1,4-Dithiane

120.24

120.24

208-007-2

3274B1T5A0

24178

DTXSID3024077

White crystals

2934999090

50.6

0.77

Solid

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

112.3 °C

199.5 °C

82.1±17.4 °C

1.574

3 mg/mL at 25 °C

2-8°C

0.80 mm Hg at 25 deg C[Munro NB et al; Environ Health Perspect 107: 933-974 (1999)]

Henry's Law constant = 4.2X10-5 atm cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.9X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

UN 3335

2

36/37/38

26-36

JO5069000

Xi

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Probably combustible.

P261-P305 + P351 + P338

H315-H319-H335

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SOIL: 1,4-Dithiane was identified, not quantified, in soil samples, sheep wool, and a bomb casing in November 1988, from a region of Iraq near the Turkish and Iranian border(1). 1,4-Dithiane was identified, not quantified, in soil samples from Fort McClellan, Alabama(2).

1,4-Dithiane was identified, not quantified, in storage containers used to store mustard gas(1). The typical concentration of 1,4-dithiane from an old chemical munition containing mustard gas was 3.2%(2).

LD50 Rat oral 2768 mg/kg

1,4-Dithiane's production and use as an organic synthesis reagent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1,4-Dithiane has also been identified as an impurity and thermal decomposition product of mustard gas(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 63(2), indicates that 1,4-dithiane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,4-dithiane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 3,000 mg/l(3). 1,4-Dithiane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). No biodegradation data were located for 1,4-dithiane(SRC,2006); however, its detection in environmental samples long after the release of mustard gas suggests it may persist in the environment(3).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 63(2), indicates that 1,4-dithiane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3,000 mg/l(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 16 hours and 11 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.77(4) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). No biodegradation data were located for 1,4-dithiane(SRC,2006); however, its detection in environmental samples long after the release of mustard gas suggests it may persist in the environment(4).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,4-dithiane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.80 mm Hg at 25 °C (2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dithiane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 10 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dithiane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 10 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,4-Dithiane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 1,4-dithiane (SRC), using a log Kow of 0.77(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc value of 1,4-dithiane was reported as 63(1) in an unspecified soil. According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 1,4-dithiane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-dithiane is estimated as 4.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure of 0.80 mm Hg and water solubility of 3,000 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,4-dithiane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 16 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 11 days(SRC). 1,4-Dithiane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 1,4-Dithiane was identified, not quantified, in groundwater from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado(1), Fort McClellan, Alabama(2), and the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland(3). 1,4-Dithiane was detected in groundwater at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, CO at levels as high as 9 mg/L(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 28 workers (none of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,4-dithiane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,4-dithiane may occur through inhalation or dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC). 1,4-Dithiane is a degradation product of mustard gas, and exposure to this compound may occur for workers at sites were mustard gas has been used or stored(SRC).

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 m1/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Early intubation at the first sign of upper airway obstruction may be necessary. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

1,4-dithiane

1,4-Dithiane: ACTIVE|A common degradation product of HD (purified form of sulfur mustard) that persists in the environment.

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