Antimony

121.76000

120.90400

270-130-2

0775

2871|1549|3141

DTXSID5023879

Silver metal; hexagonal (gray antimony); black amorphous solid (black antimony)|Silver-white, lustrous, hard, brittle metal; scale-like crystalline structure or dark gray, lustrous powder|Hexagonal (rhombohedral) crystals|Silvery or gray, lustrous metalloid|For more Color/Form (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

81101000

0

0.00000

Antimony powder appears as a silvery or gray solid in the form of dust. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Toxic by inhalation and by ingestion. May burn and emit toxic fumes if heated or exposed to flames. Used to make electric storage batteries and semiconductors.

6.684 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

630 °C

1635 °C

1380ºC

H2O: INsoluble

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Air sensitive. Moisture sensitive. Handle and store under inert gas. Keep in a dry place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.

0 mmHg (approx)

LD50 in rats, guinea pigs (mg Sb/100 g): 10.0, 15.0 i.p. (Bradley, Fredrick)

Noncombustible Solid in bulk form, but a moderate explosion hazard in the form of dust when exposed to flame.

Electrolysis of acid sulfides and stirred Sb halide yields explosive Sb.

Metal is not found alone ... Valence 0, -3, +3 or +5|Not affected by cold dilute acids; attacked by hot concentrat6ed sulfuric acid; readily by aqua regia|When finely divided reacts with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid|2 naturally occurring isotopes: 121 (57.25%); 123 (42.75%); artificial radioactive isotopes: 112-120; 122; 124-135|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble in water.

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

Strong Reducing Agent

ANTIMONY is spontaneously flammable in fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. With iodine, the reaction produces heat, which can cause flame or even an explosion if the quantities are great enough [Mellor 9:379 1946-47]. Even at 10° C. bromine trifluoride reacts with antimony incandescently. Bromine trifluoride reacts similarly with arsenic, boron, bromine, iodine, phosphorus, and sulfur [Mellor 2:113 1946-47]. Bromoazide explodes on contact with antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, silver foil, or sodium. It is very shock sensitive. Explosions of chloric acid have been due to the formation of unstable compounds with antimony, bismuth, ammonia, and organic matter [Chem. Abst. 46:2805e 1952]. The reaction of finely divided antimony and nitric acid can be violent [Pascal 10:504 1931-34]. Powdered antimony mixed with potassium nitrate explodes when heated [Mellor 9:282 1946-47]. When antimony or arsenic and solid potassium permanganate are ground together, the metals ignite [Mellor 12:322 1946-47]. Sodium peroxide oxidizes antimony, arsenic, copper, potassium, tin, and zinc with incandescence [Mellor 2:490-93 1946-47].

Moderate fire and explosion hazard in the forms of dust and vapor, when exposed to heat or flame.|Noncombustible Solid in bulk form, but a moderate explosion hazard in the form of dust when exposed to flame.

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

195,250 J/mol (latent heat)

III

6.1

UN 2871

2

R20/22; R51/53

S61

CC4025000

Xn

Separated from oxidants, acids, halogens and food and feedstuffs.

NOT TARNISHED IN DRY AIR BUT SLOWLY IN MOIST AIR

P273

H302 + H332-H411

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Treatment and disposal methods: Chemical treatment, precipitation, recycling. Dissolve in a minimum amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). Add to water until the appearance of white precipitate. Add 6M hydrochloric acid just to dissolve again. Saturate with hydrogen sulfide. After filtration, wash the precipitate, dry, package, and return to suppliers.|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for antimony: Chemical precipitation.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Reaction of finely divided antimony & nitric acid can be violent.|Antimony is spontaneously flammable in fluorine, chlorine, or bromine. With iodine, reaction produces heat, which can cause flame or even explosion if quantities are great enough.|Fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metals is often violent & sometimes an explosive reaction. ... Antimony /is among/ the metals that reacted in this way.|Bromoazide explodes on contact with antimony. Explosions of chloric acid have been due to formation of explosive cmpd with antimony ... .|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds Draft for Public Comment (April 2017)[Available from, as of February 14, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp23.pdf]|Lewis DR; State of the Art Reviews: Occuptional Medicine 1 (1): 35-47 (1986). Toxic effects of the elements present in dopant materials used in the manufacturing of microelectronic circuit devices were reviewed. The toxic effects of the dopant materials based on the following elements were outlined: the group 5a elements /including/ ... antimony.|James RM, Dinman BD; Trans Am Foundrymen's Soc 95: 883-5 (1987). A review ... on the acute and chronic toxicol properties of antimony. The primary focus is on the toxicol properties of antimony in relation to exposures in an industrial environment where it is employed in metallurgical operations.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible under specific conditions. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with acids or halogens.|Flammable - 2nd degree

|Warning|H302 (36.52%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 656 companies from 29 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P391, and P501|The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|H373: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]|P260, P314, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Moderate fire and explosion hazard in the forms of dust or vapor, when exposed to heat or flame.

Moderate fire and explosion hazard in the forms of dust and vapor, when exposed to heat or flame.|Electrolysis of acid sulfides and stirred Sb halide yields explosive Sb.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 170 METALS (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)/ Fire or Explosion: May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. /Antimony powder/|/GUIDE 170 METALS (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)/ Health: Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Antimony powder/|/GUIDE 170 METALS (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Keep unauthorized personnel away. /Antimony powder/|/GUIDE 170 METALS (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Antimony powder/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Antimony powder is included on the dangerous goods list. /Antimony powder/|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Antimony powder is included on the dangerous goods list. /Antimony powder/

Workers chronically exposed to airborne antimony and antimony compounds can develop persistent symptoms such as ... eye irritation ... .

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-Hour Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Antimony and compounds (as Sb)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted avg 0.5 mg/cu m. /Antimony/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Separated from oxidants, acids, halogens and food and feedstuffs.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis especially when the skin is exposed to fumes. The substance may have effects on the lungs. This may result in pneumoconiosis.

NO open flames. NO contact with oxidizing agents, halogens or acids. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Antimony compounds are included on this list. /Antimony Componds/

Antimony is a silvery-white metal that is found in the earth's crust. Antimony ores are mined and then mixed with other metals to form antimony alloys or combined with oxygen to form antimony oxide. Little antimony is currently mined in the United States. It is brought into this country from other countries for processing. However, there are companies in the United States that produce antimony as a by-product of smelting lead and other metals. Antimony isn't used alone because it breaks easily, but when mixed into alloys, it is used in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, bearings, castings, and pewter. Antimony oxide is added to textiles and plastics to prevent them from catching fire. It is also used in paints, ceramics, and fireworks, and as enamels for plastics, metal, and glass.|Everyone is exposed to low levels of antimony in the environment. Acute (short-term) exposure to antimony by inhalation in humans results in effects on the skin and eyes. Respiratory effects, such as inflammation of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and chronic emphysema, are the primary effects noted from chronic (long-term) exposure to antimony in humans via inhalation. Human studies are inconclusive regarding antimony exposure and cancer, while animal studies have reported lung tumors in rats exposed to antimony trioxide via inhalation. EPA has not classified antimony for carcinogenicity.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg (No reporting of releases of this hazardous substance is required if the diameter of the pieces of the solid metal released is larger than 100 micrometers (0.004 inches)). The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Antimony is a brittle metal with use in the unalloyed state restriced to ornamental applications ; levels of antimony in various alloys range up to 23%(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Antimony is a silver-white, lustrous, hard, brittle metal. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. Paracelsus, a physician and proponent of alchemy in sixteen century Europe favored the use of metals, including antimony, as drugs. The period of c. 1560-1660 was termed the 'antimony war' and reflects the conflict in medicine between Galenic medicine and the practices of Paracelsus. HUMAN STUDIES: Inhalation of dust containing antimony by factory workers induced gastrointestinal irritation, probably result of antimony dust transported via the mucociliary escalator and swallowed. Acute symptoms, including abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting among smelter workers subjected to heavy exposure to antimony fumes were reported. Workers chronically exposed to airborne antimony can develop persistent symptoms such as dermatitis, eye irritation, obstructive lung alterations, and emphysema with increased pneumoconiosis. Skin effects from chronic antimony exposures have been reported. Pruritic skin papules progressing to skin eruptions, referred as "antimony spots", are occasionally seen in workers chronically exposed to antimony. Women working in an antimony metallurgical plant were compared to a similar group of women not exposed to antimony. The exposed group had higher incidences of spontaneous abortions (12.5 vs 4.1%), premature births (3.4 vs 1.2%), and gynecological problems (77.5 vs 56%). ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats given a diet containing 0.5-2% antimony had decreased weight gain, and had elevated serum levels of a liver enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase. Abortions were frequent in rabbits fed doses of metallic antimony of 5 to 55 mg every other day for 30, 60, and 90 days. Antimony was mutagenic in bacteria or phage. It was shown to induce chromosomal aberrations or abnormal cell divisions in animal or plant cells.

LD50 Rat i.p. 100 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 7 g/kg|LD50 Mice i.p. 90 mg/kg|LD50 Guinea pig i.p. 150 mg/kg

Elemental antimony very seldom occurs in nature due to its high attraction for sulfur and metallic elements such as copper, lead and silver(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 14 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of elemental antimony in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 10,000 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 383,579 workers (139,736 of these are female) were potentially exposed to antimony in the US(1). Occupational exposure would be by inhalation of fumes and dermal contact with antimony alloys and compounds. Fumes produced when heating antimony metal or alloys may contain antimony trioxide because the metal would be oxidized. The general population will be exposed to low levels of antimony via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and dermal contact with products containing antimony(SRC).|Lead-antimony alloy is used largely in manufacture of storage battery grids, pewter and britannia metal, printer's type, lead shot, lead electrodes and bearing metals. In many of these processes the greatest exposure is to antimony metal dust and fume.

Paracelsus, a physician and proponent of alchemy in sixteen century Europe, and his followers favored the use of metals, including antimony, as drugs. The view of the Paracelsus followers diverged from the teachings of Galen (c. AD 13-201), a preeminent Roman physician who considered metals to be poisonous. The period of c. 1560-1660 was termed the 'antimony war' and reflects the conflict in medicine between Galenic medicine and the practices of Paracelsus. /Former use/

A study of the retention patterns of labeled antimony in mice following inhalation of particles formed at different temp was conducted. The lower temp aerosol was more sol & left the lung rapidly, localizing in the skeleton. The 2 aerosols produced at higher temp resulted in (124)antimony remaining in the lung for extended periods.|Environment and nutrition influence antimony concentrations of human tissues, causing large differences among individuals. Extremely high levels were found in the lung and bone tissues but not in liver or kidney of deceased antimony smelter workers. The lung contain the highest antimony levels of human tissues. The distribution of antimony is not homogeneous within organs or tissues. ... Great variations of antimony content were found in normal human platelets, serum albumin, and different tissues. /Antimony/|Urine levels of antimony between 0.4 and 0.7 mg/L were measured in cases of workers with lung changes. /Antimony/|Arsenic and antimony are toxic metalloids, naturally present in the environment and all organisms have developed pathways for their detoxification. The most effective metalloid tolerance systems in eukaryotes include downregulation of metalloid uptake, efflux out of the cell, and complexation with phytochelatin or glutathione followed by sequestration into the vacuole. Understanding of arsenic and antimony transport system is of high importance due to the increasing usage of arsenic-based drugs in the treatment of certain types of cancer and diseases caused by protozoan parasites as well as for the development of bio- and phytoremediation strategies for metalloid polluted areas. However, in contrast to prokaryotes, the knowledge about specific transporters of arsenic and antimony and the mechanisms of metalloid transport in eukaryotes has been very limited for a long time. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding of arsenic and antimony transport pathways in eukaryotes, including a dual role of aquaglyceroporins in uptake and efflux of metalloids, elucidation of arsenic transport mechanism by the yeast Acr3 transporter and its role in arsenic hyperaccumulation in ferns, identification of vacuolar transporters of arsenic-phytochelatin complexes in plants and forms of arsenic substrates recognized by mammalian ABC transporters. /Antimony/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Recently, tellurium (Te), antimony (Sb) and germanium (Ge) have been used as an alloy in phase-change optical magnetic disks, such as digital versatile disk-random access memory (DVD-RAM) and DVD-recordable disk (DVD-RW). Although these metalloids, the so-called "exotic" elements, are known to be non-essential and harmful, little is known about their toxic effects and metabolism. Metalloid compounds, tellurite, antimonite and germanium dioxide, were simultaneously administered to rats. Their distributions metabolites were determined and identified by speciation. Te and Sb accumulated in red blood cells (RBCs): Te accumulated in RBCs in the dimethylated form, while Sb accumulated in the inorganic/non-methylated form. In addition, trimethyltelluronium (TMTe) was the urinary metabolite of Te, whereas Sb in urine was not methylated but oxidized. Ge was also not methylated in rats. These results suggest that each metalloid is metabolized via a unique pathway. /Antimony metabolites/

Airborne factory dust (with a volume median diameter of 5.0 um and a geometric standard deviation of 2.1 um) from a Swedish copper smeltery contained antimony (1.6 weight %) and arsenic (19 weight %). The dust was neutron activated and intratracheally instilled in hamsters. In vivo measurements of lung clearance were undertaken of the radionuclides (76)arsenic, (122)antimony, and (124)antimony. Two phases were recognized in the clearance curves. The approx half-time for the initial phase was about 40 hr for antimony trioxide, and 30 hr for antimony dust. The second phase had an approx half-time of 20-40 days for antimony trioxide and antimony dust. The low solubility of antimony in factory dust combined with a long biological half-time may be of importance in explaining the observed lung accumulation of antimony in exposed workers.

The metal produced by a simple pyrometallurgical reduction is normally not pure enough for a commercial product and must be refined. Impurities present are usually lead, arsenic, sulfur, iron, and copper.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Antimony toxicity is dependent on the exposure dose, duration, route (breathing, eating, drinking, or skin contact), other chemical exposures, age, sex, nutritional status, family traits, life style, and state of health. Chronic exposure to antimony in the air at levels of 9 mg/cu m may exacerbate irritation of the eyes, skin, and lungs. Long-term inhalation of antimony can potentiate pneumoconiosis, altered electrocardiograms, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach ulcers, results which were confirmed in laboratory animals. Although there were investigations of the effect of antimony in sudden infant death syndrome, current findings suggest no link. Antimony trioxide exposure is predominant in smelters. Mining and exposure via glass working, soldering, and brazing are also important. /Antimony/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Chronic effects due to antimony are alterations of the ECG, especially T-wave abnormalities, myocardial changes, pneumoconiosis, but also pneumonitis, tracheitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pustular skin eruptions called antimony spots, and contact allergy to the metal.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Antimony dust in foundry was important cause of gastrointestinal symptoms ... /in/ exposed workers. ... Dyspnea, headache, vomiting, conjunctivitis ... bloody purulent discharge from nose ... .|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of dust containing antimony by factory workers induced gastrointestinal irritation, probably result of antimony dust transported via the mucociliary escalator and swallowed. Acute symptoms, including abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting among smelter workers subjected to heavy exposure to antimony fumes were reported...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antimony

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, mouth; cough; dizziness; headache; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; stomach cramps; insomnia; anorexia; unable to smell properly

Cough. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)|Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system

FLAME RETARDANTS, 60%; TRANSPORTATION INCLUDING BATTERIES, 10%; CERAMICS & GLASS, 10%; CHEMICALS, 10%; AND OTHER, 10% (1985)|Of the 12,221 metric tons of primary antimony consumed in the U.S. in 1992, 3,297 metric tons were for metal products (antimonial lead, 1,642 metric tons; solder, 248 metric tons), 2,103 metric tons were for nonmetal products (ceramics and glass, 928 metric tons; plastics, 717 metric tons; pigments, 314 metric tons), and 6,821 metric tons were for flame-retardants (plastic, 5,108 metric tons; textiles, 444 metric tons; adhesives, 300 metric tons; rubber, 241 metric tons)|The estimated distribution of domestic primary antimony consumption was as follows: nonmetal products, including ceramics and glass and rubber products, 31%; flame retardants, 31%; and metal products, including antimonial lead and ammunition, 38%.|Antimony: Salient Consumption Statistics for the United States:

The antimony of commerce is about 99% pure.|Grade: Up to 99.999% pure, technical, powder, commercial grade in 55-lb cakes 10 x 10 x 2.5 inches.|Available forms: Besides the stable metal, there are two allotropes: yellow crystals and amorphous black modifications.|Antimony is used in tin/lead alloys up to an antimony content of 1%; type metals are lead-base alloys containing 3-9% tin and 3-19% antimony; lead-base diecasting alloys contain antimony in percentage varying from 4% to 16%; antimony is contained in a large number of low melting alloys of lead and tin. ... Britannia metals contain 5% antimony; pewter contains up to 7% antimony.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Antimony, elemental (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Antimony: ACTIVE|Antimony isotopes are fission products of plutonium.|Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, (121)Sb and (123)Sb. Forty-five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized.

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances|Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree