Urea

60.05530

60.06

200-315-5

8W8T17847W

0595

757375|34375

DTXSID4021426

C29531

White crystals or powder|Tetragonal prisms

B - Blood and blood forming organs|D - Dermatologicals

3102100001

69.11000

-1.4

white powder

1.3230 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

132.70 °C

317-389 °C

53.7±22.6 °C

1.528

1080 g/L (20 ºC)

<0.1 hPa (20 °C)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 8471 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rat 8200 mg/kg

Reacts with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to form the explosive nitrogen trichloride.

MAY GRADUALLY DEVELOP SLIGHT ODOR OF AMMONIA, ESP IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE

Cooling, saline taste

7.2 (10% solution)

0.1(at 21 °C)

pKa = 0.10 at 21 °C (conjugate acid)

Water soluble.

Amides and Imides

UREA is a weak base. Reacts with hypochlorites to form nitrogen trichloride which explodes spontaneously in air [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:3530-32]. Same is true for phosphorus pentachloride. It reacts with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Reacts with strong reducing agents to form flammable gases (hydrogen). The heating of improper stoichiometric amounts of urea and sodium nitrite lead to an explosion. Heated mixtures of oxalic acid and urea yielded rapid evolution of gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and ammonia (if hot, can be explosive). Titanium tetrachloride and urea slowly formed a complex during 6 weeks at 80° C, decomposed violently at 90 C, [Chem. Abs., 1966, 64, 9219b]. Urea ignites spontaneously on stirring with nitrosyl perchlorate due to the formation of the diazonium perchlorate. Oxalic acid and urea react at high temperatures to form toxic and flammable ammonia and carbon monoxide gases, and inert CO2 gas [Von Bentzinger, R. et al., Praxis Naturwiss. Chem., 1987, 36(8), 41-42].

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

NONH for all modes of transport

1

36/37/38-40

S26-S36-S24/25

YR6250000

Xn,Xi

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.

P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H315

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|Urea is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incinerator is equipped with a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.|The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for urea: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH GALLIUM PERCHLORATE.|... Urea ... /is/ excreted in human urine, react /s/ with chlorine to form chloramines.|Reacts with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. Incompatible with NaNO2; P2Cl5; nitrosyl perchlorate.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Urea (1985)|Haliburton JC, Morgan SE; Nonprotein Nitrogen-induced Ammonia Toxicosis and Ammoniated Feed Toxicity Syndrome; Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 5 (2): 237-49 (1989)|WHO/IPCS; Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants WHO Food Additives Series 32 (1993)

Behavior in Fire: Melts and decomposes, generating ammonia. (USCG, 1999)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Not Classified

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water (USCG, 1999)|In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect it from moisture. (NTP, 1992)

Goggles or face shield; dust mask. (USCG, 1999)

NONCOMBUSTIBLE

Reacts with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to form the explosive nitrogen trichloride.

Water Spill: Contain by damming, water diversion or natural barriers. Remove and treat contaminated liquids. Absorb small amounts of liquid spill with natural or synthetic sorbents, shovel into containers and cover.|If urea is spilled in solid form, shovel material into containers and cover. Construct barriers to contain solutions or divert to impermeable holding area. Remove material by manual or mechanical means.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Urea causes redness and irritation of skin and eyes.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Urea is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Domestic sewage and sewer effluent contained 2-6 mg/l urea and 0.020 mg/l urea, respectively(1). A primary domestic sewage plant effluent contained 0.016-0.043 mg/l urea(1). Nitrogen fluxes to the atmosphere as a direct consequence of the use of urea in agriculture are estimated at 5-10X10+9 g nitrogen(2); ammonia emissions account for 10-20% loss of urea nitrogen applied to soil while nitrous oxide and NOx emissions account for 0.11% and approximately 1%, respectively, of atmospheric fluxes(2).

A case of sudden collapse after the intra-amniotic injection of 5 mg dinoprostone (Prostaglandin E2) and 40 g urea for pregnancy termination in a 36 yr old woman after the diagnosis of fetal Down's syndrome is reported. Within one minute of injection of a test dose of one mg of dinoprostone, the patient collapsed. Intravenous injections of 100 mg hydrocortisone and 10 mg chlorpheniramine maleate were administered and the patient was given oxygen by a face mask. Within 10 minutes blood pressure had returned to 110/68 mm Hg, and after a further 15 minutes pulse rate was normal.|TREATMENT OF GUINEA PIGS WITH UREA INCR THE EFFECT OF THEIR SUBSEQUENT SENSITIZATION WITH EPOXY RESIN (EGK-19) OR K2CR207. UREA TREATMENT INCR PERCENTAGE OF ANIMALS SENSITIZED BY EPOXY RESINS FROM 50-87%. UREA ALONE DID NOT SENSITIZE SKIN.|The hemolytic action on human red blood cells (RBC) and the aggregations of human and rat red blood cells in the presence of sodium alginate were studied. Sodium alginate had no hemolytic action on human red blood cells. Human and rat red blood cells showed a marked aggregation by sodium alginate in a neutral medium. Sodium alginates having larger molecular weights showed more pronounced activities for aggregation of red blood cells as compared with those having smaller molecular weights, and the aggregation of red blood cells increased with an increase in the concentration of sodium alginate. The aggregation was inhibited by urea, suggesting the aggregation of red blood cells is caused by hydrogen bonding. When sodium alginate was added to human or rat blood rouleaux formation of red blood cells covered with fibrin net was observed in the coagulation cruor (blood clot).|Osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea) decrease the effect on serum lithium level; significant increase in lithium excretion. /Lithium-drug interactions; from table/

LD100 Sheep 500 mg/l; mean survival time: 165 minutes|LD50 Sheep acute oral 28.5 g/100 kg|LD50 Rat oral 8471 mg/kg|LD50 Rat subcutaneous 8200 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for UREA (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Urea is a natural product of nitrogen and protein metabolism(1,2); it also occurs in urine(3) and animal waste(2).

Urea's production and wide use as a fertilizer and animal feed(1,2) is expected to result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Urea's production and use as a chemical intermediate, stabilizer in explosives, medicine (diuretic), and viscosity modifier (for starch or casein-based paper coatings), and use in plastics, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, dentifrices, flameproofing agents, and preparation of biuret(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 8(2) indicates that urea is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of urea from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(3) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.74X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) determined from its vapor pressure, 1.20X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.45x10+5 mg/l(5). Urea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Various field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that urea degrades rapidly in most soils(6-8). Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonium ions through soil urease activity(6) which produces volatile gases, i.e., ammonia and carbon dioxide(9). In a variety of soils, the hydrolysis may near completion within 24 hrs(7). However, the rate of hydrolysis can be much slower depending upon the soil type, moisture content, and urea formulation(6). For example, increasing the pellet size of urea fertilizers can decrease the rate of urea decomposition from days to weeks(6). In a study examining the fate of soil-applied urea, a major part (e.g., 22-49%) of the applied urea was lost in gaseous form (e.g., ammonia or N2O)(10). Although soil adsorption studies have demonstrated that urea adsorbs very weakly to soil(11); only a minor part was leached out of soil (<1%) in this study(10). Roughly one third (eg, 26-43%), however, was incorporated into soil organic matter(10).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 8(2), indicates that urea is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.74X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) determined from its vapor pressure, 1.20X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.45X10+5 mg/l(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values of 1(7) and <10(8) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide in environmental systems by the extracellular enzyme, urease, which originates from microorganisms and plant roots(9). The degradation of urea was examined in a river die-away study using various river waters and test conditions(10). At 20 °C, degradation of urea was complete within 6-14 days of incubation, while at lower temperatures (e.g., 4-12 °C) little or no degradation occurred in 10-14 days(10). Abiotic hydrolysis of urea occurs very slowly in relation to biotic hydrolysis(11).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), urea, which has a vapor pressure of 1.2X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase urea is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase urea may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of urea with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 4.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1) which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 9.6 hr at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction between photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in water and urea is reported to be 7.9X10+5 l/mole-sec(2). Assuming the conc of hydroxyl radicals in brightly sunlit natural water is 1X10-17 mole/l(3), the half-life would be in excess of 3000 yrs for continuous (24 hr/day) sunlight conditions(SRC). In one photodegradation study using a silica gel adsorbent(4), only 0.2% of applied urea photomineralized after 17-hrs of irradiation with a UV lamp (>290 nm). In the absence of microorganisms, urea hydrolyzes very slowly to yield ammonium carbamate which will decompose to form ammonia and carbon dioxide(5). Hydrolysis of urea is catalyzed by increasing temperatures, alkalinity, and especially the presence of the biological enzyme, urease(6). In chemical hydrolysis studies where urease was artificially added to aqueous urea solutions, 20 to 50% of initial urea hydrolyzed in 3 hr at respective temperatures of 2 to 10 °C(6); at 0 °C (with added urease), hydrolysis ranged from 25 to 100% after 24 hr at respective pHs of 6.4 to 8.4(6). At 5 °C in demineralized/distilled water, only 0.35% of added urea chemically hydrolyzed during a 10-day test period(7).

In a 6 to 72 hr bioaccumulation study using carp (Cyprinus carpio), the concn of urea was found to be equally distributed between tissue and water during all time periods(1); thus, the BCF would be 1 for this species(SRC). In 3-day static-system tests using golden ide fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus), the BCF of urea was <10(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

1.41 L/kg|The adsorption of urea was measured in six different British soils with organic carbon contents ranging from 1.76 to 36.5%(1). No adsorption was measurable in five of the soils(1). In a sixth soil (36.5% organic carbon), a Koc of 8 can be determined from the Freundlich isotherm(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that urea is expected to have high mobility in soil. However, it has been reported that urea can adsorb to humic acids by free-radical complexation(3). Complexed urea may adsorb to soil more strongly than uncomplexed urea(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for urea is estimated as 1.74X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 1.20X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 5.45X10+5 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that urea is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(3). Urea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). However, urea is rapidly hydrolyzed by soil urease to form ammonium ions which may volatilize as ammonia(4).

SURFACE WATER: Urea concns in surface waters off the continental shelf between Panama and Callao, Peru varied from 0.54-5.00 ug/l(1); along the continental shelf of the northeast US between Cape Cod and Cape May, urea concn varied from a low of 0.25 ug/l (in a deep water sample) to a high of 11.20 ug/l in New York Harbor(1). In monitoring conducted in Mar 1971, urea concns ranged from 36 to 535 ug/l in the Savannah-Wilmington-Ogeechee estuaries and adjacent coastal waters in Georgia(2). The following urea concns were detected in water samples collected from three regions of the Pacific Ocean(3): 0.85-1.43 ug/l (Sagami Bay, Japan), 0.19-0.51 ug/l (northwestern Pacific central waters), and 0.17-0.40 ug/l (subarctic Pacific waters).|RAIN: The mean concn of urea in rainwater samples from Papeete (Tahiti) and Norwich (England) were 3.1 (range, 1.0-7.5) and 3.7 (below detection limit-8.8) umol/l nitrogen as urea, respectively(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 783,504 workers (326,824 of these are female) are potentially exposed to urea in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers(SRC). Occupational exposure to urea may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where urea is produced or used(SRC), especially to workers applying urea fertilizers(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to urea via ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing urea(SRC).

• 10% hydrate skin
• 15% accelerate fibrin degradation
• 20-30% are antipruritic, break down keratin, decrease the thickness of the stratum corneum and are used in scaling conditions such as ichthysosis
• 40% are proteolytic and may be used to dissolve and peel dystrophic nails

Dermatologic Agents; Diuretics, Osmotic|UREA IS /USED LESS COMMONLY THAN OTHER OSMOTIC AGENTS/ FOR THE SHORT-TERM REDUCTION OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE & VITREOUS VOL ... IN ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA .. PRIOR TO SURGERY ... IN CHRONIC GLAUCOMA ... PRE- AND POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT.|DOSE--USUAL, IV INFUSION, 100 MG TO 1 G/KG DAILY, AS 30% SOLN IN DEXTROSE INJECTION @ RATE NOT EXCEEDING 4 ML/MIN.|USED TOPICALLY IN THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS, ICHTHYOSIS, ATOPIC DERMATITIS, AND OTHER DRY, SCALY CONDITIONS.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for UREA (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UREA SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERELY IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION.|UREA IS OFTEN RECONSTITUTED WITH INVERT SUGAR SOLN. INVERT SUGAR CONTAINS FRUCTOSE, WHICH CAN CAUSE SEVERE REACTION (HYPOGLYCEMIA, NAUSEA, VOMITING, TREMORS, COMA, & CONVULSIONS) IN PATIENTS WITH HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE (ALDOLASE DEFICIENCY).|In general osmotic diuretics are contraindicated in patients who are anuric due to severe renal disease or who are unresponsive to test doses of the drugs. Urea may cause thrombosis or pain if extravasation occurs, and it should not be admin to patients with impaired liver function because of the risk of elevation of blood ammonia levels. Both mannitol and urea are contraindicated in patients with active cranial bleeding.

In ruminants unaccustomed to urea, ingestion of 0.3-0.5 g urea/kg may be toxic ... The toxic dose of urea in (presumably unaccustomed) cattle is 0.45 g/kg (50 g total dose) but that animals can ingest more urea than this if the dose is increased gradually.

Many factors alter the toxicity of urea. Degree of adaptation is very important. Animals that are adapted to ingesting urea can tolerate 1 g urea/kg/day, but if they go off feed for a few days and then come back on full feed at the same rate of urea intake, toxicosis can result, since urea adaptation can wear off quickly.

As a humectant, urea draws water into the striatum corneum.

SOME SMALL, WATER SOL, BUT NONIONIZABLE COMPD SUCH AS UREA READILY TRAVERSE MAMMALIAN MEMBRANES, PROBABLY ALONG WITH WATER, BY WAY OF THE PORES. THIS FILTRATION PROCESS IS PARTICULARLY RAPID BETWEEN CAPILLARIES & EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.|... UREA ... PENETRATES OTHER CELLS RAPIDLY, ENTERS THE BRAIN ONLY VERY SLOWLY ...|... DISTRIBUTED APPROX IN TOTAL BODY WATER ... HAVE BEEN USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL BODY WATER.|EXCRETION OF UREA DURING SWEATING IN MAN: 1.84 SWEAT/PLASMA RATIO WITH PKA @ 13.8. /FROM TABLE/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for UREA (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... The primary mechanism of ammonia toxicosis appears to be inhibition of the citric acid cycle. There is an increase in anaerobic glycolysis, blood glucose, and blood lactate ... . Acidosis is manifested. The exact means by which ammonia blocks the citric acid cycle is not known. It is postulated that ammonia saturation of the glutamine-synthesizing system causes a backing-up in the citrate cycle, a decrease in its intermediates, and a decrease in energy production and cellular respiration, which leads to convulsions ... . The decrease of citrate cycle intermediates is postulated to result from reamination of pyruvic, ketoglutaric, and oxaloacetic acids.

Cyanates are present as an impurity /American Research Products Co/|0.3-2.0 wt% of biuret is typically present in solid urea

May irritate eyes. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/VET:/ This should involve the use of weak acid as a chemical antidote, demulcents and stimulants. ... Recommended 2.5-5 l of 5% acetic acid as an effective antidote to urea poisoning in cattle. ... /It was/ also shown that weak acids such as acetic and propionic acid offer some protection against the harmful effects of urea. Drenching with acetic acid those animals showing signs of intoxication does not lower their blood ammonia concentration within 120 minutes ... . However, administration of 2 mol of acetic acid per mol of urea at 15 minutes, and 1 mol per mol 180 minutes after giving 0.44 g/kg body weight of urea ... resulted in the survival of 28 of 29 pregnant cows ... . Emptying the rumen of fistulated cattle showing clinical signs of poisoning results in a rapid fall in their blood ammonia concentration and recovery within one to two hours ... .|/VET:/ In animals that are not too ill, the cold water acetic acid treatment may work. the adult cow is given 19-38 liters cold water and 3.8 liters 5% acetic acid (or vinegar) orally. This treatment limits absorption of ammonia from the rumen by diluting the rumen contents and slowing the rate of hydrolysis of urea by decreasing rumen pH and temperature. The treatment also promotes urine flow that, if maintained by fluid therapy, may assure recovery from urea toxicosis. Gaseous or fluid bloat should be relieved before pumping water into the rumen.|/VET:/ This involves chemical examination of the suspect fertilizer, feed or rumen contents. In most cases of urea poisoning the ammonial level in the rumen contents will be greater than 80 mg/100 ml (47 mmol/l) and may be as high as 200 mg/100 ml (117 mmol/l). It should be remembered that rumen contents should be examined quickly after death or kept frozen until they can be analysed. The reason for this is that microbial decomposition can produce ammonia and thus lead to misleading results. The possible uneven distribution of the causal agent in feed and rumen contents must be borne in mind when collecting samples for chemical examination. Blood and serum ammonia nitrogen concentrations between 2 and 4 mg/100 ml (1.17 and 2.35 mmol/l) or greater which are associated with urea poisoning may also have diagnostic applications.|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDE HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, SYNCOPE, DISORIENTATION, TRANSIENT CONFUSION, & ELECTROLYTE DEPLETION (HYPONATREMIA & HYPOKALEMIA).|BECAUSE THE EYE IS PERMEABLE TO UREA, REBOUND ELEVATION IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE & VITREOUS VOL MAY OCCUR AFTER OCULAR HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT HAS TERMINATED (ABOUT 8 TO 12 HR AFTER ADMIN).|THE SYSTEMIC TOXICITY OF UREA IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF MANNITOL. UREA IS IRRITATING TO TISSUES; IT CAUSES PAIN AT SITE OF INFUSION & NECROSIS MAY RESULT IF EXTRAVASATION OCCURS. SUPERFICIAL & DEEP THROMBOSIS MAY RESULT IF UREA IS INFUSED IN VEINS OF LOWER EXTREMITIES.|Human reproductive effects by intraplacental route: fertility effects. ... Human mutation data reported. A human skin irritant.

Basodexan

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness.

37% AS A LIQUID FERTILIZER; 24% FOR OTHER FERTILIZER USES; 22% AS A LIVESTOCK NUTRIENT; 17% FOR RESINS AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES (1973)|Fertilizer, solid, 39%; Fertilizer solutions, 32%; Exports, 19%; Urea-formaldehyde resins and adhesives, 6%; Others, including animal feeds and melamine, 4% (1985)|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Urea. Fertilizer, solid, 42%; fertilizer solutions, 31%; exports, 13%; urea-formaldehyde resins and adhesives, 5%; other, including animal feeds and melamine, 9%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Urea. Demand: July 1987-June 1988: 7.46 million tons; 1988-1989: 8.17 million tons; 1992-1993 /projected/: 8.5 million tons per year. (Includes exports, but not imports, which totaled 2.1 million tons in 1987-1988.)|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for UREA (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DOSAGE FORMS--STERILE USP: 40 & 90 G.|Ultrahigh purity grades; solutions at 5M /American Research Products Co/|UAL-37 contains 35% urea|N-Dure contains 26% urea|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for UREA (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adhesive manufacturing|Urea: ACTIVE|Occurs in urine and other body fluids. First org cmpd to be synthesized ...|Pure urea should not give the biuret reaction unless heated above melting point. In practice all reagent grade urea gives positive biuret reaction.|ALTHOUGH UREA ... HAS BEEN EMPLOYED IN THE PAST AS ORAL DIURETICS FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC EDEMA ... IT HAS BEEN REPLACED BY SUPERIOR AGENTS.|UREA, THE DIAMIDE OF CARBONIC ACID, IS MOST IMPORTANT DEGRADATION OF PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN MAN, IN OTHER MAMMALS & IN CERTAIN OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES. UREA IS FORMED IN LIVER & FORMS THE MAJOR PART OF ORGANICS IN URINE.

THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION FEASIBILITY OR SEMIQUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF UREA IN AQ MODEL SOLN.|A technique for hydrolyzing urea using 78% w/w sulfuric acid (20 minute refluxing). ... This assay can be used to determine urea in creams.|AOAC Method 959.03. Urea in fertilizers. Urease method.|AOAC Method 983.01. Urea and methyleneureas (water soluble) in fertilizers. Liquid chromatographic method.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for UREA (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Three analytical techniques for determining urea serum levels were evaluated. A colorimetric method was found to give identical results to an enzymatic method. The Merckognost urea test gave results acceptable in a clinical laboratory practice.|Urea detn milk by enzymic hydrolysis and photometry

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Uncategorized|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Food additives|Agrochemicals -> Insecticides|Human Drugs -> EU pediatric investigation plans|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Food Additives -> CHEWING_GUM_BASE_COMPOUND; TEXTURIZER; THICKENER; YEAST_FOOD; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Antistatic; Humectant; Skin conditioning

Food Additives -> CHEWING_GUM_BASE_COMPOUND; TEXTURIZER; THICKENER; YEAST_FOOD;