Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine

204.52500

204.53

66WBM7N0NM

30211

2810

DTXSID7048744

C962

Mobile liquid|Pale yellow

2921195000

3.24000

2.00480

Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is a liquid with faint odor of fish and soap, no odor when pure. Used as a delayed-action casualty military agent.

1.2347 g/cm³ @ Temp: 4 °C

-4 °C

144 °C @ Press: 15 Torr

48.3ºC

Index of refraction: 1.4925 @ 25 °C/D

In water, 160 mg/liter @ 25 deg C[Munro NB et al; Environ Health Perspect 107: 933-974 (1999)] Full text: PMC1566810

I

6.1(a)

UN 2810

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

DHHS/ATSDR; Medical Management Guidelines for Blister Agents: Nitrogen Mustard (HN-1), Nitrogen Mustard (HN-2), Nitrogen Mustard (HN-3) (updated: 8/22/2003) Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg164.html as of November 26, 2003.

When heated to decomposition, it emits chloride and nitrogen oxides. No action on metals or other materials if material is kept dry. Avoid decomposing heat. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. (ERG, 2016)|HN-3 is combustible.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Avoid inhalation and skin contact. (Non-Specific -- Poisonous Liquid, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|...Personal protective equipment /should be/ worn. /Chloroethylamines/|Never use without appropriate gas mask.|Respiratory Protection: Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to any amount of nitrogen mustard. Skin/Ocular Protection: Personal protective equipment (PPE) and butyl rubber chemical protective gloves are recommended at all times when these chemicals are suspected to be involved. /Nitrogen mustards/|GENERAL INFORMATION: First Responders should use a NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with a Level A protective suit when entering an area with an unknown contaminant or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown. Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant.NOTE:Safe use of protective clothing and equipment requires specific skills developed through training and experience.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|... High standards of maintenance, good housekeeping and cleanliness should be observed in the work premises. Personal hygiene should be emphasized ... Even if not expressly mentioned in actual official carcinogen lists, analogous safety and health measures and regulations can be recommended for chloroethylamines as for the carcinogens listed. /Chloroethylamines/

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /HN-3 (when used as a weapon)/:|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /HN-3/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /HN-3/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /HN-3/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nitrogen mustards are vesicants causing skin, eye, and respiratory tract injury. /Nitrogen mustards/

HN-3 is a suspected carcinogen, developmental toxin, and reproductive toxin. Chronic or repeated exposure to HN-3 may cause bone marrow suppression, lymph node damage, weakening of the immune system, kidney damage, and reproductive system damage.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Based on the recent pathognomic accomplishment in the mechanisms of toxic actions, the favorable degree of protection was achieved by several drugs in acute poisoning of rats with sulfur and nitrogen mustards. It has been established that dexamethasone, promethazine, vitamin E, heparin, and sodium thiosulfate (a) prolonged the survival time in animals poisoned by 3 LD50s of toxic agents, (b) diminished the lethalty (with the protective indices ranging from 1.5 to 2.7), (c) antagonized the decrease of body weight, and (d) lessened the degree of pathological organ changes. The simultaneous administration of two or three of the drugs mentioned, of which sodium thiosulfate as chemical inactivator of the toxic agents was basic and consonant component, led to the further increase in effectiveness. /Nitrogen mustards/

LCt50 (the product of concentration times time that is lethal to 50% of the exposed population by inhalation) approximately 1,500 mg.min/cu m|The median incapacitating dose for the eyes is 200 mg/min/cu m

LD50 Mouse dermal 7 mg/kg|LD50 Rat dermal 4.9 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal 19 mg/kg|LD50 Dog dermal 1 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is not known to occur in nature(1).

Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was produced in limited quantities as a antineoplastic agent in Europe and as a fixing agent in textile dyes. This may have resulted in its release to the environment during production through various waste streams(1). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine does not appear to be currently used as an antineoplastic agent in the United States(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 672(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(4) and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral or alkaline conditions, but the protonated form will be present under acidic conditions. The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to adsorb to soil surfaces more strongly than the neutral species(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(3). The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from moist soil surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was reported to hydrolyze slowly for a nitrogen mustard(5,6), but under alkaline conditions approximately 90-95% degradation was observed after 24 hours(5). Therefore, hydrolysis will be an important environmental fate process in moist soil surfaces.|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 672(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3)and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species in aquatic systems, however under acidic conditions the protonated form may also be present. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 46 hours and 26 days, respectively(SRC). The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from water surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was reported to hydrolyze slowly for a nitrogen mustard(5,6), but under alkaline conditions approximately 90-95% degradation was observed after 24 hours(5). Therefore, hydrolysis will be an important environmental fate process in water. According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 11(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.27(8) and a regression-derived equation(9) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Furthermore, hydrolysis should preclude the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.011 mm Hg at 25 °C(2),is expected to exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of approximately 1.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At normal temperatures and an unknown pH, tris(2-chloroethyl)amine was reported to hydrolyze slowly for a nitrogen mustard(2,3), but under alkaline conditions approximately 90-95% degradation was observed after 24 hours(2). After 20 hours the principal product of hydrolysis is 2-oxyethyl-di(2-chloroethyl)amine(2). After 72 hours further products of hydrolysis are di-(2-oxyethyl)-2-chloroethylamine and tri-(2-oxyethyl)-amine(2).

An estimated BCF of 11 was calculated for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Furthermore, hydrolysis should preclude the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine can be estimated to be 672(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have low mobility in soil. Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3) and is expected to exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral to alkaline conditions, but under acidic conditions the protonated form may also exist. Protonated tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than the neutral species(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is estimated as 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.011 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral species of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 47 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 26 days(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 4.64(3) and will exist primarily as the neutral species under neutral to basic conditions, but the protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine, may also be present under acidic environments. The protonated form of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces(SRC). Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

The nitrogen mustards (including tris(2-chloroethyl)amine) are not manufactured in significant commercial quantities in the United States(1). Although some nitrogen mustards have been used as antineoplastic agents, tris(2-chloroethyl)amine does not appear to be used for this purpose(SRC). Due to the high toxicity of this compound, strict safeguards are employed to control the release of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine. Therefore, the general population will not be exposed to this compound and occupational exposure via dermal and inhalation routes are not expected(1).

Alkylating Agents|As antineoplastic /Hydrochloride/|Tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine has been tested for use in the treatment of neoplastic diseases and arthritis. /Hydrochloride/

Vesicant, necrotizing irritant

Absorption may occur after skin or eye exposure to liquid or vapor nitrogen mustard and may cause systemic toxicity. .../Nitrogen mustards/ ...are highly reactive and combine rapidly with proteins, DNA, or other molecules. Therefore, within minutes following exposure intact mustard or its reactive metabolites are not found in tissue or biological fluids. /Nitrogen mustards/|This material is... readily absorbed through the skin... .

... The chloroethylamines (or metabolites) react readily with important groups of proteins and nucleic acids. They transfer alkyl groups to essential cell constituents by combining with amino, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and phosphate groups ... The alkylation of DNA and, more specifically, guanine, results in the formation of single strand breaks or interstrand crosslinks and, ultimately, in an inhibition of DNA synthesis. A marked decr of the RNA chain length in both nucleoplasm and nucleolus of some cells ... under the influence of nitrogen mustard has been proved. Lesions can be produced which affect base pairing during DNA replication and cause permanent genetic alterations or tumor initiation. /Chloroethylamines/|...Tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine causes cross-links in membrane proteins and hemoglobin in human erythrocytes in vitro, and it also alkylates nucleic acids in vitro.

Most toxic of the nitrogen mustards. The median lethal dose for inhalation is 1,500 mg-min/m3; for skin absorption (masked personnel) is 10,000 mg-min/m3. The medium incapacitating dose for eye injury is 200 mg-min/m3; for skin absorption is 2,500 mg-min/m3. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is a strong irritant. Direct contact may result in severe dermal or corneal burns. Effects may be delayed. Signs and Symptoms of Tris(2-Chloroethyl)amine Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)amine may include strong irritation or burning of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Blisters, local phlebitis (irritation of a vein) and erythema (redness of the skin) may be noted. It may cause nausea, vomiting, and severe esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation if ingested. Bronchopneumonia, suppression of bone marrow activity, and hearing loss are possible longer term symptoms. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)amine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)amine. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Rush to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)amine. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. Speed in removing material from the eyes is of extreme importance. 5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. Speed in removing material from the skin is of extreme importance. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Rush to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. 5. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)|GENERAL INFORMATION: Nitrogen mustards are extremely toxic and may damage the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract and suppress the immune system. Although these agents cause cellular changes within minutes of contact, the onset of pain and other symptoms is delayed. Thus, patients/victims arriving immediately from the scene of nitrogen mustard exposure are not likely to have signs and symptoms. The sooner after exposure that symptoms occur, the more likely they are to progress and become severe.

Decontamination within 1 or 2 minutes following exposure is the only effective means for decreasing tissue damage. Later decontamination is not likely to improve the victim's condition but will protect other personnel from exposure. ...The eyes and skin must be decontaminated within 1 or 2 minutes after exposure to reduce tissue damage. Flush the eyes immediately with water for about 5-10 min by tilting the head to the side, pulling eyelids apart with fingers, and pouring water slowly into eyes. Do not cover eyes with bandages. If exposure to liquid agent is suspected, cut and remove all clothing and wash skin immediately with soap and water. If shower areas are available, showering with water alone will be adequate. However, in those cases where water is in short supply, and showers are not available, an alternative form of decontamination is to use 05% sodium hypochlorite solution or absorbent powders such as fluor, talcum powder, or Fuller's earth. If exposure to vapor only is certain, remove outer clothing and wash exposed areas with soap and water or 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Place contaminated clothes and personal belongings in a seal double bag. In cases of ingestion, DO NOT INDUCE EMESIS. There is no evidence that administration of activated charcoal is beneficial. ...If the victim is alert and able to swallow, give 4 to 8 ounces of milk or water to drink. /Nitrogen mustards/|There is no antidote for nitrogen mustard toxicity. Medical treatment is supportive. /Nitrogen mustards/|There are no specific antidotes for ocular mustard poisoning. Treatment consists of copious irrigation, followed by antibiotics, and topical atropine until the inflammation subsides and the corneal epithelium is intact. /Mustard and Nitrogen Mustard/|Atropine subcutaneously ... may be useful in reducing gastrointestinal activity. Discomfort and restlessness may be treated with sedatives, but may also be a manifestation of hypovolemic shock from severe systemic injury. If severe systemic poisoning is present (vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, hemoconcentration, shock), maintain adequate nutritional status and replace loss of fluid and electrolytes. Monitor leukocytes and hemoglobin. For significant drops in the leukocyte count, isolation and appropriate antibiotics may be necessary. Sodium thiosulfate intravenously ... if given within 20 to 30 minutes of exposure may prevent or reduce damage from mustard. ... /Nitrogen mustard/|Mild respiratory tract injury with hoarseness and sore throat only usually requires no treatment. Cough may be relieved by codeine-containing cough syrups. Laryngitis and tracheitis may be treated symptomatically with steam or sterile cool mist inhalations. For more severe respiratory tract injury, hospitalize. Treat chemical pneumonitis initially with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Perform culture and sensitivity studies on sputum. Use appropriate specific antibiotics. Severely affected patients may need assisted ventilation and oxygen enriched air. Simple mouthwashes can be used for the oropharynx. /Nitrogen mustard/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In contact with the skin and eye, the nitrogen mustards are severely vesicant and damaging, their action being similar to that of the sulfur variety of mustard gas but with more immediately effect and deeper injury. Accidental burns of human skin leading to deep and slow-to-heal ulcers, and accidental corneal damage, including the injury of iris and lens, have been reported. Industrially, irritation of the eyes, nose, skin and respiratory system occurs following exposure to vapor. Delayed pulmonary edema following accidental vapor exposure has been observed. /Chloroethylamines/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ It has been observed that workers briefly exposed to nitrogen mustard in concentrations estimated to be between 10 and 100 ppm became severely ill with nausea, vomiting and dilated pupils. In normal human volunteers single oral doses of some mg resulted in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Large doses produce neurotoxic effects such as prolonged tremor, uncoordinated movements, ataxia, derangement of positional reflexes, and convulsions. /Chloroethylamines/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ During the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988), a group of patients exposed to mustard gas (one of the chemical warfare agents used by Iraq) were referred to our dermatology department. ... A group of patients, including 14 children and teenagers, exposed to mustard gas were studied. Laboratory tests including blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine analysis, etc., were determined. Among the most frequent disorders were facial involvement (78%), which dominated the clinical picture, followed by genital (42%), truncal, and axillary lesions (both 14%). Eosinophilia was the most prominent laboratory disorder seen in 12% of the patients. Skin lesions started 4-18 hours after exposure. Erythema developed within 20-30 hours after exposure, followed by blisters. The time of onset of manifestations had been shorter and severity of the lesions higher in children and teenagers compared with adults. Both phenomena could be attributed to the more delicate skin of the young patients. Genital manifestations were less frequent in this subgroup while ophthalmic, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal lesions were more frequently encountered in children than in adults. /Unspecified mustard gas/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure to nitrogen mustard vapor or liquid may cause intense conjunctival and scleral inflammation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, photophobia, and corneal damage. High concentrations can cause burns and blindness. Direct skin exposure to nitrogen mustards causes erythema and blistering. Generally, a rash will develop within several hours, followed by blistering within 6-12 hours. Prolonged contact, or short contact with large amounts, may result in second- and third- degree chemical burns. ...Chronic respiratory and eye conditions may persist following exposure to large amounts of nitrogen mustards. /Nitrogen mustards/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2,2',2''-trichloroethylamine

HN-3 can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Tender skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes) and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of this agent.

Mild (onset within 2 to 24 hours): Runny nose (rhinorrhea), sneezing, nosebleed (epistaxis), hoarseness progressing to “toneless” voice, barking cough, loss of taste and smell, wheezing and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea) in smokers and asthmatics, and nasal and sinus pain (occurring later).

Tender skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of nitrogen mustard.

Mild (onset within 4 to 12 hours): Tear production (lacrimation), irritation, itching, burning, spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), dryness or gritty feeling, and possible pinpoint pupils (miosis).

Trillekamin /Hydrochloride/

Ethanamine, 2-chloro-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-: ACTIVE|Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine is listed as a Schedule 1 chemical.

An excellent reagent for detection and quantitative estimation of the mustards is p-nitrobenzylpyridine. On treatment of the reaction product with alkali a blue color appears, which detects as little as 0.1 ug of mustard. /Mustards/

Blister Agents -> NIOSH Emergency Response Categories