Bronopol

199.98800

199.99

200-143-0

6PU1E16C9W

0415

141021

3241

DTXSID8024652

White crystalline powder|Crystals from ethyl acetate-chloroform

2905590030

86.28000

-0.13790

2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol appears as white crystals. Ignite easily and burn readily. May detonate under strong shock. Decomposes when heated, evolving toxic gases. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion.

1.1 g/cm³

131.5 °C

358ºC at 760 mmHg

170.3ºC

1.574

H2O: 25 g/100 mL (22 ºC)

Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from

Vapour pressure, Pa at 20°C:

LD50 in mice, rats (mg/kg): 350, 400 orally (Croshaw)

Odorless

Henry's Law constant = 1.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

Stable at room temperature, high temperature, and in sunlight|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (est)

Highly flammable. Water soluble.

Alcohols and Polyols

Highly Flammable

Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. It is also incompatible with sulfhydryl compounds or with aluminum or iron containers (it is stable in contact with tin or stainless steel). (NTP, 1992)

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

III

4.1

UN 3241

2

R21/22; R37/38; R41; R50

S26-S37/39-S61

TY3385000

Xn

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and anhydrides, moisture.

P273-P280-P302 + P352 + P312-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P501

H302 + H312-H315-H318-H335-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.|Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

An aqueous solution of bronopol degrades in the presence of cupric and ferric ions as well as aluminum and tin metals.|Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents.

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Limit: For use only as an antibacterial preservative.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Bronopol (September 1995). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of February 21, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2016)|Flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H302+H312 (20.41%): Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2176 companies from 48 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P350, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P361, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. (ERG, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Combustible.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use water spray to cool unopened containers.|Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide.

Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations ... Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. Contain spillage, pick up with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and transfer to a container for disposal according to local regulations ... .|Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.|Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. (Extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles).

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.|Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.|/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.|/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BRONOPOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

The substance irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

NO open flames. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Oral LD50, dermal LD50, and inhalation LD50 in rat are 180 mg/kg [MSDS], 64-160 mg/kg, and > 5000 mg/m^3 [MSDS] , respectively. In a 90-day dermal toxicity study in rabbits, the NOEL for systemic toxicity was 2 mg/kg/day. In a rat 90-day oral toxicity study, bronopol was associated with a severe gastrointestinal irritation. A chronic feeding or carcinogenicity study with rats resulted in high mortality, stomach lesions, and severe reduction in body weight gain. A reduction in weight gain was also observed in a chronic dermal or carcinogenicity study of mice. Bronopol was not mutagenic in four mutagenicity studies.

LD50 Mouse oral 350 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (female) oral 342 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (male) oral 307 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (male) dermal 64-160 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BRONOPOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No data available.

Bronopol's production and use as a preservative for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC); its use as an agricultural bacteriostat(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bronopol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bronopol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.26X10-5 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 2.5X10+5 mg/L(4). Bronopol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bronopol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.26X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.5X10+5 mg/L(5). Bronopol is stable to hydrolysis under normal environmental conditions. At 20 °C, the hydrolysis half-life was extrapolated to be about 18 years at pH 4, about 1.5 years at pH 6, and approximately 2 months at pH 8(6). Bronopol rapidly photodegrades at pH 4 exhibiting a photolysis half-life of 24 hours in water(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.64(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Bronopol was not biodegraded using a mixed culture sewage sludge test(8); therefore, biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process in the aquatic environment(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bronopol, which has a vapor pressure of 1.26X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bronopol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase bronopol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Bronopol rapidly photodegrades at pH 4 exhibiting a photolysis half-life of 24 hours in water; under natural sunlight, a photolysis half-life of 2 days is expected(3). Therefore, bronopol may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bronopol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Bronopol is stable to hydrolysis under normal environmental conditions. At 20 °C, the hydrolysis half-life was extrapolated to be about 18 years at pH 4, about 1.5 years at pH 6, and approximately 2 months at pH 8. At elevated temperatures (>30 °C) or high pH, rapid hydrolysis may occur producing formaldehyde and to a lesser extent tris(2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol), 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol, and other polymeric and aliphatic nitro compounds(2). Bronopol rapidly photodegrades at pH 4 exhibiting a photolysis half-life of 24 hours in water. Degradation products identified included tris(2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol). Under natural sunlight (assuming 12 hours of light and dark), a half-life of 2 days is expected(2).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for bronopol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.64(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of bronopol can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that bronopol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for bronopol is estimated as 1.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.3X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.5X10+5 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bronopol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(3). Bronopol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of bronopol is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,176 workers (4,904 of these were female) were potentially exposed to bronopol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bronopol may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bronopol is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bronopol via dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing bronopol(SRC).

Bronopol as an active ingredient is registered as a commercial biocide and preservative in many industrial processes. Registered biocidal uses include pulp and paper mills, water cooling towers, waste water treatment, evaporative condensers, heat exchangers, food pasteurizing plants, metalworking fluids, and oilfield applications. In addition, preservative uses include household products (e.g., dishwashing liquids, laundry products), latex emulsions, polymer lattices, pigments, leather and milk samples for analysis. Bronopol is also formulated into granular domestic end-use products in the form of cat litter.

At concentrations of 12.5 to 50 μg/mL, bronopol mediated an inhibitory activity against various strains of Gram negative and positive bacteria _in vitro_. The bactericidal activity is reported to be greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive cocci. Bronopol was also demonstrated to be effective against various fungal species, but the inhibitory action is reported to be minimal compared to that of against bacterial species. The inhibitory activity of bronopol decreases with increasing pH of the media. Bronopol also elicits an anti-protozoal activity, as demonstrated with _Ichthyophthirius multifiliis_ _in vitro_ and _in vivo_. It is proposed that bronopol affects the survival of all free-living stages of _I. multifiliis_.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents.)|Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)|Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499) (See all compounds classified as Indicators and Reagents.)

Bronopol was rapidly absorbed in animal studies. It may be absorbed via aerosol inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion. In rats, approximately 40% of the topically applied dose of bronopol was absorbed through the skin within 24 hr. Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg in rats, the peak plasma concentrations of bronopol were reached up to 2 hours post-dosing.|Metabolism studies indicate that bronopol is primarily excreted in the urine. In rats, about 19% of dermally-applied bronopol was excreted in the urine, feces and expired air. Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg radiolabelled bronopol in rats, approximately 81% and 6% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and expired air, respectively, within a period of 24 hours. Following intravenous administration in rat, the recoveries in the urine and expired air were 74% and 9% of the dose, respectively.|The highest concentrations of bronopol were detected in the excretory organs of rat such as kidney, liver, and lung. The lowest concentration was in the fat.|No data available.|The rat metabolism data for bronopol consist of four separate studies conducted with male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were treated by gavage with (14)C bronopol (radiochemical purity: >95-100%). In the first study animals received a single dose of 10 mg/kg. The second study employed a higher dose of 50 mg/kg. Doses higher the 50 mg/kg caused respiratory problems and death. The third study's dose was 10 mg/kg (14 daily doses of nonradioactive, 100% pure, bronopol, followed by one dose of (14)C-bronopol). Urine, feces and CO2 were collected for 7 days after dosing, at which time the rats were killed and the tissues examined for radioactivity. Because, irrespective of the dose, most of the administered (14)C was excreted in urine (64-78% in 24 hours and 68-83% in 7 days), urine was used for the identification of metabolites in the fourth study. Feces, CO2 and tissues represented minor routes of excretion of (14)C. Very little (14)C was also detected in the whole blood and plasma. From the results of these four studies... /it was/ concluded that bronopol administered orally was rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted by the rats of both sexes, with urine being the major route of excretion.|Oral doses are rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted, mainly in the urine /in animals/.|The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.|Approximately 40% of the topically applied dose of antibacterial agent [(14)C] bronopol([(14)C]BP) was absorbed through the rat skin within 24 hr. Of the applied radioactivity, about 19% was excreted in the urine, feces and expired air. The 24 hr recoveries of (14)C in the urine and expired air were 15 and 2%, respectively, of the dose applied to the skin, and 74 and 9%, respectively, of the dose given intravenously.

Bronopol undergoes degradation in aqueous medium to form bromonitroethanol from a retroaldol reaction with the liberation of an equimolar amount of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a degradation product of bronopol, which may cause sensitization. Bromonitroethanol further decomposes to formaldehyde and bromonitromethane. Bromonitroethanol may also break down to release a nitrite ion and 2-bromoethanol.|Approx. 40% of the topically applied dose of antibacterial agent [(14)C] bronopol([(14)C]BP) was absorbed through the rat skin within 24 hr. Of the applied radioactivity, about 19% was excreted in the urine, feces and expired air. The 24 hr recoveries of (14)C in the urine and expired air were 15 and 2%, respectively, of the dose applied to the skin, and 74 and 9%, respectively, of the dose given intravenously. The TLC of the urines showed three metabolites, but no unchanged [(14)C]BP in both groups. The results suggest that rat skin is quite permeable to bronopol.|Transformation products usually differ in environmental behaviors and toxicological properties from the parent contaminants, and probably cause potential risks to the environment. Toxicity evolution of a labile preservative, bronopol, upon primary aquatic degradation processes was investigated. Bronopol rapidly hydrolyzed in natural waters, and primarily produced more stable 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol (BNE) and bromonitromethane (BNM). Light enhanced degradation of the targeted compounds with water site specific photoactivity. The bond order analysis theoretically revealed that the reversible retroaldol reactions were primary degradation routes for bronopol and BNE. Judging from toxicity assays and the relative pesticide toxicity index, these degradation products (i.e., BNE and BNM), more persistent and higher toxic than the parent, probably accumulated in natural waters and resulted in higher or prolonging adverse impacts. Therefore, these transformation products should be included into the assessment of ecological risks of non-persistent and low toxic chemicals such as the preservative bronopol.|The major metabolite /in animals/ has been identified as 2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.|The only metabolite identified in urine was BTS 23 913 (2-nitropropane-1,3- diol or desbromo-bronopol), accounting for 45-50% of the radioactivity taken for analyses. The remaining radioactivity was not identified (one radioactive peak and radioactivity not resolved into peaks). Unchanged bronopol was not detected.

The half-life of bronopol in the biological systems is not reported in the literature. The half-life value reported for bronopol reflects the environment fate of the compound. When released into the air as vapours, bronopol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals where the half life for this reaction is approximately 11 days. The photolysis half-life is 24 hours in water but may be up to 2 days under natural sunlight.

It is proposed that bronopol generates biocide-induced bacteriostasis followed by a growth at an inhibited rate in bacteria, via two distinct reactions between bronopol and essential thiols within the bacterial cell. Under aerobic conditions, bronopol catalyzes the oxidation of thiol groups, such as cysteine, to disulfides. This reaction is accompanied by rapid consumption of oxygen, where oxygen acts as the final oxidant. During the conversion of cysteine to cystine, radical anion intermediates such as superoxide and peroxide are formed from bronopol to exert a direct bactericidal activity. The oxidation of excess thiols alters the redox state to create anoxic conditions, leading to a second reaction involving the oxidation of intracellular thiols such as glutathione to its disulfide. The resulting effects are inhibition of enzyme function, and reduced growth rate following the bacteriostatic period. Under the anoxic conditions, the reaction between thiol and bronopol decelerates without the involvement of oxygen and the consumption of bronopol predominates. Bronopol is ultimately removed from the reaction via consumption and resumption of bacterial growth occurs.|...Under aerobic conditions, bronopol catalytically oxidizes thiol-containing materials such as cysteine, with atmospheric oxygen as the final oxidant. By-products of this reaction are active oxygen species such as superoxide and peroxide, which are directly responsible for the bactericidal activity of the compound and for the reduced growth rate after the bacteriostatic period.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Irritating materials/|/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Encourage patient to take deep breaths. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Irritating materials/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation at the first sign of upper airway obstruction may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Irritating materials/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A total of 8149 patients were patch tested with the preservative Bronopol in 7 European contact clinics. The majority of patients were investigated in London. Reactivity was low, with a total of 10 irritant (0.12%) and 38 allergic reactions (0.47%). In only 17 cases (0.21%) was the patch test reaction to Bronopol considered to be of current or past clinical relevance. ...Based on these figures, the present sensitization rate to Bronopol in Europe seems to be quite low, which may be related to its less frequent use as a preservative in cosmetics and medicaments in comparison to parabens or isothiazolinones.|/CASE REPORTS/ Six cases of contact allergy to bronopol are described (5 females, 1 male; mean age, 60.8 years). Four patients suffered from stasis dermatitis of the lower leg. The cause of sensitization has been traced to bronopol-containing ointments in 5 of 6 cases. For patch testing 0.25% bronopol in petrolatum is recommended. One-third of the patients were also sensitized to formaldehyde, which is a degradation product of bronopol.|/CASE REPORTS/ Two cases of allergic dermatitis caused by occupational exposure to cosmetic creams were summarized. Two males, 25 and 54 years old, who were employed as perfume and cosmetic component formulators at a Polish cosmetics factory were evaluated for hand and arm dermatitis. The patients reported that their dermatitis tended to clear during short absences from work and on holidays. The 25 year old patient reported that a soap that he used during a holiday exacerbated his symptoms. The patients were patch tested with the Polish standard allergen series, a preservative series, workplace allergens, and Bronopol, a commercial preparation containing bromonitropropanediol. ... Both patients reported that their jobs involved weighing 36 grams to 0.1 kilogram Bronopol daily. Their dermatitis developed a few weeks after Bronopol from a new supplier was introduced. The patients changed to jobs that did not involve contact with cosmetic components. Their dermatoses cleared and had not recurred when examined 6 and 9 months later.|/CASE REPORTS/ A case of allergic contact dermatitis in a veterinary surgeon was described. A 35 year old male veterinary surgeon developed a painful erythematous swelling on his left arm extending from the fingers to the mid upper arm. He stated that he had abraded his arm at work 2 weeks previously. Because he was employed as an equine gynecologist the cause of the inflammation was thought to be cellulitis. He was treated with oral penicillin and flucloxacillin and his arm was elevated in a sling. With his left arm immobilized he had to use his right arm at work. He returned 4 days later with the erythematous swelling now present on the right arm. The swelling on both arms was treated as contact dermatitis with corticosteroids and emollients. Further inquiry about his occupation revealed that he practiced as a specialist stud farm veterinarian and he spent much of his time performing ultrasonic examinations through the rectum of thoroughbred mares to assess the state of the ovaries and pregnancy. This required a full arm rectal examination. Shortly before his left arm became swollen, he had started using a new lubricant jelly, Vet-Lubrigel. He was advised to use an alternative lubricant. His arms improved rapidly after he switched to the new lubricant. Subsequent patch testing showed that he was allergic to both Vet-Lubrigel and its preservative Bronopol.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers are widely used preservatives and represent an important group of skin sensitizers. Formaldehyde is very often suspected to be the sensitizing agent of formaldehyde-releasers; however, many reported clinical cases of contact allergy to these molecules such as bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) indicate negative skin reactions to formaldehyde suggesting a more complex mechanism. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical reactivity and biological activity of formaldehyde with those of two formaldehyde releasers: 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. A key step in the sensitization to chemicals is the formation of the hapten-protein antigenic complex via covalent binding between the chemical sensitizer and amino acids in proteins. The chemical reactivity of the three compounds was thus addressed using (13)C NMR analysis of adduct formation upon incubation with a set of nucleophilic amino acids. The biological activity was measured in two in vitro models based on dendritic cells and a monocytic cell line (CD34-DC and THP-1 model) through monitoring of a panel of biomarkers. The results obtained show that 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol produces low amount of free formaldehyde in physiological buffers but that its degradation generates various molecules including 2-bromoethanol. In addition, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol also generates adducts with amino acids, not observed with formaldehyde alone, that could be explained by the reactivity of 2-bromoethanol. In parallel, in a cellular approach using the human monocytic THP-1 cell line, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol activates THP-1 cells at concentrations that are not correlated to simple formaldehyde release. This observation is confirmed in the more physiological model CD34-DC. Moreover, in the THP-1 model, the expression profiles of several biomarkers are specific to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. Finally, the use in the cellular model of the pure degradation products identified by NMR reveals the reactivity of bromonitromethane. In contrast, 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin presents chemical and biological reactivities similar to those of formaldehyde. Taken together, these data suggest that 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol is an atypical formaldehyde releaser, releasing low amounts of formaldehyde at physiological conditions but producing multiple degradation products among which 2-bromoethanol and bromonitromethane are potential candidates for explaining the specific allergic reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Stinging sensation. Pain. Burns.

Trade name: Onyxide 500|Formulation types registered: pelleted/tableted, crystalline, soluble concentrate/liquid, soluble concentrate/solid.|Tradename: Bronotak|Powder for dry application.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for BRONOPOL (49 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-: ACTIVE|The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies bronopol (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: bacteriostat (soil).

Agrochemicals -> Bactericides, Fungicides|Cosmetics -> Preservative