Maltitol

344.31200

344.31

209-567-0

D65DG142WK

DTXSID0044444

White powder

2932999099

200.53000

-5.2

DryPowder; Liquid

1.69 g/cm3

145 °C

788.5ºC at 760 mmHg

430.7ºC

105 ° (C=10, H2O)

In water, 1.0X10+6 mg/L /miscible/ at 25 deg C (est)

2-8ºC

4.82X10-16 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

[α]D/20 + 105,5° to + 108,5° (5 % w/v solution)

Neutral

Sweet

Henry's Law constant = 4.2X10-21 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Water content: 2% (max); weakly hygroscopic in the solid state

NONH for all modes of transport

3

S24/25

LZ4394000

Maltitol has good thermal and chemical stability.

P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H315

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Food labeling. Health claims: dietary noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries. ... Eligible noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners are the sugar alcohols xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, and erythritol, or a combination of these.

Not Classified

Use a NIOSH-approved respirator, if it is determined to be necessary by an industrial hygiene survey involving air monitoring. In the event that a respirator is not required, an approved dust mask should be used.|Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation are recommended.

Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam as appropriate for surrounding fire and materials.|This material is assumed to be combustible. As with all dry powders, it is advisable to ground mechanical equipment in contact with dry material to dissipate the potential buildup of static electricity.

Wear approved respiratory protection, chemically compatible gloves, and protective clothing. Wipe up spillage or collect spillage using a high-efficiency vacuum cleaner. Avoid breathing dust. Place spillage in appropriately labeled container for disposal. Wash spill site.

As with all fires, evacuate personnel to a safe area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing equipment and protective clothing.|As a general rule, when handling USP Reference Standards, avoid all contact and inhalation of dust, mists, and/or vapors associated with the material. Wash thoroughly after handling.|/Wear/ chemically compatible gloves /and/ safety glasses or goggles. Protect exposed skin.

The effects of maltitol and mannitol on the /gastrointestinal/ absorption of acetaminophen, sulfisoxazole and riboflavin in mice were investigated in a controlled double-blind fashion. Oral maltitol or mannitol was administered to 6 mice and 2 hr after ingestion the blood levels of the 3 drugs were found to be lower than in the controls, and drug absorption was inhibited. It was suggested that these results were caused by the action of maltitol and mannitol which accelerated small intestine motility, secretion and vascular permeability in the intestinal membrane. These changes may be mediated by biogenic amine, serotonin, histamine and polyamines in the small intestine.|To estimate the suppressive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on transitory diarrhea induced by ingestion of a sufficient amount of maltitol or lactitol in female subjects. The first, the minimal dose level of maltitol and lactitol that would induce transitory diarrhea was estimated separately for each subject. Individual subject was administered a dose that increased by 5 g stepwise from 10 to 45 g until diarrhea was experienced. Thereafter, the suppressive effect on diarrhea was observed after each subject ingested a mixture of 5 g of PHGG and the minimal dose level of maltitol or lactitol. Thirty-four normal female subjects (21.3+/-0.9 years; 49.5+/-5.3 kg). Incidence of diarrhea caused by the ingestion of maltitol or lactitol and the ratio of suppression achieved by adding PHGG for diarrhea. The ingestion of amounts up to 45 g of maltitol, diarrhea caused in 29 of 34 subjects (85.3%), whereas the ingestion of lactitol caused diarrhea in 100%. The diarrhea owing to maltitol was improved in 10 of 28 subjects by the addition of 5 g of PHGG to minimal dose-induced diarrhea, and that owing to lactitol was in seven of 19 subjects. Adding 10 g of PHGG strongly suppressed the diarrhea caused by maltitol, and the cumulative ratio was 82.1% (23/28). The transitory diarrhea caused by the ingestion of maltitol or lactitol was clearly suppressed by the addition of PHGG. These results strongly suggest that diarrhea caused by the ingestion of a sufficient amount of non-digestible sugar substitute can be suppressed by the addition of dietary fiber.|The enhancing effects of maltitol (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,4-sorbitol) on absorption of calcium by the rat intestine have been studied by use of [(45)Ca]CaCl2 in-vivo. After intragastric administration of [(45)Ca]CaCl2 solution with maltitol, plasma (45)Ca concentration remained at the maximum level for more than 80 min, whereas for animals given [(45)Ca]CaCl2 solution without maltitol, plasma (45)Ca concentration declined sharply after the peak. Determination of (45)Ca radioactivity remaining in the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract revealed that administration of maltitol elicited slower gastric emptying and slower intestinal transit, resulting in extensive (45)Ca distribution along the small intestine throughout the experimental period. The luminal contents of the small intestine were significantly higher in rats given maltitol than in the control group. These results suggest that the enhancing action of maltitol on intestinal calcium absorption could be attributed to reduced gastrointestinal calcium transit and increased luminal fluid content, presumably because of the osmotic activity of maltitol; this would not only accelerate the dissolution of calcium into the increased luminal contents, but also enable a larger area of the small intestine to absorb calcium for a longer period of time.|Dental caries and periodontal disease are wide-spread oral illnesses whose etiology is intimately associated with the consumption of carbohydrate sweeteners. ...Human clinical trials and several animal experiments have shown promising clinical results obtained by replacing sucrose with certain sugar alcohols (polyols). Among the sugar alcohols, the best results so far have been obtained with xylitol, which is chemically a pentitol containing five carbon atoms. Chewing gums containing xylitol have been shown to be strong instruments against caries in caries-active age-groups and in high-risk subjects. More research is needed to assess the ability of mixtures of xylitol with sorbitol, palatinit, maltitol, other sugar alcohols, and intense sweeteners to prevent oral plaque diseases. Although thorough clinical trials on the relationship between carbohydrate sweeteners and periodontal diseases have not been performed, the available data indicate that dietary polyols may have a restricted dampening effect on periodontal and gingival inflammations.

Maltitol's production and use as an artificial sweetener(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 69(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that maltitol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of maltitol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-21 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Maltitol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.82X10-16 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 69(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that maltitol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.2X10-21 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -5.61(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2011).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), maltitol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-16 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase maltitol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Maltitol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Maltitol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Maltitol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for maltitol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -5.61(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of maltitol can be estimated to be 69(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that maltitol is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for maltitol is estimated as 4.2X10-21 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that maltitol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Maltitol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-16 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Occupational exposure to maltitol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where maltitol is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to maltitol via ingestion of and dermal contact with consumer products containing maltitol. (SRC)

Sugar Alcohols; Maltose/analogs & derivatives; Sweetening Agents

Chemical changes in the blood induced by maltitol were compared with those induced by glucose in both healthy people and patients with several disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose levels of healthy subjects were determined after the administration of glucose (12.5, 25, or 50 g) or maltitol (50 g). Based on the glucose absorption curve, 38% of the maltitol that was orally administered was absorbed through the intestinal tract, but the absorption of maltitol was more delayed than that of glucose.|Pieces of New Zealand rabbit small intestine were everted and incubated with 100 mM substrate (maltitol, sucrose, or glucose). After removal at different times (20, 40, or 60 min.) of incubation, the volume of serosal fluid and the dry mass of the gut pieces were determined. Maltitol was hydrolyzed, and the hydrolysis products were absorbed by the everted sacs. No maltitol was detected in the serosal fluid. The serosal glucose concentration increased at a slower rate after incubation with maltitol than after incubation with glucose or sucrose. The rate of hydrolysis and absorption decreased with the longer time of incubation.|In an in vitro study of (14)C-U-maltitol in everted intestinal sacs, the highest transport of (14)C-maltitol was displayed in the jejunum, followed by the ileum and duodenum. Twenty-four hr after oral administration of (14)C-U-maltitol, 60% of the radioactivity was detected in the cecum, large intestine, and feces. Five percent was excreted in the urine and 1.2% was expired as CO2 within 24 hr. When (14)C-U-maltitol was injected i.v., over 35, 60, and 85% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine within 1, 3, and 24 hr, respectively.|Two male beagle dogs were given maltitol-U-(14)C (51.2 uCi) by stomach tube. Blood samples were collected until 32 hr after dosing. The peak radiolabel concentration in plasma was 2 hr after maltitol administration (304 and 263 ug/mL, expressed as maltitol equivalent in the 2 dogs). The radioactivity present in the urine after 48 hr was 7.8 and 3.8% of the administered dose in the 2 animals.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Maltitol (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The metabolism of maltitol (4-alpha-D-glucosylsorbitol) was assessed in fasting conventional (C) rats, C mice and germ-free (GF) mice, using [U-14C]maltitol. The radiorespirometric patterns of (14)CO2 collected for 48 hr after the administration of labelled maltitol were characterized by a constant rate of (14)CO2 production lasting 4 hr for both C rats and mice. The pattern for the GF mice showed a peak at the second hour followed immediately by a slow decrease. The percentage recovery of (14)CO2 was significantly lower for the GF mice (59%) compared with C animals (72-74%). Urine, feces and intestinal contents after 48 hr totalled 19% of the administered radioactivity in the C rats and mice and 39% in the GF mice. The digestibility of maltitol and the absorption of sorbitol in GF mice was also assessed. The cecum and small intestine of GF mice, 3 hr after administration of equimolar quantities of maltitol (140 mg/kg body-weight) or sorbitol (70 mg/kg body-weight), contained 39 and 51% of the ingested dose respectively, present mostly in the cecum as sorbitol. The alpha-glucosidase (maltase) activity of the small intestine was appreciably higher (1.5-1.7 times) in the GF mice than in the C mice. These results suggest that the enzymic activities in the small intestine of mice and rats are sufficient to hydrolyse maltitol extensively. Consequently, the slow absorption of sorbitol seems to be an important factor limiting the overall assimilation of maltitol in the small intestine.|Conventional (CV) rats were given a single oral dose of 1 or 2 g maltitol. Urine and faeces were collected during the following 24 hr and their contents of maltitol and sorbitol were measured. Very little of either substance appeared in the faeces but appreciable amounts of sorbitol found in the urine indicated that the maltitol had been hydrolysed. Excretion of maltitol and sorbitol was compared in germ-free and CV rats given an oral dose of 2 g maltitol. Significantly less of both substances was recovered in the faeces of CV rats, but urinary excretion was similar in both environments. Maltitol injected intravenously gave rise to only traces of sorbitol in the excreta. A dose of 250 mg was cleared almost completely from the circulation within 1 hr. It is concluded that maltitol is hydrolysed by animal tissues, either in the gut lumen before absorption or in the gut wall during absorption. Maltitol and sorbitol are also degraded by gut bacteria, mostly in sites distal to the main absorptive area. The contribution to the host's nutrition would depend on the extent to which the end-products of fermentation are absorbed from the colon.|Weanling Wistar rats placed on diets containing 13 or 26% maltitol for 9 weeks had reduced body-weight gains and increased intestinal weights as compared with controls. Enzymatic tests in dosed rats indicated that the alpha-glycosidic linkage of maltitol was not hydrolysed with pancreatic enzymes or enzymes of the intestinal mucosa. Maltitol dehydrogenase was not observed in liver-cell cytoplasm and prolonged maltitol administration did not induce hepatic sorbitol dehydrogenase.

... Reports from authoritative bodies and reviews indicates that the decrease in pH in plaque as a consequence of metabolic acid production by saccharolytic bacteria when exposed to fermentable carbohydrates (i.e. sugars and starches) may promote demineralization and prevent remineralization of the hydroxyapatite crystals. Tooth hydroxyapatite crystals are very resistant to dissolution at neutral pH, but their solubility drastically increases as pH drops. Typically, the critical pH for dental enamel is around 5.5. ... Demineralization of tooth tissues can also occur as a result of consumption of dietary acids in foods or beverages, and that frequent consumption can lead to dental erosion. Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose are slowly metabolized by bacteria in the mouth. The rate and amount of acid production from these food constituents is significantly less than that from sucrose. ... Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose do not promote dental caries because they do not lower plaque pH to the level associated with enamel demineralization. ... A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of sugar-containing foods/drinks at an exposure frequency of four times daily or more and an increased tooth demineralization, and that the consumption of foods/drinks containing xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose, instead of sugar in sugar-containing foods/drinks, may maintain tooth mineralization by decreasing tooth demineralization compared with sugar-containing foods, provided that such foods/drinks do not lead to dental erosion.|The food constituents xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose resulted in reduced post-prandial blood glucose (or insulinemic) responses compared with sugars on a weight by weight basis owing to their reduced/delayed digestion/absorption and/or to a decrease in the amount of available carbohydrates, and that the consumption of foods/drinks in which xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose replaced sugars induced lower post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses than sugar-containing foods/drinks. ... A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of foods/drinks containing xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose instead of sugar and reduction in post-prandial blood glucose responses (without disproportionally increasing post-prandial insulinemic responses) as compared to sugar-containing foods/drinks.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ To estimate the clinical effect of the maltitol chewing gums in plaque control. Thirty 13-15 years old susceptible adolescent were divided into three groups randomly, group A (maltitol chewing gums), group B (xylitol chewing gums) and group C (gum base chewing gums). Subjects chewed gums 5 times each day, 10 min each time. At baseline and at 4-week, subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. Four weeks later, plaque index of the three groups continuously step down. Significant difference was observed between baseline and 4-week (P = 0.000, 0.000, 0.006). Four weeks later, there was statistically significant difference in clearance rate of plaque among the three groups (P = 0.015). There was still no statistically significant difference between group A and group B (P = 0.687), but they were both different from C group(P = 0.019, 0.007). Maltitol chewing gum can lead to similar effect on reduction of plaque as xylitol chewing gum.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Four healthy men (21-23 years of age) were given daily doses of 10 g maltitol containing 79.65 uCi (14)C-U-maltitol for a period of 7 days. Expired breath, blood, urine, and feces were collected. An average of 17% of the total (14)CO2 recovered was exhaled within the first 2 hours, and 43% of the total (14)CO2 was exhaled within 4 hours. The total recovery of (14)CO2 suggests a caloric utilization of maltitol in man of approximately 90%. This value is substantiated by the low radioactivity levels found in the feces (5%) and by the presence of appreciable quantities of radioactive metabolites in the blood and urine 7 days after administration.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Daily amounts of 35 g maltitol were given with meals for a period of 10 days to 4 subjects aged 34-53 years. Subjective signs (flatulence, gripes, and nausea) and fecal parameters (amount, frequency, pH, and content of maltitol) were compared with data from a control period without maltitol application. During the 10-day test period, there were no significant alterations of frequency and amount of feces or of the pH. No maltitol was detected in the excreta by thin-layer chromatography.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two healthy volunteers (aged 30 and 35 years) each received a test meal of 69.5 g maltitol on an empty stomach. Twenty minutes after oral administration, blood glucose concentrations had increased by 20 and 30 mg/dL, respectively. They remained at this level for 2 hours and started to normalize 3 hours after maltitol application. At that time, the 2 individuals suffered from diarrhea (2 and 3.5 hours, respectively).|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Maltitol (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

maltitol

Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing|D-Glucitol, 4-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-: ACTIVE|PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.|Table of percent relative sweetness and caloric values: [Table#7908]|The relative sweetness of maltitol is generally given as 0.65, although values up to 0.9 are encountered in chocolates.

Food additives|Food Additives -> BULKING_AGENT; HUMECTANT; STABILIZER; SWEETENER; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Humectant; Masking; Moisturising; Skin conditioning

Food Additives -> BULKING_AGENT; HUMECTANT; STABILIZER; SWEETENER;