for 20 days, being reduced to 20% of the original concentration of 50 mg/l(2).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for furazolidone(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.04(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of furazolidone is estimated as 570(SRC), using a water solubility of 40 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that furazolidone is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for furazolidone is estimated as 3.3Xl0-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that furazolidone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Furazolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 16,392 workers (2,949 of these are female) are potentially exposed to furazolidone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to furazolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where furazolidone is produced or used(SRC).

Furazolidone is used in the treatment of cholera when anti-infective therapy is indicated as an adjunct to fluid and electrolyte replacement.|Furazolidone is used for the specific and symptomatic treatment of diarrhea and enteritis caused by susceptible bacteria or protozoa.|Furazolidone ... often is prescribed /to treat giardiasis in/ children because the drug is available in a pleasant liquid formulation. ... Furazolidone is the only drug currently approved by the US FDA for treatment of giardiasis.

After use of furazolidone as a drug, acute nausea, emesis, occasional diarrhea, abdominal pain and intestinal bleeding were observed; hepatic damage, as evidenced by biochemical tests, and peripheral neuropathy were also seen.|Nausea and vomiting are the most common side effects of oral furazolidone therapy; abdominal pain and diarrhea occasionally occur. These effects can be minimized or eliminated by reducing dosage or discontinuing the drug.|Hypersensitivity reactions to oral furazolidone have occurred in a small number of patients and generally subside with discontinuance of the drug. Hypersensitivity reactions include a fall in blood pressure, angioedema, fever, arthralgia, urticaria, and a vesicular or morbilliform rash. Erythema multiforme, pulmonary infiltration, and pulmonary eosinophilia also have been reported and may be due to hypersensitivity.|Headache and malaise occur occasionally with oral furazolidone therapy and can be minimized or eliminated by reducing dosage or discontinuing the drug. Following oral furazolidone administration, hypoglycemia, agranulocytosis, and, in one patient, partial deafness and dizziness have also been reported. Rarely, some patients receiving oral furazolidone experience a disulfiram-like reaction to alcohol. Polyneuritis and hemolytic anemia (in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and in neonates) also have been reported rarely.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for FURAZOLIDONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)|A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414) (See all compounds classified as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.)|Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary.)|Agents used to treat trichomonas infections. (See all compounds classified as Antitrichomonal Agents.)

After a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight to rats, only 3% of the dose was recovered in the feces as unmetabolized compound.

In vitro metabolism of furazolidone by milk xanthine oxidase and rat liver homogenate yielded approximately equal amounts (30%) of 2,3-dihydro-3-cyano-methyl-2-hydroxyl-5-nitro-1a,2-di(2-oxo-oxazolidine-3-yl)imi nomethylfuro(2,3b)furan, and 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutyl-lideneamino)-2-oxazolidone. The latter was also isolated from the urine of rabbits given on oral dose of furazolidone.|Furazolidone is an antimicrobial compound used in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine its genotoxic capacity in vitro and in vivo. We used the human lymphocyte culture system to detect the effect of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, or 10.0 ug/ml, and the mouse bone marrow assay to determine the effect of 8.6, 30.0, or 75.0 mg/kg furazolidone. In both systems we determined the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), the cell proliferation kinetics (CPK), and the mitotic index (MI). The in vitro results showed a significant SCE increase starting from the second dose tested and a CPK and MI decrease starting from the third dose. The in vivo results showed a SCE increase with the two high doses tested, but no significant modification was found in the CPK and MI with the three doses tested in the experiment.|In vitro metabolism of furazolidone (N-(5-nitro-2-furfuryliden)-3-amino-2-oxazolidone) was investigated by using milk xanthine oxidase and rat liver 9000 g supernatant. A new type of reduction product was isolated as 1 of the main metabolites from the incubation mixture and it was tentatively identified as 2,3-dihydro-3-cyanomethyl-2-hydroxyl-5-nitro-1a,2-di(2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)imino methyl-furo(2,3-b)furan. The formation of N-(5-amino-2-furfurylidene)-3-amino-2-oxazolidone as a minor metabolite of nitrofuran in a milk xanthine oxidase system was demonstrated. The aminofuran derivative was easily degraded by milk xanthine oxidase under aerobic, but not anaerobic, conditions. The degradation appears to be due to superoxide anion radicals, hydroxy radicals and/or singlet O2, which are produced in this enzyme system. (Furazolidone, an antibacterial nitrofuran widely used as a veterinary medicine, was mutagenic in Escherichia coli WP2 and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and tumorigenic in rats).

We are studying the development of unilateral malformations. Several chemicals elicit right sided limb defects both in vivo and in vitro. For example, nitroheterocyclics such as furazolidone (FZ) induce asymmetric defects in rat embryos in vitro. Potential mechanisms include asymmetric drug delivery; intrinsic difference between the cells of the left and right limbs; physiological asymmetry (e.g. in tissue oxygen), secondary to another primary asymmetry (e.g. in limb vasculature). In one series of experiments, we have investigated the role of an asymmetry in drug delivery and/or tissue oxygen. 10.3 days embryonic age rat embryos were explanted and cultured for two hours to allow 'recovery'. Embryos were then exteriorised (removal from yolk sac and amnion, retaining intact circulation) and cultured in the presence of 20 uM FZ with 5% O2 for 24h. The assumption was that exteriorisation would abolish any drug delivery or tissue oxygen asymmetry, by direct embryonic exposure to the medium. As previously described, FZ induced right sided defects (limb, eye and fore-brain) in 42% of intact yolk sac embryos. In contrast, exposure of exteriorised embryos to FZ induced a 34% incidence of abnormalities which were identical, but exclusively left sided. The results do not support a simple hypothesis that asymmetric drug delivery or tissue oxygen levels are responsible for the unilateral defects. We are investigating two potential explanations: a) Exteriorisation specifically reverses limb bud susceptibility, b) A secondary asymmetry e.g. mitochondrial maturity is altered by exteriorisation which then acts to invert the limb response. In a second series of experiments, we have also investigated a possible primary asymmetry in the development of the limb vasculature, using whole mount in situ hybridisation with a probe specific for early endothelial cell precursors (flk-1). The results are being analysed using confocal microscopy to image the limb vascular architecture.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

Human systemic effects by ingestion: dyspnea, respiratory depression, & rosinophillis.|No reports linking the use of furazolidone with congenital defects have been located. The Collaborative Perinatal Project monitored 50,282 mother-child pairs, 132 of which had 1st trimester exposure to furazolidone. No association with malformations was found. Theoretically, furazolidone could produce hemolytic anemia in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborn if given at term. Placental passage of the drug has not been reported.|Allergic contact eczema has been reported in subjects handling animal feed containing furazolidone.|A discussion was provided of a case report involving a 43 year old man who had worked for 8 years as a pig keeper on a research farm and who had developed dermatitis of the fingertips 3 months before consultation. Patch testing of the patient revealed contact allergy to an animal feed additive and to a veterinary pharmaceutical, both having furazolidone (67458) as the only common ingredient. Subsequent patch testing with 2% furazolidone in petrolatum vehicle gave completely negative results, but patch testing with 2% furazolidone in polyethylene-glycol (PEG-400) and in alcohol produced positive reactions. No cross reactions were observed to nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, or furfural. A review was presented on reported contact allergies to furazolidone, other nitrofuran derivatives, and furfural. Also reviewed were cross reactions between nitrofurazone, furazolidone, and nifurprazine. The authors conclude that PEG-400 is preferable to petrolatum for patch testing of furazolidone.|A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by furazolidone (67458) in a piglet medication was summarized. A pig farmer with a 6 month history of severe dermatitis on the thumb and middle and ring fingers on both hands was evaluated. Because the patient had indicated that one of his duties was to dose newborn piglets with an oral antibiotic from a pump dispenser, patch testing was performed with samples of the pig feed constituents and the antibiotic dispenser as well as the European standard allergen series. Positive reactions were elicited by patches containing 1 and 10% furazolidone in petrolatum. Samples of the dispenser which contained furazolidone at the time of testing also induced positive responses. When the antibiotic was changed, the patient's dermatitis cleared. The problem of furazolidone and other antibiotic induced sensitivity in pig farmers was discussed. Pig farmers are exposed to a wide range of antibiotics in feeds to promote growth and to prevent infection and also as oral and systemic formulations. Practitioners should be aware of the risk of farmers developing contact dermatitis from antibiotics in feeds and medicines. 3

Furazol

Furoxone tablets, 100 mg; liquid composition: each 15 ml tablespoonful contains Furoxone 50 mg per 15 ml (3.33 mg per ml) in a lightyellow aqueous vehicle

2-Oxazolidinone, 3-[[(5-nitro-2-furanyl)methylene]amino]-: ACTIVE|Carcinogenic potential|First produced in 1953 as a veterinary medicinal and feed additive

Thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, UV adsorption spectrophotometry or a combination of these techniques.

Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients|Veterinary Drug -> ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Pharmaceuticals -> Animal Drugs -> Approved in Taiwan

Veterinary Drug -> ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT;