Pentadecane

212.41

212.41

1698194

211-098-1

16H6K2S8M2

172781

1993

DTXSID6027268

Colorless liquid

2901100000

0

7.71 (est)

Clear Liquid

0.7687 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

9.9 °C

270.6 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

270 °F

n20/D 1.431(lit.)

Immiscible with water.Very soluble in ethyl ether, ethanol

Store below +30°C.

1 mm Hg ( 91.6 °C)

7.4 (vs air)

0.45-6.5%(V)

2.22e-11 cm3/molecule*sec

Henry's Law constant = 34.4 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Weight/volume conversion: 8.69 mg/cu m (approx 1 ppm)|Heat of vaporization: 50.08 kJ/mol at 270.6 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.07X10-11 cu cm/molecule sec at 25 °C

Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as N-PENTADECANE, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water.

76.77 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Critical temperature: 707 deg K; critical pressure: 1.54 MPa

NONH for all modes of transport

3

66-65

62

RZ1800000

Xn

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P301 + P310-P331

H304

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For hybrid vehicles, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to ERG Guide 169. (ERG, 2016)

|Danger|H304 (100%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]|P301+P310, P331, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 293 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: Permeation data indicate that latex gloves may provide protection from contact with this compound. Latex over latex gloves is recommended. However, if this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, hole or puncture develops, remove them at once. (NTP, 1992)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Can be a dangerous fire hazard depending on volatility. /Paraffin hydrocarbons/

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

It may cause eye and skin irritation.

An average n-pentadecane concentration of 580 ng/uL was identified in an industrial wastewater survey in which samples collected between November 1, 1979 to November 1, 1981 were analyzed for organic pollutants other than Priority Pollutants(1). n-Pentadecane was detected in 37 filter samples of exhaust air from the ventilating system of Elbtunnel, Hamburg, Germany, as having concentrations ranging from 1.54 to 2.86 g/cu m(2). Air pollution measurements taken from the Craeybeckx highway tunnel in Antwerp, Belgium during April 1991 were found to contain n-pentadecane at a concentration of 0.026 g/kg(3). n-Pentadecane was identified as a stack emission and a component of fly ash from municipal waste incinerators(4). Data from Sept 2, 1979 identified n-pentadecane as a gaseous emission of the vehicle traffic through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike(5). Data from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted n-pentadecane at an average rate of 0.4 mg/km and diesel trucks emitted n-pentadecane at an average of 19.7 mg/km(6). The emission rate of n-pentadecane from motor vehicles in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel in 1993 was 585.7 ug/L(7). The n-pentadecane emission factor from a diesel-powered medium duty truck was 398 ug/km and the n-pentadecane content of the diesel fuel was 10500 ug/g(8). The n-pentadecane emission factor from the tailpipe of gasoline-powered California vehicles was reported as 6.2 ug/km for a catalyst-equipped vehicle and 112 ug/km for a non-catalyst-equipped vehicle for a gasoline containing 14.2 ug/g n-pentadecane(9).

SEDIMENT: In the heavily industrialized area of Kitakyushu, Japan, n-pentadecane was detected but not quantified in sediment(1). The concentration of n-pentadecane in sediment samples collected in the northwestern part of the Netherlands was determined to be 300 ppm(2). n-Pentadecane was identified as a component of suspended matter and sediments of the Green-Duwamish River, Washington in a study conducted from 1978-1981(3). n-Pentadecane was identified in sediment from Port Angeles harbor, WA, an area contaminated with fuel oil and in Dungeness Bay, a nearby relatively pristine area, concentration unspecified(4). The concentration of n-pentadecane in surface sediments collected in the Florida Keys from 1990-1992 was determined to range from 21 to 403 ug/kg dry weight(5). n-Pentadecane was detected in sediment samples collected from three rivers and six canals in Tianjin, China in July 2002(6). n-Pentadecane was detected in sediment samples collected from various sites in Lake Michigan(7). Surface sediments collected from the Shinano River in Niigata, Japan between November 2005 and April 2006 contained n-pentadecane concentrations of 3.3 to 25 ng/g dry weight(8).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The concentration of n-pentadecane in 36 air samples collected during a severe Los Angeles, CA photochemical smog was determined to be 22.04 ug/cu m(1). The concentration of n-pentadecane in the summer and winter of 1991 in the Nagoya, Japan urban area was determined to be 0.3 and 5.9 ng/cu m, respectively(2). The concentration of n-pentadecane in the urban atmosphere of Barcelona, Spain was determined to be 0.33 ug/cu m(3). The average concentration of n-pentadecane in 3 samples of indoor and outdoor air from Neenah, WI were 0.16 and 0.03 ug/cu m, respectively(4). Air samples collected in urban and industrial areas of Prato, Italy in 2002 contained a mean n-pentadecane concentration of about 3 ng/cu m(5).|INDOOR: In a study conducted between April 1982 and February 1983, the average n-pentadecane concentration in air samples collected from 40 homes in the Oak Ridge/Knoxville, TN area was determined to be 2.5 ug/cu m(1). The estimated concentration of n-pentadecane at an oil shale wastewater facility was determined to be 35 ug/cu m indoors (6 ug/cu m outdoors)(2). n-Pentadecane was identified, not quantified, in the indoor air from 6 of 26 buildings in Finland(3). The concentration of n-pentadecane measured at a telephone switching center from May 1985 to December 1988 was determined to be 2.0 ug/cu m(4). On the 4th floor of a facility opened in 1985, the concentration of n-pentadecane detected during four separate sampling periods from June 1987 to March 1988 was determined to range from 42 to 158 ug/cu m(5). Indoor air sample collected from 27 buildings in Melbourne, Australia contained a geometric mean n-pentadecane concentration of 1.0-1.1 ug/cu m while the outside air geometric mean concentration was <2 ug/cu m(6).|RURAL/REMOTE: Air samples from a rural forested site in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA, collected in midsummer 1990, were found to contain n-pentadecane in unspecified concentrations(1). Forest air samples collected from the Southern Black Forest, Germany between March and December were determined to have an n-pentadecane concentration ranging from 10 to 149 ng/cu m(2).|SOURCE DOMINATED: n-Pentadecane was detected, but not quantified, in motor vehicle exhaust collected in the Caldecott Tunnel, San Francisco, CA(1). n-Pentadecane concentrations in the Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Tuscarora Tunnel collected in 1993 ranged from 0.34-2.99 ng/L(2).

Limestone and weathering crusts were studied at the major cathedrals of Sevilla, Spain, and Mechelan, Belgium; n-pentadecane was identified (but not quantified) in cathedrals in Sevilla at less than 25 percent of the total compounds identified(1). n-Pentadecane was identified in heated roofing asphalt in concentrations ranging from 5.64X10-4 to 1.16X10-2 mg/cu m(2). The concentration of n-pentadecane in fresh and used machine cutting-fluid was determined to be 0.014 and 0.041 ug/g, respectively(3).|n-Pentadecane was identified on particulate fiber as a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of the field burning of agricultural plastic, concentration not specified(1). n-Pentadecane was identified but not quantified in the emissions from new carpet cushions(2). n-Pentadecane was qualitatively identified as a volatile component from textile floor coverings(3). The n-pentadecane emission factor from burning wood in various fireplaces and woodstoves was 1.80-14.41 mg/kg(4). n-Pentadecane was detected in volatile emissions from furniture coatings(5) and carpet cushions(6). Analysis of emissions from Chinese cooking reported n-pentadecane emissions of 46-93 ng/mg particulate organic matter(7).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pentadecane is a colorless liquid. It is used in organic synthesis and as solvent. It is also used for the production of both ionic and nonionic detergents. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Pentadecane may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption during industrial use. ANIMAL STUDIES: Pentadecane, when aspirated into the lungs, is an asphyxiant. Pentadecane incubated in vitro with rabbit heart mitochondrial protein did not cause significant effects on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of the heart mitochondria. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Fertile mallard duck eggs were treated with petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures, applied to the eggshell surface. The petroleum hydrocarbon mixture consisted of aromatics (26% wt/wt) and aliphatics (74% wt/wt). The aliphatic mixture included pentadecane. Application of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture alone had a minimal effect on embryo survival.

... The present study is an ongoing approach to assess the dose-related percutaneous absorption of a number of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The first treatment (1X) was comprised of mixtures containing undecane (4.1%), dodecane (4.7%), tridecane (4.4%), tetradecane (3%), pentadecane (1.6%), naphthalene (1.1%), and dimethyl naphthalene (1.3% of jet fuels) in hexadecane solvent using porcine skin flow through diffusion cell. Other treatments (n = 4 cells) were 2X and 5X concentrations. Perfusate samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using head space solid phase micro-extraction fiber technique. We have standardized the assay to have a good linear correlation for all the tested components in media standards. Absorption parameters including diffusivity, permeability, steady state flux, and percent dose absorbed were estimated for all the tested hydrocarbons. This approach provides a baseline to access component interactions among themselves and with the diluent (solvents). A quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPR) model was derived to predict the permeability of unknown jet fuel hydrocarbons in this solvent system by using their physicochemical parameters. Our findings suggested a dose related increase in absorption for naphthalene and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN).

LD50 Mouse iv 3494 mg/kg

n-Pentadecane occurs in crude oil(1). A crude oil from Ponca Field, Oklahoma contained 1.2% (by volume) n-pentadecane(2). n-Pentadecane also occurs in a variety of plants(3).

n-Pentadecane's production and use in organic synthesis, as a solvent(1), as a building block for detergents(2) and as a component of gasoline and diesel fuels(3,4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). n-Pentadecane is emitted in the exhaust from diesel(3) and gasoline engines(4) and from wood-burning fireplaces and stoves(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29,200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentadecane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentadecane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 34.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00492 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 4X10-5 mg/L(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). n-Pentadecane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). A 54.8% of theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other screening tests have also found n-pentadecane to be readily biodegradable(6). In a soil degradation study at 20 °C, n-pentadecane (at 13 ppm) degraded below detection limits within 5 days(7).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29,200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentadecane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 34.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00492 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 4X10-5 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5.6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 30 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 1520(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 7.71(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). n-Pentadecane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). A 54.8% of theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other screening tests have also found n-pentadecane to be readily biodegradable(9). Loss of 6 and 40% of n-pentadecane was observed within 5 and 15 days, respectively, from crude oil added to a seawater solution collected at Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan(10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentadecane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.00492 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentadecane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 19 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.07X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Based upon data for similar alkanes(4), n-pentadecane does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).|FIELD STUDY: Westerly winds arriving at the Australian Clean Air Baseline Station Cape Grim, Tasmania, have exceedingly long trajectories over the Indian Ocean. In these air masses the n-alkanes C9-C28 were always present in the gas phase and also in the aerosols. In aerosols the total organic matter and its general composition were also measured. All these concentrations agree fairly well with earlier data in marine air over the North Atlantic Ocean. Calculations of the life time of the gas phase n-alkanes must be of oceanic origin in Indian Ocean air and, to a large extent, also in the North Atlantic air. This also applies to the organic component in aerosols. Water analyses show that the n-alkanes C9-C28 may be normal constituents of the oceans.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-pentadecane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined to be 2.07X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 19 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). n-Pentadecane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Based upon data for similar alkanes(4), n-pentadecane does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 1520 was calculated in fish for n-pentadecane(SRC), using a estimated log Kow of 7.71(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). A BCF range of 6.8-41.4 was derived using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over an 8-week period to levels of 0.2 and 2.0 ppm n-pentadecane(3). However, the derived BCF in carp failed to correct for the actual solubility of n-pentadecane(4) which would yield a much higher BCF(SRC).|The saturated and aromatic fractions of tissues dissected from 4 different bird species were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis by GC/MS. Only the shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) contained definite indications of the presence of Amoco Cadiz oil hydrocarbons.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-pentadecane can be estimated to be 29,200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-pentadecane is expected to be immobile in soil. In a study conducted to mimic a spill of 1.27 L/sq-m, n-pentadecane (present in JP-4 jet fuel) was transported to a depth of 50 cm; at the end of the study (134 days), it was still detected(3).

The Henry's Law constant for n-pentadecane is estimated as 34.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00492 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4X10-5 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-pentadecane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5.8 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 30 months if adsorption is considered(4). n-Pentadecane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Pentadecane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: n-Pentadecane has been identified but not quantified in New Orleans, LA drinking water(1) and USA drinking water(2). Grab samples of raw and treated water were taken at waterworks treating lowland river water in the UK between March and December 1976; n-pentadecane was identified in the initial survey of raw and treated water, concentration unknown(3). n-Pentadecane was listed as one of the many organic chemicals identified in drinking water as of 1974(4). Tap water from Tsukuba, Japan has been found to contain n-pentadecane in unknown concentrations(5).|SURFACE WATER: The concentration of n-pentadecane in water samples collected from the Hor Al-Hammar marsh, Iran, during the winter, spring, and summer of 1987 was determined to range from 0.02-0.20, 0.01-0.05, and 0.01-0.03 ug/L, respectively(1). The average n-pentadecane concentration of water samples taken from a brook adjacent to a roadway at Brunel University, England was 1.1 ppb(2). The concentration of n-pentadecane in the Besos and Llobregat Rivers near Barcelona, Spain was determined to be 8,500 and 1,900 ng/L, respectively; n-pentadecane was identified in adjacent marine coastal waters as having a concentration of 4.9 ng/L(3). n-Pentadecane has been identified but not quantified in the water of Lake Constance, Germany, after heavy boat traffic(4).|SEAWATER: In the heavily industrialized area of Kitakyushu, Japan, n-pentadecane was detected but not quantified in seawater(1). n-Pentadecane was identified in coastal water near Vineland Sound, MA, ranging in concentrations from 2.6 to 79 ng/L over a period of 15 months(2). Water samples collected in 1977 from the north central part of the Gulf of Mexico were found to contain n-pentadecane concentrations ranging from 10 to 110 ng/kg(3).|RAIN/SNOW: Snow samples collected from six sites in Russia and four sites in Finland in early March contained n-pentadecane concentrations of 0.13 to 0.68 ug/kg(1).

The mean concentration of n-pentadecane in salt-fermented anchovy and shrimp pastes was determined to be 1204 and 390 ng/g, respectively(1). n-Pentadecane was qualitatively identified as a volatile component of peanut oil (heated from 150 to 200 °C)(2), Beaufort cheese(3), mussels (0.057-8.37 ug/g)(4), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed(5), kiwi fruit flowers (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)(6), and mutton, chicken, and beef volatiles(7). The aroma concentrates of uncured beef were found to contain 0.17 mg/kg n-pentadecane(8). n-Pentadecane was identified as a volatile component of frankfurters(9). n-Pentadecane was detected in Australian honeys at levels of 0.1-1.8 mg/kg(10). n-Pentadecane was detected in paprika oleoresin at a concentration of <0.1 mg/kg(11).

n-Pentadecane was detected in 2 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 279 workers (0 of these are female) were potentially exposed to n-pentadecane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-pentadecane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-pentadecane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-pentadecane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-pentadecane(SRC). Atmospheric workplace exposures have been documented(2-4).

n-Pentadecane was detected in 2 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). n-Pentadecane was detected in expired air collected from 62 non-smoking subjects (20 controls, 14 prediabetics, and 28 diabetics), concentration unknown(2).

... Pigs were exposed to JP-8 jet fuel-soaked cotton fabrics for 1 and 4 d with repeated daily exposures. Preexposed and unexposed skin was then dermatomed and placed in flow-through in vitro diffusion cells. Five cells with exposed skin and four cells with unexposed skin were dosed with a mixture of 14 different hydrocarbons (HC) consisting of nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene (TMB), cyclohexyl benzene (CHB), naphthalene, and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN) in water + ethanol (50:50) as diluent. Another five cells containing only JP-8-exposed skin were dosed solely with diluent in order to determine the skin retention of jet fuel HC. The absorption parameters of flux, diffusivity, and permeability were calculated for the studied HC. The data indicated that there was a two-fold and four-fold increase in absorption of specific aromatic HC like ethyl benzene, o-xylene, and TMB through 1- and 4-d JP-8 preexposed skin, respectively. Similarly, dodecane and tridecane were absorbed more in 4-d than 1-d JP-8 preexposed skin experiments. The absorption of naphthalene and DMN was 1.5 times greater than the controls in both 1- and 4-d preexposures. CHB, naphthalene, and DMN had significant persistent skin retention in 4-d preexposures as compared to 1-d exposures that might leave skin capable of further absorption several days postexposure. The possible mechanism of an increase in HC absorption in fuel preexposed skin may be via lipid extraction from the stratum corneum as indicated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This study suggests that the preexposure of skin to jet fuel enhances the subsequent in vitro percutaneous absorption of HC, so single-dose absorption data for jet fuel HC from naive skin may not be optimal to predict the toxic potential for repeated exposures. For certain compounds, persistent absorption may occur days after the initial exposure.|Rat tissue:air and blood:air partition coefficients (PCs) for octane, nonane, decane, undecane, and dodecane (n-C8 to n-C12 n-alkanes) were determined by vial equilibration. The blood:air PC values for n-C8 to n-C12 were 3.1, 5.8, 8.1, 20.4, and 24.6, respectively. The lipid solubility of n-alkanes increases with carbon length, suggesting that lipid solubility is an important determinant in describing n-alkane blood:air PC values. The muscle:blood, liver: blood, brain:blood, and fat:blood PC values were octane (1.0, 1.9, 1.4, and 247), nonane (0.8, 1.9, 3.8, and 274), decane (0.9, 2.0, 4.8, and 328), undecane (0.7, 1.5, 1.7, and 529), and dodecane (1.2, 1.9, 19.8, and 671), respectively. The tissue:blood PC values were greatest in fat and the least in muscle. The brain:air PC value for undecane was inconsistent with other n-alkane values. Using the measured partition coefficient values of these n-alkanes, linear regression was used to predict tissue (except brain) and blood:air partition coefficient values for larger n-alkanes, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, and heptadecane (n-C13 to n-C17). Good agreement between measured and predicted tissue:air and blood:air partition coefficient values for n-C8 to n-Cl2 offer confidence in the partition coefficient predictions for longer chain n-alkanes.|n-Hexadecane and n-pentadecane are similarly absorbed when given orally to rats.

Alternative fuels are being considered for civilian and military uses. One of these is S-8, a replacement jet fuel synthesized using the Fischer-Tropsch process, which contains no aromatic compounds and is mainly composed of straight and branched alkanes. Metabolites of S-8 fuel in laboratory animals have not been identified. The goal of this study was to identify metabolic products from exposure to aerosolized S-8 and a designed straight-chain alkane/polyaromatic mixture (decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, naphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene) in male Fischer 344 rats. Collected blood and tissue samples were analyzed for 70 straight and branched alcohols and ketones ranging from 7 to 15 carbons. No fuel metabolites were observed in the blood, lungs, brain, and fat following S-8 exposure. Metabolites were detected in the liver, urine, and feces. Most of the metabolites were 2- and 3-position alcohols and ketones of prominent hydrocarbons with very few 1- or 4-position metabolites. Following exposure to the alkane mixture, metabolites were observed in the blood, liver, and lungs. Interestingly, heavy metabolites (3-tridecanone, 2-tridecanol, and 2-tetradecanol) were observed only in the lung tissues possibly indicating that metabolism occurred in the lungs. With the exception of these heavy metabolites, the metabolic profiles observed in this study are consistent with previous studies reporting on the metabolism of individual alkanes. Further work is needed to determine the potential metabolic interactions of parent, primary, and secondary metabolites and identify more polar metabolites. Some metabolites may have potential use as biomarkers of exposure to fuels.

26.00 Days

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orortracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for n-Pentadecane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activities in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to elucidate the dermatotoxicity of a complex mixture like jet fuels, structural differences, exposure time and dosage were investigated on HEK toxicity assessed by mortality and IL-8 release. ALI and ARO hydrocarbons were grouped into 4 categories: highly cytotoxic (octane, nonane, decane for aliphatics and cyclohexalbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene for aromatics), low cytotoxic (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene for aromatics), high IL-8 release (decane, undecane, dodecane for aliphatics and dimethylnaphthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, ethylbenzene for aromatics) and low IL-8 release (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene, toluene, xylene for aromatics). The 4 categories of ALI hydrocarbons were mixed with each other, or cross-mixed with each of the 4 categories of ARO hydrocarbons. The resulting cytotoxicity and IL-8 production from HEK were evaluated at 24 hr. The results showed an antagonistic cytotoxic effect between ALI and ARO hydrocarbons in which ALI attenuated the degree of HEK mortality caused by the ARO hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the ARO hydrocarbons reduced the significant increase of IL-8 induced by ALI hydrocarbons. Synergistic effects between low IL-8 inductive and low cytotoxic hydrocarbons were found and the highest cytotoxic and IL-8 inductive responses did not completely correspond to the mixture of highly cytotoxic and highly IL-8 inductive hydrocarbons. This study supports the concept that the ARO dictate the degree of HEK mortality, while the ALI are the major contributor to inciting the proinflammatory response. Mixture effects must be considered when evaluating cytotoxicity to HEK.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activity in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to delineate the toxicological interactions among individual hydrocarbons in a mixture and their contributions to cutaneous toxicity, nine ALI and five ARO hydrocarbons were each divided into five (high/medium/low cytotoxic and strong/weak IL-8 induction) groups and intra/inter-mixed to assess for their mixture effects on HEK mortality and IL-8 release. Addition of single hydrocarbon to JP-8 fuel was also evaluated for their changes in fuel dermatotoxicity. The results indicated that when hydrocarbons were mixed, HEK mortality and IL-8 release were not all predictable by their individual ability affecting these two parameters. The lowest HEK mortality (7%) and the highest IL-8 production were induced with mixtures including high cytotoxic and weak IL-8 inductive ARO hydrocarbons. Antagonistic reactions not consistently correlated with ALI carbon chain length and ARO structure were evident and carried different weight in the overall mixture toxicities. Single addition of benzene, toluene, xylene or ethylbenzene for up to tenfold in JP-8 did not increase HEK mortality while single addition of ALI hydrocarbons exhibited dose-related differential response in IL-8. In an all ALI environment, no single hydrocarbon is the dominating factor in the determination of HEK cytotoxicity while deletion of hexadecane resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in IL-8 production. Overall, decane, undecane and dodecane were the major hydrocarbons associated with high cytotoxicity while tetradecane, pentadecane and hexadecane were those which had the greatest buffering effect attenuating dermatotoxicity. The mixture effects must be considered when evaluating jet fuel toxicity to HEK.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) were exposed to JP-8, aliphatic hydrocarbon (HC) fuel S-8 and aliphatic HC pentadecane (penta), tetradecane (tetra), tridecane (tri) and undecane (un) for 5 min. Additional studies were conducted with signal transduction pathway blockers parthenolide (P; 3.0 microm), isohelenin (I; 3.0 microm), SB 203580 (SB; 13.3 microm), substance P (SP; 3.0 microm) and recombinant human IL-10 (rHIL-10; 10 ng/mL). In the absence of inhibitors, JP-8 and to a lesser extent un and S-8, had the greatest toxic effect on cell viability and inflammation suggesting, as least in vitro, that synthetic S-8 fuel is less irritating than the currently used JP-8. Each inhibitor significantly (P < 0.05) decreased HEK viability. DMSO, the vehicle for P, I and SB, had a minimal effect on viability. Overall, IL-8 production was suppressed at least 30% after treatment with each inhibitor. Normalizing data relative to control indicate which inhibitors suppress HC-mediated IL-8 to control levels. P was the most effective inhibitor of IL-8 release; IL-8 was significantly decreased after exposure to un, tri, tetra and penta but significantly increased after JP-8 exposure compared with controls. Inhibitors were not effective in suppressing IL-8 release in JP-8 exposures to control levels. This study shows that inhibiting NF-kappa B, which appears to play a role in cytokine production in HC-exposed HEK in vitro, may reduce the inflammatory effect of HC in vivo.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Pentadecane may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption during industrial use.

n-pentadecane

Grades: technical.

Pentadecane: ACTIVE

Qualitative and quantitative gas chromatography analysis of the n-alkanes C9-C17 in air masses.

Pentadecane has been measured in liver, kidney, fat, and brain tissues by gas-liquid chromatography and by G/LC-MS.

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Hydrocarbons [FA11]

Flavoring Agents