Aminol

266.12

265.027252

217-915-8

S35W73275K

3082

DTXSID0024896

White crystals

2922509090

58.6

0.65

Dma 4 ivm herbicide is a brown liquid. A solution of the dimethylammonium salt of the weak organic acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Used as an herbicide.

1.4140 (rough estimate)

85-87 °C

345.6ºC at 760 mmHg

THE ACID AND SALTS ARE NONFLAMMABLE. HOWEVER, COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS OF /2,4-D FREE/ ACID MAY HAVE FLASH POINT MINIMUM OF 88 DEG C (CLEVELAND OPEN CUP) ...

In water, 3X10+6 g/ml @ 20 deg C

1.00e-09 mmHg

LD50 oral in rat: 625mg/kg

Odorless /Pure/

The heat of formation is 11.2 kcal/mol (exothermic)|Stoichiometry changes from 4:1 amine/acid to 1:1 between 80 to 157 °C for 1:1 salt.

Water soluble.

Salts, Acidic

DMA 4 (DOW) 49 PERCENT 2,4- D, DIMETHYLAMINE SALT neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

III

6.1(b)

3345

22-51/53-43-41

24/25-26-36/37/39-46-61

AG8400000

Xn,N

Most amine formulations have no shelf life limitations and are insensitive to light and temperature. /2,4-D/

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, P501

H302

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U240, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /2,4-D acid, salts and esters/|Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/|Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/|Landfill: Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Incinerate at high temp or PCDDs may be formed. /2,4-D/|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 2,4-D and related herbicides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /2,4-D and related herbicides/

Nat'l Research Council Canada; Phenoxyherbicides (1978) NRCC No. 16075|WHO; Environ Health Criteria: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) (1984)|Vet Admin Rev Lit on Herbicides (1981) VA Contract No. V101(93)p-823|Norris LA; The Movement, Persistance, and Fate of the Phenoxy Herbicides and TCDD in the Forest; Residue Rev 77: 65-135 (1981)|Que Hee SS, Sutherland RG; The Phenoxyalkanoic Herbicides. Volume 1: Chemistry, Analysis, and Environmental Pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1981.

This compound is combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 256 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Two methods of analysis for measuring glove permeability to pesticides are reported. The standard ASTM F739-85 testing procedure was used to determine breakthrough times and permeation rates for four protective glove materials for two commercially available pesticide formulations. The same glove materials and pesticides then were tested using an in-house developed automated in vitro diffusion analysis (AIDA) procedure. The ASTM and automated in vitro diffusion analysis procedures both demonstrated no detectable breakthrough of 2,4-D amine 96% for nitrile butyl rubber and polyvinyl chloride gloves. Although no breakthrough of 2,4-D amine 96% was detected for natural rubber or neoprene gloves following the ASTM procedure, permeation was observed in 2 of 3 replicate tests for both rubber and neoprene gloves when using the automated in vitro diffusion analysis method. The observed discrepancy may have been caused by a longer smpling duration for the automated in vitro diffusion analysis method (16 hr) than the ASTM procedure (8 hr).

... SALTS ARE NONFLAMMABLE ... /2,4-D SALTS/

Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide ... is being handled or used. /Pesticides/|/When/ cleaning glassware and spray equipment: wash thoroughly with water and detergent soln. Alcohol or ketone type solvents may be used with ester formulations. Preferably, equipment should not be used for application of other pesticides or fertilizers.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Phenoxyacetic acid derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,4-D, DIMETHYLAMINE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Acute eye or skin irritation ... has been reported in agricultural and forestry workers following occupational exposure. /2,4-D herbicides/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 10 mg/cu m. /2,4-D/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 10 mg/cu m. /2,4-D/

D016; A waste containing 2,4-D (such as 2,4-D, dimethylamine) may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.|U240; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate. /2,4-D, salts and esters/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /2,4-D acid, salts, and esters/

D016; A solid waste containing 2,4-D (such as 2,4-D, dimethylamine) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.|U240; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2,4-D acid, salts & esters as commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates or off-specification commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates, become wastes, they must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). /2,4-D, salts and esters/

Sediment levels of 2,4-D dimethylamine were consistently below the levels of detection in Ft. Cobb Reservoir, OK, a lake for which bioconcentration values in zooplankton were obtained(1).

Analyses of air in tractor cabs 0 days after spraying 2,4-D the mean concentration was in air 0.02 mg/cu m. /2,4-D derived from 2,4-D dimethylamine salt (0.9% aqueous solution)/.

LD50 Rat oral 625 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit skin 2115 mg/kg

2,4-D dimethylamine's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a range of Koc values from 72 to 136 (2), indicates that 2,4-D dimethylamine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,4-D dimethylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2,4-D dimethylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.3X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). If sprayed on land, much of the 2,4-D dimethylamine will be metabolized by foliage before reaching the soil(5). Biodegradation is the primary degradative pathway in the soil with half-lives ranging from 4-6 days and 7-23 days in agricultural and forest soils, respectively(5). In a microcosm simulation, two formulations of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D were sprayed (1.2 kg/ha of acid equivalent) on the foliage of wheat plants 26 days after planting(5). 2,4-D, dimethylamine had a low loss rate with a concentration in air ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 ng/l(5). The amine was not detected until the second day, at which time the hydroxy metabolite appeared(5). 1.5% of the total applied 2,4-D material was lost to the atmosphere(5). No extractable 2,4-D material was found in the soil; however volatilization from soil was considered unlikely(1). The observed half-life of 2,4-D in runoff from land sprayed with the amine salt was 6 days (range, 1-35 days)(6). Over 86% of the amine in runoff water completely metabolized to CO2 within 7 weeks(7). The field dissipation half-lives for 2,4-D dimethylamine applied as sprays ranged from 2.3 to 31.2 days for trials in 1993 and 1994(8); field dissipation half-lives for 2,4-D dimethylamine applied as granules ranged from 5.1 to 14.6 days(8).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a range of Koc values from 72 to 136 (2), indicates that 2,4-D dimethylamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of 2,4-D dimethylamine from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 0.1 and 0.47 for Channel catfish and bluegill(5), respectively, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC). In a river-die away study, a half-life of 3.9 days was obtained for an unspecified amine salt of 2,4-D(6). 2,4-D dimethylamine is rapidly degraded by aquatic microorganisms in activated sewage(7).|AQUATIC FATE: The most important fate process for 2,4-D DMA in the aquatic environment is biotransformation(2). Photolysis and hydrolysis are not expected to be significant(2) although photolysis could occur in clear, surface waters. In a field experiment in which 2 mg/l C-14 uniformly ring-labeled 2,4-D DMA was added to 2.4 and 3 meter plastic-lined pools containing hydrosoil bottoms and fish, the radioactivity disappeared rapidly from the water and hydrosoil(1). At 35 days, the highest level found in any of the pools was 0.05 ppm(1). The concentrations in the hydrosoil declined after 7 days and the indications were that metabolites were being measured(1). The highest 2,4-D residue in the hydrosoil was 0.21 ppm after 7 days(1). The aqueous half-life in the pools was 10-11 days(2). Other half-lives determined in natural waters ranged from 0.5 to 6.6 days(2). It was reported that after application of 2.4-3.6 kg/ha to the Volgogard reservoir in Russia, that 2,4-D residues persisted 20 days in water and 30 days in bottom sediment(3).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,4-D dimethylamine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.3X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Particulate-phase 2,4-D dimethylamine may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,4-D dimethylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,4-D dimethylamine has an absorption band maxima around 290 nm suggesting that 2,4-D dimethylamine may be susceptible to direct photolysis(2). Photodegradation of 2,4-D and its derivatives by ultraviolet light is relatively rapid in water and is more rapid as the pH of water increases(2). Short chain amine salts of 2,4-D are dechlorinated by 300 nm radiation at the ortho chlorine position but only 8-10% photodecomposition occurred at 27 °C after 40 hr(3). A half-life of 2-4 days was reported for 2,4-D photolysis in water solutions irradiated at 356 nm(3).|Photodecomposition of 2,4-D ... leads to the formation of a variety of products but commonly involves reductive dechlorination of the acid, esters, and salts in aqueous or in organic solutions, with 2,4-dichlorophenol acting as a catalyst for the breakdown of 2,4-D, which may involve rupture of the aromatic ring. ... Carbon dioxide is the final oxidation product when aqueous solutions of 2,4-D undergo photodecomposition. /2,4-D/

BLUEGILL (LEPOMIS MACHROCHIRUS) EXPOSED OUTDOORS IN PLASTIC POOL TO ONE 2 MG/L APPLICATION OF (14)C-LABELED 2,4-D DIMETHYLAMINE SALT. DURING 12-WK EXPOSURE, INCORPORATION OF (14)C INTO FATTY ACIDS, GLYCOGEN & PROTEIN MATERIAL ACCOUNTED FOR 85% OF (14)C ACTIVITY.|Channel catfish and bluegill which were exposed to 2 ppm C14-ring-labeled 2,4-D dimethylamine had maximum bioconcentration factors of 0.1 and 0.47(1). Maximum concentrations were reached 24 hr after treatment and edible flesh accounted for only 10% of the total C14 residue(1). The fish did not metabolize the 2,4-D during 7 days post treatment, however bluegill treated with 2,4-D dimethylamine by intraperitoneal injection excreted 90% of the herbicide within 6 hr(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In another study, channel catfish, largemouth bass, and bluegills were exposed to C14-ring-labeled 2,4-D dimethylamine in plastic-lined ponds for up to 12 weeks(3). While radioactive residues were found in all tissues and organs analyzed, actual 2,4-D content in muscle was negligible indicating that the C14 residues were metabolites(3).

The Koc for the 2,4-D dimethylamine ranged from 72 to 136 for 3 soils in 48 hr batch experiments using radiolabeled herbicide(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,4-D dimethylamine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Effluent breakthrough curves measured in the same soils showed that the 2,4-D dimethylamine was almost as mobile as the water at 5000 ppm but considerably slower at 50 ppm, a result consistent with the non-linear adsorption isotherms(1). Adsorption constants for 2,4-D dimethylamine ranged from 0.13 to 0.25(3,4); these values were calculated from a field study performed using a plastic pool containing clay-loam hydrosoil(3,4).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,4-D dimethylamine is estimated as 1.4X10-16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,4-D dimethylamine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 2,4-D dimethylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.3X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). The percentage loss of 2,4-D dimethylamine from a glass plate at 33 °C, 33% relative humidity, and 2 mph wind speed is 0.6, 7.1 and 0.65% when the herbicide was in the form of a thick film, droplets, and formulated film, respectively(4). This is very much lower than for pesticides such as DDT and dieldrin and represented approximately 2 days vaporization rates of 0.002 , 1.2 and 6.4 ug/sq cm, respectively for the three forms(4).

SURFACE WATER: Residues of 2,4-D taken from a stream directly adjacent to a forested area being sprayed with 2,4-D dimethylamine by helicopter: trace - 7 ppb(1).

2,4-D and its derivatives can be absorbed via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. General population exposure is mainly by the oral route, but under occupational and bystander exposure conditions, the dermal route is by far the most important. /2,4-D and its derivatives/|Occupational exposure to 2,4-D dimethylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,4-D dimethylamine is produced or used. Agricultural workers may be exposed to aerosols containing the herbicide during spraying operations or have dermal contact with sprayed vegetation. At a spraying rate of of 315-630 g/ha (water soluble formulation) the calculated inhalation exposure of applicators accounted for less than 2% (median dose of 0.2 ug/kg body wt) of the calculated potential cumulative exposure, while deposition on the hands accounted for 80-90% (median dose of 120 ug/kg body wt) of the potential cumulative exposure(1). The deposition to the rest of the body ranged from 10 to 20% (median dose of 28 ug/kg body wt) of the potential cumulative exposure(1).

The dimethylamine salt of (14)C-ring-labeled 2,4-D was administered to Fisher 344 rats orally (1 and 0.4 mg/kg body weight) and dermally (10 mg/kg body weight). Absorption, distribution, and elimination were determined from (14)C-labeled 2,4-D in blood, tissues, and excreta. Most of the orally administered dose (94-96%) became systemically available within 6 hr. Following dermal administration 10% of the dose became systemically available over 72 hr. However, peak concentrations in blood and kidney were achieved within 30 min of dosing by either route. By 1.5 hr after dosing, 2,4-D concentrations in blood, muscle, liver, and kidneys had decreased in both the orally dosed and dermally dosed animals. Between 2 and 8 hr, the blood, muscle, liver, and kidney concentrations in dermally dosed animals maintained a plateau while urinary excretion increased, presumably due to continued absorption 2,4-D from the skin. The concentrations in orally dosed animals continued to decrease. Following 7 hr of dermal exposure, skin cleansing removed about 63% of the applied dose; about 17% of the applied dose remained at the site of dermal dosing. At 8 hr, 2,4-D concentrations in blood, muscle, liver, and kidneys of dermally dosed animals began to decrease, most likely a result of the removal of the reservoir on the skin. However, 2,4-D continued to be absorbed from skin site, resulting in a slower decline of the 2,4-D concentrations in these tissues over remainder of the 72 hr study period. In animals that had been orally dosed, the absorbed dose was almost completely excreted within 24 hr.|Plant roots absorb polar (salt) forms /of 2,4-D/ most readily. ... Following root absorption, it may move upward in the transpiration stream. Translocation is influenced by the growth status of the plant. Accumulation of the herbicide occurs principally at the meristematic regions of shoots and roots. /2,4-D salt/

HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ESTERS, NITRILES, AMINES (&, OF COURSE, SALTS) APPEARS SIMILAR IF NOT IDENTICAL TO PARENT ACID. THIS IS APPARENTLY DUE TO PRESENCE OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES IN PLANTS & IN SOIL MICROORGANISMS THAT CONVERT THESE DERIVATIVES TO PARENT ACID.|Chlorophenoxy acid derivatives are metabolized via participation of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Thus, administration of 2,4-D amine salt and its butyl ester ... to rats induced the enzyme system (aminopyrine demethylase ... and aniline hydroxylase) ... although the degree of induction was substantially lower than that from phenobarbital. Prolonged administration of 2,4-D amine salt (0.1 LD50) showed cumulative effects reflected by both clinical and biochemical changes. Stimulation of mixed-function oxidase system may be one of the methods for reducing toxicological effects of this type of compounds.

THESE HERBICIDES DO NOT ACCUM IN ANIMALS. THEY ARE NOT EXTENSIVELY METAB BUT ARE ACTIVELY EXCRETED INTO THE URINE ... THEIR PLASMA HALF-LIFE IN MAN IS ABOUT 1 DAY. /CHLOROPHENOXY COMPOUNDS/|Average, approximated half-lives for excretion were 39.5 + or - 8.1 hr for the acid application and 58.5 + or - 13.2 hr for the DMA application.

... /CHLOROPHENOXY CMPD INCL 2,4-D ESTERS/ EXERT THEIR HERBICIDAL ACTION BY ACTING AS GROWTH HORMONES IN PLANTS. /CHLOROPHENOXY COMPOUNDS/|Chlorophenoxy acid derivatives are metabolized via participation of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Thus, administration of 2,4-D amine salt and its butyl ester ... to rats induced the enzyme system (aminopyrine demethylase ... and aniline hydroxylase ... although the degree of induction was substantially lower than that from phenobarbital. Prolonged administration of 2,4-D amine salt (0.1 LD50) showed cumulative effects reflected by both clinical and biochemical changes. Stimulation of mixed-function oxidase system may be one of the methods for reducing toxicological effects of this type of compounds.

Dimethyl-N-nitrosamine concentrations up to 0.3 mg/l have been found in some 2,4-D dimethylamine products.|SIXTEEN SAMPLES OF 2,4-D, AS ESTERS AND AMINE SALTS, WERE ANALYZED FOR CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS. DI-, TRI-, & TETRA-CHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS WERE IDENTIFIED. ESTER FORMULATIONS SHOWED MUCH HIGHER LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION THAN AMINE /2,4-D ESTERS AND AMINE SALTS/

SYMPTOMS: Produces local irritation of skin, eyes and mucus membranes. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This chemical is toxic and a local irritant. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Monitor body temperature and treat if necessary. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Titrate to maintain adequate urine flow. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive without signs of hypovolemia ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorophenoxy herbicides and related compounds/|Alkaline diuresis should be used to treat acute poisoning with chlorophenoxy herbicides or ioxynil in the presence of coma or other poor prognostic indicators, such as acidemia, or if plasma total chlorophenoxy concentrations are 0.5 g/l or more.

A male suicide victim weighing 75 kg ingested 120 ml of 2,4-D, dimethylamine (80 mg/kg) experienced vomiting, congestion, pulmonary emphysema, CNS congestion, perivascular hemorrhages, severe degeneration of ganglion cells, and death within hours of ingestion. The 2,4-D concentration in tissues was 12.5-7700 mg/kg.|A cohort of herbicide applicators was formed in 1972 from the personnel records of four main Finnish employers involved in chemical brushwood control. ... The cohort included 1971 male workers who had been exposed to chlorinated phenoxyacids for at least two weeks during 1955-1971. Forty-five individuals had died during the same period. Thus there were 1926 persons alive in the beginning of 1972 through 1980, and for cancer morbidity from 1972 through 1978. ... During the nine year prospective follow-up period ... 105 persons had died from natural causes versus 155 expected (observed/expected 0.68). ... The ... most common types of tumor ... lung and stomach ... cancers closely corresponded to the expected figures. ... When the ten year period of latency was taken into account there were no significant differences between the observed and expected figures although for some tumors greater numbers were found than expected: 9 cases of lung cancer (6.6 expected), 2 bladder tumors (0.9 expected) and 2 lip cancers (0.5 expected). ... After making allowance for 10 and 15 year periods of latency which restricted the relatively small number of person-years even more, no incr of cancer mortality was uncovered. ... This study /did not/ ... allow any assessment of the soft tissue sarcoma risk because the number of persons having a sufficiently long latency period is too small. /Chlorinated phenoxyacids/|SUBJECTIVE CLINICAL SYMPTOMS REPORTED AMONG WORKERS USING VARIOUS ESTERS & SALTS OF 2,4-D INCL RAPID FATIGUE, HEADACHE, LOSS OF APPETITE & PAIN IN THE REGION OF THE LIVER & STOMACH. SENSITIVITY TO TASTE & SMELL WAS LOWERED. /2,4-D ESTERS AND SALTS/|The chlorophenoxy herbicides have produced contact dermatitis in man ... /Chlorophenoxy compounds/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,4-D, DIMETHYLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2,4 D amine

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 030019; Trade Names: Banvel K (Use 2 code Nos. 029802 and 030019), Banvel M (Use 2 code Nos. 029802 and 030019), Trimec 848 herbicide (030019 + 031519 + 029802).|Chipman Mecoprop + 2,4-D Weedkiller Liquid contains Mecoprop and 2,4-D dimethylamine salt as a solution. /Canadian registered product/|Norkem 40t contains Mecoprop, 2,4-D dimethylamine salt, Dicamba acid or diethanolamine, or dimethylamine salt, as a solution. /Canadian registered product/|Marquette Herbitex Plus contains Mecoprop, and 2,4-D dimethylamine as a solution. /Canadian registered product/|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for 2,4-D, DIMETHYLAMINE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chlorophenoxy herbicides are applied alone or as mixtures with other herbicides, in solutions, dispersions, or emulsions in water &/or oil, using equipment that produces large droplets to avoid spray drift. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides/|... DISUBSTITUTED /SRP: AMMONIUM IONS/ ARE IMPORTANT CATIONS IN AMINE SALT FORMULATIONS OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES. ... THEIR HIGH WATER SOLUBILITY PERMITS HIGH RATES OF APPLICATION USING LOW-GALLONAGE EQUIPMENT. /AMINE SALT PHENOXY HERBICIDES/|RELATIVELY NEW DEVICE FOR HOME GARDEN APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES INCORPORATES ACTIVE CMPD INTO SEMISOFT WAX ... THE WAX BEARING THE HERBICIDE BRUSHES OFF LIGHTLY ONTO LAWN PLANTS, KILLING THOSE FOR WHICH IT WAS SELECTED. ... WAX BAR CONTAINING 2,4-D AMINE CONTROLS BROADLEAF WEEDS IN LAWN AREAS. THESE BARS HAVE CORD ATTACHED TO THEM SO THAT THEY CAN BE DRAWN BY HAND OR BEHIND LAWN MOWER OR SMALL TRACTOR. /2,4-D AMINE/|... amine salts (10-60% acid) ... these forms are dispersible in water ... and can be applied as sprays. /2,4-D/|Small amt of sequestering agent is generally added to prevent complex formation in hard water /2,4-D amine salts/

HPLC DETERMINATION IN WATER. 2,4-D, SILVEX, AND 2,4-D DIMETHYLAMINE SALT WERE SEPARATED FROM ONE ANOTHER BY REVERSE-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY USING METHYL CYANIDE-WATER (75:25), ADJUSTED TO PH 3.6 WITH 1% ACETIC ACID, AS A MOBILE PHASE. THE COLUMN WAS MU BONDAPAK C18.|Whole Plants: Macerate plant tissue with water. Add 0.6 M sodium hydroxide. Reflux or heat on a steam bath. Filter and wash the filter cake with water. Combine the filtrates. Suspend the filter cake in 2 M hydrochloric acid. Reflux or heat on a steam bath. Extract with equal volumes of ether (x3). Combine these with the filtrate. The above acid hydrolysis is done in case there are conjugates resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. The recovery of the above using only the alkaline hydrolysis was greater than 89 to 92% with (14)C-labeled material. ... Continue with a liquid /liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture/gas chromatography quantitiation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The injector, column, and (63)Ni electron capture detector temperatures are 220, 195, and 220 °C, respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min. /2,4-D and esters or salts of 2,4-D/|Water: Filter out any particulate matter. Take a 1-l or smaller volume sample. Saturate with sodium chloride. Adjust the pH to < 2 with hydrochloric acid. Extract with acetonitrile (5 x 500 ml). Adjust the saline solution to > pH 13 and extract with diethyl ether (3 x 500 ml). Reacidify to < pH 2 with hydrochloric acid and extract with acetonitrile (5 x 500 ml). Extraction is approximately 99% efficient. ... Continue with a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture/gas chromatography quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The injector, column, and (63)Ni electron capture detector temperatures are 220, 195, and 220 °C; respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min. /2,4-D and esters or salts of 2,4-D/|Mass spectra: intense parent ion (P)= 162; intense P-glyoxal= 220. /SRP: Either can be used for specific ion monitoring/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for 2,4-D, DIMETHYLAMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fat Samples: Dissolve sample in hot ethanol; reflux for 1 hr, and chill. Add 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. Extract with diethyl ether. ... Continue with a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture/gas chromatography quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The injector, column, and (63)Ni electron capture detector temperatures are 220, 195, and 220 °C, respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min.|Metabolites: This is a general method recommended by McLeod and Wales. Reflux 5 g of tissue for 1 hr with 19 ml of benzene and separate the supernatant from particulates by filtration through a medium-porosity fritted glass funnel via negative pressure. Re-extract the particulate matter again with fresh 10 ml (19:1) acetone/benzene. Combine the filtrates and concentrate to 25 ml. Use the low-temperature bath apparatus as laid out by McLeod and Wales. Further characterization of the actual metabolites has not been accomplished. There is much room for further separation technology.|In General: Renberg's method is simple, but not very quantitative (70 to 82% at 1 to 3 ppm). Homogenize 5 g of tissue in (5 ml of hexane + 10 ml of acetone), eg, with an insertable homogenizer in a dropping funnel with a glass filter disc. Drop the liquid into 1 M hydrochloric acid (5 ml) (use N2 pressure if necessary) in a separatory funnel. Homogenize again with 10 ml of hexane + 5 ml of diethyl ether. Transfer the upper phase to the separatory funnel, shake, and transfer the upper phase to a centrifuge tube. Reextract the aqueous phase with 2 ml/2 ml of diethyl ether/hexane (x2). Combine the extracts in the centrifuge tube. Add sodium sulfate (100 to 300 mg) and centrifuge. Transfer the supernatant to a weighed flask, rinse the sodium sulfate with diethyl ether (3 x 2 ml), combine the washings and supernatant, evaporate the solvent, and calculate the fat content. Dissolve the residue in benzene (1 ml/25 mg fat). Take 3 ml of this and add 3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. Shake for 5 min and remove the benzene phase. Continue with one of the following methods: 1) a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture/gas chromatography quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The injector, column, and (63)Ni electron capture detector temperatures are 220, 195, and 220 °C; respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min. 2) an ion exchange clean up in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.|Muscle, Liver, and Kidney: This is based on the method of Clark et al, who achieved 88 to 93% recoveries for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Silvex. Freeze-dry the thawed samples, then homogenize with hot ethanol, and reflux for 1 hr. Filter out the solids and chill the ethanol filtrate in an ice bath. Filter the precipitated fat from the chilled solution. Wash with chilled ethanol. Evaporate the alcohol filtrate. Digest the rest of the solid residue for 2 hr with papain at pH 5.0 and 55 °C. Extract with equal volumes of ether (x3). ... Continue with a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture/gas chromatography quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The injector, column, and (63)Ni electron capture detector temperatures are 220, 195, and 220 °C; respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min. An ion exchange cleanup can be utilized if 3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is added with evaporation of the ether layer to 3 ml.

HERBICIDES