Naphthenic acids

126.15300

126.06800

215-662-8

1654

3077

DTXSID1027394

Viscous liquids ... Colors range from pale yellows to dark amber|Gold to black liq

2916209090

37.30000

1.42730

a dark colored liquid with an offensive odor

0.96

-35 - +2 °C

160-198ºC (6 mmHg)

149ºC

n20/D 1.45

Insoluble (<50 mg/L) in water|Completely soluble in organic solvents|Solubility in water: poor

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

0.00223mmHg at 25°C

An odor develops upon storage of the refined acids.

pKa = 5-6

Dark color; unpleasant odor; corrosive to metals /Commercial grade/|Acid number (mg KOH/g): 150-200 (crude); 220-260 (refined); 225-310 (highly refined)|Acid number (oil free): 170-230 (crude); 225-270 (refined); 230-315|CRUDE ACIDS HAVE UNPLEASANT ODORS BUT NOT IF PURIFIED.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for NAPHTHENIC ACIDS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble in water.

Acids, Carboxylic

NAPHTHENIC ACID is a carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Lower 1.0%

III

UN 3082 9/PG 3

2

R36/37/38; R51/53

S26-S36

QK8750000

Xi

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338

H315-H317-H319

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.|Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|Biological sludge esp adapted to naphthenic acids degraded 97% of these acids in 6 hr. Sulfonic acids present did not adversely affect the system but did decrease the o transfer and were only partially degraded, so that oxidizability of effluent was increased.

Incompatible with sulfuric acid, caustics, ammonia, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, isocyanates, alkylene oxides, epichlorohydrin, strong oxidizers. Corrosive to metals.

Combustible.

|Warning|H315 (49.64%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1152 companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, and P501

Safety glasses or face mask (USCG, 1999)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Safety glasses or face mask.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective.

Accidental release measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Water containing petroleum products 80 & naphthenic acids 20 mg/L, BOD 105 mg o/L aerated in presence of activated sludge for 3 days in lab. Petroleum products decr by 97.5% & BOD became 23 mg o/L. Method could be used to purify wash waters from cleaning spills.|Water was treated with air containing 17-25 mg o/L. Degree of purification incr with time of treatment & with pH of effluent.|Waste water was filtered through activated carbon or manganese ore concn to remove 97 or 65% of org matters respectively. Aluminum electrodes decr org substances by 62-67%.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Liquid is moderately irritating to eyes & slightly to moderately irritating to skin ...

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible.

Separated from strong oxidants and metals. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the liver and central nervous system.

NO open flames.

Use local exhaust.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-88025. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Naphthenic acid/

The naphthenic acid concentration in a four hectare pond filled with 50,000 cu m of tailings process water was reported as 15 mg/L(1). The pond was constructed and filled in 1993 with no new process water additions, sample was collected May 1, 2006(1).

The concentration of naphthenic acids in sediment was 52-130, 30-69 and 7.8-58 mg/kg dry weight in samples from Sinduri Dune, Sinduri Mudflat and Sogenri Mudflat, respectively(1). These areas were affected by an oil spill off the coast of Taean, Korea Dec 7, 2007; samples were collected Dec 2010 and Jan 2012(1). Samples collected from unaffected areas of Manlipo and Anmyundo Beach were taken to compare, with results of 18 and 3.8 mg/kg dry weight, respectively(1).

The concentration of naphthenic acids in Iranian Heavy Crude was 5300 mg/kg oil and in weathered crude oil 1000 mg/kg oil(1). Naphthenic acids concentration in crude oil varies; 0.03% was reported in Pennsylvania crude up to 1.6% in Russian Balakhany heavy and Romanian asphaltic(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Naphthenic acids are viscous liquids with colors range from pale yellows to dark amber. Naphthenic acids are mixtures of naturally occurring cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids recovered from petroleum distillates. Commercial naphthenic acids are sold in various grades of purity. More than two-thirds of the naphthenic acid produced is used to make metal salts, with the largest volume being used for copper naphthenate, consumed in the wood preservative industry. An expanding market is in wood and textile preservatives. Another market application naphthenic acid is in the tire industry. Limited use in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases, corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers and defoamers, chemical intermediates. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Naphthenic acids induced the production of both estradiol and progesterone in exposed H295R cells, and decreased the production of testosterone. Exposure to naphthenic acids caused an up-regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor, and up-regulation of CYP1A1. The results indicated that these hydrocarbon pollutants have the potential to disrupt the vitally important process of steroidogenesis. The lethal oral dose for humans is approximately 1 L. ANIMAL STUDIES: In dogs and rabbits that received naphthenic acids (10 mg/kg, intravenously, and 5-15 mg/kg, intramuscularly, respectively), a notable effect was observed on hemopoiesis of both the red and white cells and a greater effect was observed on platelet formation. In acute tests, adult female rats were given single po dosages of naphthenic acids at either 3, 30, or 300 mg per kg body weight (mg/kg), while adult male rats received 300 mg/kg. Food consumption was temporarily suppressed in the high-dose groups of both sexes. Histopathology revealed a significant incidence of pericholangitis in the high-dose group of both sexes, suggesting hepatotoxicity as an acute effect. Other histological lesions included brain hemorrhage in high-dose males, and cardiac periarteriolar necrosis and fibrosis in female rats. In subchronic tests, naphthenic acids were po administered to rats at 0.6, 6, or 60 mg/kg, 5 days per week for 90 days. Results again suggested the liver as a potential target organ. The relative liver weight in the high-dose group was 35% higher than in controls. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated blood amylase (30% above controls) and hypocholesterolemia (43% below controls) in high-dose rats. Excessive hepatic glycogen accumulation was observed in 42% of animals in this group. These results indicate that, under worst-case exposure conditions, acute toxicity is unlikely in wild mammals exposed to naphthenic acids, but repeated exposure may have adverse health effects. Naphthenic acid is nonmutagenic by the Ames mutagenicity test. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Naphthenic acids are only slightly toxic to mammals but are toxic to fish, bacteria, and wood-destroying insects.

The lethal oral dose for humans is approximately 1 L.

LD50 Rat ip 640 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 3000 mg/kg|LD50 mouse oral 7170 mg/kg|LD50 rat oral 6420 mg/kg

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a group of carboxylic acids that are of particular concern to the steadily growing oil sands mining industry of Alberta, Canada, because they become highly concentrated in the water used for oil sands extraction and are toxic to aquatic biota and mammals. Upon mine closure, vast amounts of process-affected water will need to be reclaimed and proven safe for wildlife colonizing reclaimed areas. The effects of exposure to NAs have not been investigated in avian species. To address this void, tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings were dosed with NAs while being reared normally by their free-ranging parents on a site in the vicinity of the oil sands. Nestlings received 1.5 mg NAs/day (approximately 0.075 g/kg body mass) from day 7 to day 13 of age, which represented a 10-fold "worst exposure" scenario. Nestling growth, hematocrit, blood biochemistry, organ weights, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity were unaffected by NAs. The only change detected on histopathological evaluation of major organs was an increase in extramedullary erythropoiesis in the liver. These findings indicate that nestling tree swallows can successfully tolerate short-term exposures to environmentally realistic concentrations of NAs. However, this study did not investigate the chronic or reproductive toxicity of NAs. More research needs to be conducted to complete this initial assessment, to determine environmental risks on reclaimed areas where birds will be breeding and where their exposure to NAs could extend for several weeks.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Naphthenic acids (NAs) have been cited as one of the main causes of the toxicity related to oil sands process-affected materials and have recently been measured in biological tissues (fish). However, adverse effects have not been a consistent finding in toxicology studies on vertebrates. This study set out to determine two factors: 1) whether exposure to commercial NAs (Refined Merichem) resulted in detectable tissue residues in native amphibians (northern leopard frogs, Lithobates pipiens), and 2) whether such exposure would produce clinical or subclinical toxicity. Frogs were kept in NA solutions (0, 20, or 40 mg/L) under saline conditions comparable to that on reclaimed wetlands in the Athabasca oil sands for 28 days. These exposures resulted in proportional NA concentrations in muscle tissue of the frogs, estimated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Detailed studies determined if the increasing concentrations of NAs, and subsequently increased tissue NA levels, caused a proportional compromise in the health of the experimental animals. Physiological investigations included innate immune function, thyroid hormone levels, and hepatic detoxification enzyme induction, none of which differed in response to increased exposures or tissue concentrations of NAs. Body mass did increase in both the salt- and NA-exposed animals, likely related to osmotic pressure and uptake of water through the skin. Our results demonstrate that commercial NAs are absorbed and deposited in muscle tissue, yet they show few negative physiological or toxicological effects on the frogs.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Naphthenic acids (NA) are used in a variety of commercial and industrial applications, and are primary toxic components of oil sands wastewater. ... Developmental and metabolic responses of tadpoles exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of a commercial NA blend throughout development /were investigated/. ... Lithobates pipiens tadpoles /were exposed/ to 1 and 2 mg/L NA for 75 days and monitored growth and development, condition factor, gonad and liver sizes, and levels of liver glucose, glycogen, lipids and cholesterol following exposure. NA decreased growth and development, significantly reduced glycogen stores and increased triglycerides, indicating disruption to processes associated with energy metabolism and hepatic glycolysis. Effects on liver function may explain reduced growth and delayed development observed in this and previous studies. /The/ data highlight the need for greater understanding of the mechanisms leading to hepatotoxicity in NA-exposed organisms, and indicate that strict guidelines may be needed for the release of NA into aquatic environments.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Naphthenic acids (NAs) are naturally occurring saturated linear and cyclic carboxylic acids found in petroleum, including the bitumen contained in the Athabasca Oil Sands deposit in Alberta, Canada. The processing of these oil sands leads to elevated concentrations of NAs, as well as increased salinity from produced waters as a result of ions leaching from the ores, the process aids, and the water associated with the deeper aquifers. These changes can result in waters that challenge reclamation of impacted waters associated with oil sands development. Laboratory tests examined the effects of salinity on NA toxicity using local young-of-the-year yellow perch exposed to a commercially available mixture of NAs (CNA) and an NA mixture that was extracted from oil sands process-affected water (ENA), with and without the addition of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Gill and liver histopathological changes were evaluated in the surviving fish after 3 weeks of exposure. At 6.8 mg/L ENA and 3.6 mg/L CNA, 100% mortality was observed, both with and without the addition of salt. Exposure of yellow perch to 25% of the NA required to give an LC100 (0.9 mg/L CNA; 1.7 mg/L ENA) resulted in high levels of gill proliferative (epithelial, mucous, and chloride cell) changes, a response that was increased with the addition of 1 g/L salt (Na2SO4) for the ENA. The significance of these changes was a reduced gill surface area, which likely caused a reduction in both the transport of NAs within the fish and the exchange of vital respiratory gases. While the gills were affected, no liver alterations were identified following NA or NA+salt exposures. Differences in the chemical composition of the NAs tested may explain the differences in the lethality and histopathology of yellow perch.|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NAPHTHENIC ACIDS (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Naphthenic acids are a complex mixture of cyclic and acyclic saturated carboxylic acids that originate by the aerobic microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons(1). They are found in petroleum, oil sands bitumen and crude oil(2). Coal has been demonstrated to also be a source of naphthenic acids(3).|Gulf and West coast crudes are relatively high in these acids.

Refined naphthenic acid's production and use in wood preservative, lubricants, corrosion inhibitor, emulsifiers, oil-based paints and in the manufacture of tires(1) may result in release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), estimated Koc values of >3000(2), indicate that naphthenic acids are expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). pKa values of 5-6(3), indicate that naphthenic acids will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of the neutral form of naphthenic acids from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given estimated Henry's Law constants of 4.2X10-8 to 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5). However, adsorption to soil and the pKa values are expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Naphthenic acids are not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon estimated vapor pressures of 1.1X10-7 to 7.1X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Naphthenic acids were biodegraded up to 90% when using inoculum from soil of five different plant rhizospheres(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), estimated Koc values of >3000(2), indicate that naphthenic acids are expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) for naphthenic acids in the neutral form based upon estimated Henry's Law constants of 4.2X10-8 to 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). pKa values of 5-6(5) indicate naphthenic acids will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the anionic form from water surfaces is not expected(SRC). Naphthenic acids are not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of 1.6-27 reported in carp(4), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using a variety of UV and visible radiation sources, naphthenic acids concentration were not substantially reduced in Athabasca River water(7). Naphthenic acids are likely to persist in water and with prolonged exposure can accumulate in sediment(5). Naphthenic salts are stable in water under aerobic conditions and have an estimated half-life of >3 months(2). Naturally present naphthenic acids degraded 25% in 40-49 days and commercial preparations degraded up to 93%, using inoculum from acclimated oil sands tailing ponds(8).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), naphthenic acids, which have estimated vapor pressures of 1.1X10-7 to 7.1X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase naphthenic acids are moderately degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(2). Particulate-phase naphthenic acids may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Naphthenic acids do not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, are not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Naphthenic acids are not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Naphthenic acids do not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, are not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Vapor-phase naphthenic acids are moderately degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(2). Using a variety of UV and visible radiation sources, naphthenic acids concentration were not substantially reduced in Athabasca River water(3).

Naphthenic acids did not concentrate in measurable amounts and were excreted through biliary routes in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands-influenced water for four months(1). BCFs of 1.6-27 were reported in carp (Cyprinus carpio) that were exposed over a 6 week period to a mono-, bi- and tricyclic naphthenic acid(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCFs suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Naphthenic acids are expected to have low to moderate mobility in soil(1). Copper and zinc naphthenic salts are expected to have low to no mobility with estimated Koc values of >3000(2). The pKa of naphthenic acids is 5-6(3), indicating that these compounds will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for naphthenic acids is estimated as 4.2X10-8 to 2.9X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant range indicates that naphthenic acids are expected to volatilize slightly from water and moist soil surfaces(2). The pKa values of 5-6(3) indicate naphthenic acids will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the anion form from water and soil surfaces is not expected(SRC). Naphthenic acids are not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon estimated vapor pressures of 1.1X10-7 to 7.1X10-6 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Concentrations of naphthenic acids in the ground water in northern Alberta, Canada in the Athabasca Oil Sands region are <4 mg/L to >55 mg/L(1).|SURFACE WATER: Naphthenic acids concentrations in northern Alberta, Canada rivers in the Athabasca Oil Sands region are generally <1 mg/L; however in tailings ponds the concentration can be as high as 110 mg/L(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 7 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of naphthenic acids (CAS 1338-24-5), may be as low as <10 workers up to the range of 100-499 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 61,935 workers (5519 of these are female) were potentially exposed to naphthenic acids in the US(1). Occupational exposure to naphthenic acids may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where naphthenic acids are produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to naphthenic acids via dermal contact with products containing naphthenic acids(SRC).

Naphthenic acids are viscous liquids, with phenolic and sulfur impurities present that are largely responsible for their characteristic odor.|5-25 wt% hydrocarbons whose composition is the same as the petroleum fraction from which the naphthenic acids are derived.

Principal effect is that of mild primary irritation when encountered in high concentrations. Inhalation of vapor causes coughing. Liquid is moderately irritating to eyes and slightly to moderately irritating to skin; excessive exposure could result in dermatitis. (USCG, 1999)

INHALATION: remove to fresh air. INGESTION: give large amounts of water. EYES: flush with water until irritation subsides. SKIN: wash with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing and launder before reuse. (USCG, 1999)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Oil pollution from various sources, including exploration, production and transportation, is a growing global concern. Of particular concern is the environmental impact of produced water (PW), the main waste discharge from oil and gas platforms. In this study, we have investigated the potential of polar hydrocarbon pollutants to disrupt or modulate steroidogenesis in vitro, using a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line, the H295R assay. Effects of two of the major groups of compounds found in the polar fraction of crude oil and PW; alkylphenols (C(2)- and C(3)-AP) and naphthenic acids (NAs), as well as the polar fraction of PW as a whole has been assessed. Endpoints include hormone (cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone) production at the functional level and key genes for steroidogenesis (17beta-HSD1, 17beta-HSD4, 3beta-HSD2, ACTHR, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, DAX1, EPHX, HMGR, SF1, STAR) and metabolism (CYP1A) at the molecular level. All compounds induced the production of both estradiol and progesterone in exposed H295R cells, while the C(3)-AP and NAs decreased the production of testosterone. Exposure to C(2)-AP caused an up-regulation of DAX1 and EPHX, while exposure to NAs caused an up-regulation of ACTHR. All compounds caused an up-regulation of CYP1A1. The results indicated that these hydrocarbon pollutants, including PW, have the potential to disrupt the vitally important process of steroidogenesis.

cobalt naphthenate

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Dizziness.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

OF THE 4.7X10+8 GRAMS OF NAPHTHENIC ACID SALTS REPORTEDLY PRODUCED, 36% WAS LEAD NAPHTHENATE (LUBRICANT & DRIER); 24% WAS COBALT NAPHTHENATE (CATALYST & DRIER); 9% WAS COPPER NAPHTHENATE (FUNGICIDE & DRIER); 9% WAS CALCIUM NAPHTHENATE (DRIER); 8% WAS ZINC NAPHTHENATE (DRIER); 7% WAS MANGANESE NAPHTHENATE (CATALYST & DRIER); & 7% WERE OTHER SALTS (1975).|Naphthenate salts for paint driers, fungicides, catalysts and lube additives, 70%; others, including corrosion inhibitors, surfactants, cutting oils and exports, 30% (1984).|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Naphthenic acid. Copper and zinc naphthenate wood preservatives, 50%; cobalt, manganese, calcium, lead and other naphthenate salts for oil-based paint driers, catalysts and lube additives, 20%; others, including oil field corrosion inhibitors, surfacants, cutting oils and exports, 30%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Naphthenic acid. Demand: 1986: 30 million lb; 1987: 31 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 35 million lb.

Typical of the acid materials present in commercial naphthenic acids are cyclopentylacetic acid and alkyl substituted cyclopentylacetic acids. The mixtures also contain fused chains of cyclopentylacetic acids and small amounts of cyclohexylacetic acids.

Adhesive manufacturing|Naphthenic acids: ACTIVE|Naphthenic acids are mixtures of naturally occurring cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids recovered from petroleum distillates. ... Commercial naphthenic acids are sold in various grades of purity.|In commerce /naphthenic acids/ is name of acidic petroleum fractions, consisting of cyclic carboxylic acids extractable from kerosene and oil.|Spraying grapes with 120 cc 40% naphthenic acids sodium salts/ha added to 1% bordeaux mixt incr yield by 13.3%, incr sugar content by 2.6%, & decr acidity by 2.7 g/L in comparison with controls sprayed with 800 L of 1% bordeaux mixt/ha.|Naphthenic acids are represented by a general formula CnH2n-z O2, where n indicates the carbon number and z specifies a homologous series. The z is equal to 0 for saturated, acyclic acids and increases to 2 in monocyclic naphthenic acids, to 4 in bicyclic naphthenic acids, to 6 in tricyclic acids, and to 8 in tetracyclic acids. Naphthenic acids in the range of C-7 to C-12 consist mainly of monocyclic acids. The more complex acids contain larger proportions of multicyclic condensed compounds.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for NAPHTHENIC ACIDS (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Mass spectroscopy was used to study composition of separated petroleum acids. Acids were amber yellow and included fatty, mono-, bi-, and tricyclic, aromatic, and alkyl substituted naphthenic aromatic and dinaphthenic aromatic acids.|Oil products in sea water were extracted with chloroform and determined by UV at 292 nm. Quantity of naphthenic acids passing into water solution of oil products depended on the nature of the oil.|Naphthenic acid concentration in crude oil and distillates is typically measured by titrating with potassium hydroxide for neutralization number using potentiometric or colorimetric methods. The same procedures are used to measure the acid number of crude or refined naphthenic acids after recovery from the petroleum fraction. The neutralization or acid numbers are expressed numerically as mg KOH (formula wt = 56.1) required to neutralize the acidity in 1 g of sample. This value for the acid on an impurityfree basis is readily converted to equivalent weight by dividing 100x the formula weight of KOH by the acid number. Naphthenic acid having a high acid number indicates a low molecular or equivalent weight product. Crude oil or a petroleum fraction would have a very low acid number, since the acid content is low. Naphthenic acids comprise a highly complex mixture containing hundreds of compounds that are impossible to separate into individual components, even by high resolution gas chromatography. Progress in obtaining information on the structure of naphthenic acids has been retarded because of this complexity. Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters is useful in detecting naphthenic acids adulterated with synthetic or vegetable oil-based fatty acids. Infrared spectroscopy is unable to distinguish clearly between naphthenic and fatty acids. Two mass spectrometric methods have been developed which improve the characterization of naphthenic acids. Chemical ionization using fluoride ion as a reactant gas and fast-atom bombardment both use the negative ion detection mode. The two methods detect the (M - 1)- ion in carboxylic acids, including high molecular weight species with no fragmentation. These methods allow the identification of naphthenic acids based on carbon number and z-series distributions, providing a fingerprint useful in correlating the sources of crude oils.