Cadusafos

270.39

270.39

619-129-4

8JBJ4VO75K

DTXSID7037505

Colorless to yellow liquid|Light to dark-gray amorphous granules

29309090

76.9

3.90

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

<25 °C

112-114 °C @ Press: 0.8 Torr

129℃

1.489

Miscible with acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, toluene, methanol, isopropanol, and heptane.

0-6°C

0.12 Pa (25 °C)

Oral-Rat LD50: 37.1 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 71.4 mg/kg

Combustion produces toxic phosphorus oxide and sulfur oxide gas

Flat musty-like (typical of organophosphates)

pH = 6.8 (5% slurry)

Henry's Law constant = 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

157.35 Ų [M+H]+

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.20X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

II

6.1(a)

3018

3

25-26-27-50/53

28-36/37-45-60-61

T+

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Stable up to 50 deg C. Half-life in light <115 days.

P260-P264-P273-P280-P284-P301 + P310

H300 + H310 + H330-H400

Do not contaminate water by cleaning equipment or disposal of waste.|SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Cadusafos EPA 738-R-00-005 (June 2000). EPA issues a TRED for a pesticide that requires tolerance reassessment decisions, but does not require a reregistration eligibility decision at present because: the pesticide was initially registered after November 1, 1984, and by law is not included within the scope of the reregistration program; EPA completed a RED for the pesticide before FQPA was enacted on August 3, 1996; or the pesticide is not registered for use in the U.S. but tolerances are established that allow crops treated with the pesticide to be imported from other countries.[Available from, as of August 29, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

|Danger|H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P302+P352, P304+P340, P310, P311, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 213 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P302+P352, P304+P340, P307+P311, P310, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Approved respirator. Chemical-resistant gloves. Coveralls. Protective eyewear.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/|If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic/|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Cadusafos (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Cadusafos (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Cadusafos was not found in banana packing plant effluents in the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica; samples were collected from June 1993 to December 1996(1).

SEDIMENT: Cadusafos was detected in 1 of 37 sediment samples from streams in the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica at a concentration of 16 ug/kg dry weight; samples were collected from June 1993 to December 1996(1).

most toxic

LD50 Rabbit (female) dermal 143 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit (male) dermal 155 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (female) oral 391 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (male) oral 679 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Cadusafos (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/FIELD STUDIES/ Pesticides used in banana production may enter watercourses and pose ecological risks for aquatic ecosystems. The occurrence and effects of pesticides in a stream draining a banana plantation was evaluated using chemical characterization, toxicity testing and macrobenthic community composition. All nematicides studied were detected in the surface waters of the banana plantation during application periods, with peak concentrations following applications. Toxicity tests were limited to the carbofuran application and no toxicity was observed with the acute tests used. However, since pesticide concentrations were generally below the lowest LC50 value for crustaceans but above calculated aquatic quality criteria, there remains a risk of chronic toxicity. Accurate ecological assessments of pesticide use in banana plantations are currently limited by the lack of local short-term chronic toxicity tests and tests using sensitive native species. Relatively constant levels of four pesticides (imazalil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos and propiconazole), which had toxic effects according to the 96 hr hydra and 21 days daphnia chronic test, were recorded in the effluent of the packing plant throughout the study, indicating that the solid waste trap used in this facility was not effective in eliminating toxic chemicals. Certain taxa, such as Heterelmis sp. (Elmidae), Heteragrion sp. (Megapodagrionidae, Odonata), Caenis sp. (Caenidae, Ephemerotera), and Smicridea sp. (Hidropsychidae, Trichoptera), were more abundant at reference sites than in the banana farm waters, and may be good candidates for toxicity testing. Multivariate analyses of the macroinvertebrate communities clearly showed that the banana plantation sites were significantly different from the reference sites. Moreover, following the pesticide applications, all the banana plantation sites showed significant changes in community composition, with the same genera being affected at all sites and for all pesticides (terbufos, cadusafos and carbofuran). Consequently, the results presented here show that multivariate analysis of community composition was more sensitive in distinguishing pesticide effects than the toxicity tests and richness and composition measures used. We conclude that monitoring macroinvertebrate communities can be a powerful tool in the assessment of ecological effects of banana production.

Cadusafos' production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use outside the US as a nematicide and insecticide(1) results in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 77.5 to 621.43, depending on soil type(2,3), indicate that cadusafos is expected to have high to low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cadusafos from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 245 mg/L(3). Cadusafos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Half-lives ranging from 11.4 to 42.6 days have been determined for cadusafos in soils under different environmental conditions(2,4).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 77.5 to 621.43, depending on soil type(2,3), indicate that cadusafos is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-4 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 245 mg/L(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 45 and 340 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 175(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.90(3) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on structurally similar ethoprop which had a BCF range of 4 to 17 measured in juvenile sheepshead minnow(7), suggests that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations. Ethoprophos, a structurally similar chemical to cadusafos, is stable in neutral and weakly acidic media and is rapidly hydrolyzed in alkaline media(8).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cadusafos, which has a vapor pressure of 9.0X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cadusafos is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). A half-life of <115 days in light has been reported, but the medium and wavelengths were not specified(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cadusafos with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A half-life of <115 days in light has been reported, but the medium and the wavelengths were not specified(2). Ethoprophos, a structurally similar chemical to cadusafos, is stable in neutral and weakly acidic media and is rapidly hydrolyzed in alkaline media(3); the hydrolytic half-life of ethoprophos in distilled water was reported as 25 days(4).

An estimated BCF of 175 was calculated in fish for cadusafos(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.9(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on structurally similar ethoprophos which had a BCF range of 4 to 17 measured in juvenile sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)(4), suggests that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations.

Koc values ranging from 77.50 to 621.43 were determined for cadusafos in 6 soils from the Martinique, French West Indies and Languedoc, South of France(1). Koc values of 144 to 351 were also reported for cadusafos(2). According to a classification scheme(3), Koc values in the ranges of 50-150, 150-500, and 500-2000 indicate high, moderate and low mobility, respectively. Clay and cation exchange capacity of the soils affected adsorption-desorption parameters(1). Higher Koc values were observed for those soils with higher clay and cation exchange capacity(1).

The Henry's Law constant for cadusafos is estimated as 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 245 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cadusafos is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 45 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 340 days(SRC). Cadusafos' Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Cadusafos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: Pesticide residues in surface waters in the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica that drain into the Tortuguero conservation area were 0.03-0.5, 0.6-3, and 0.08-0.2 ug/L in the Suerte River, streams, and the conservation area, respectively. Cadusafos was found to occur with a frequency of 48, 48, and 25% of water samples from the Suerte River, streams, and the conservation area, respectively; samples were collected from June 1993 to December 1996(1).

Cadusafos was not detected in peel, rind or juice of kinnow (Citrus reticulata) 15 days after application(1). Residual traces were found in the fruit, but never exceeded a cumulative cadusafos concentration of 0.008 g/g(1).

Occupational exposure to cadusafos may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cadusafos is produced(SRC). Exposure to cadusafos among the general population should be low or non-existent(SRC), since cadusafos is no longer registered for use in the US(1,2).

... Elimination of the phosphorus-containing residue may be via the urine or feces. Some bound residues remain in exposed animals. Binding seems to be to proteins, principally, and the turnover appears to be related to the half-life of these proteins. There are limited data showing that incorporation of residues into DNA occurs only in trace amounts and not by direct alkylation, such as might be believed to be associated with genetic damage. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/|Readily absorbed, metabolized and eliminated in urine and feces.|Adult rats (Sprague-Dawley, 5/sex) were dosed orally with single doses of 20 mg/kg bw (14)C-labelled cadusafos. Urine and feces were collected for 7 days. Animals were then sacrificed and carcass and tissues were analyzed for residual radioactivity. About 75% of the applied radioactivity was excreted in urine and about 15% in feces over the course of 7 days. Most radioactivity was eliminated within the first 24 hours after dosing. Highest residues were measured in liver and in adipose tissue with a mean value of 0.7 ppm. Another group of rats (5/sex) was monitored for (14)CO2. Expiration amounted to 13% of the applied radioactivity within three days. No sex difference in the elimination and distribution pattern was observed.|Rats (Crl:CD(SD)BR, 10/sex/group) received one of four dosing regimens with (14)C-labelled cadusafos. Dosing regimens were a single oral low dose of 1 mg/kg bw, a single iv dose of 0.8 mg/kg bw, multiple oral low doses of 1 mg/kg bw nonlabelled material over 14 days followed by an additional dose of labelled material and a control group. Urine and feces were collected for 7 days and tissues were then analyzed for remaining radioactivity. Animals for which 14CO2 was monitored were sacrificed 3 days after dosing. For all groups, more than 90% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated within 48 hours after dosing. Mean total urinary excretion was about 67%, 78% and 71% after oral single, iv and oral multiple dosing, respectively. Corresponding excretion values in feces were 10%, 5% and 7%. (14)CO2 expiration varied between 13% and 16% in the three dosing regimens. Residues in tissues were low. Highest levels were measured in liver and in fat showing mean concentrations of up to about 0.07 ppm in liver and 0.03 ppm in fat after oral dosing. In the iv study mean concentration in lung was highest with mean values of about 0.05 ppm, followed by a concentration of 0.03 ppm in liver and fat. No marked sex differences were observed.

Metabolism occurs principally by oxidation, hydrolysis by esterases, and by transfer of portions of the molecule to glutathione. Oxidation of organophosphorus insecticides may result in more or less toxic products. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products, that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Hydrolytic and transferase reactions affect both thioates and their oxons. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/|Hydroxy sulfones were the major metabolites /in animals/, followed by phosphorothioic and sulfonic acids.|Male and female rats (Sprague-Dawley, 5/sex/dose) were administered an oral dose of (14)C-labelled cadusafos (at the butyl side chains) at rates of 1 and 21 mg/kg bw. Another group received multiple oral doses of 1 mg/kg bw (labelled and non-labelled material). Results from oral dosing were compared to those from iv dosing consisting of a single dose of about 0.8 mg/kg bw. The excretion pattern found in previous experiments was confirmed. Analyses of excretion profiles showed that the majority of (14)C activity was eliminated within the first 24 hours after dosing. In the fraction of non-conjugated neutral metabolites the majority of the radioactivity excreted in urine was contributed by methyl-1-methyl-2- hydroxypropane sulfone. Other metabolites detected were 0-ethyl-S-(2-butyl) phosphorothioic acid, S,S-di-(2-butyl) phosphorodithioic acid, methyl-2-butyl-sulfone and sulfoxide. 0-ethyl-S-(2-butyl)phosphorothioic acid, methylsulfonic acid, hydroxy sulfone and sec-butyl sulfonic acid were identified. As major polar metabolites in the remaining fractions such compounds as 4-hydroxy-2-butyl sulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butyl sulfonic acid, sec-butyl sulfonic acids, and S-(2-butyl) phosphorothioic acid were detected. In feces the parent compound was found at rates of 6-64% in the different oral dosing regimens with highest values after administration of a single oral high dose. In the iv dosed group parent compound was not detected in feces. Major fecal metabolites were sec-butyl sulfonic acid and monophosphorothioic acid-related acidic compounds. Cleavage of the thio-(sec-butyl) group is the initial step producing sec-butyl mercaptan and 0-ethyl-S-(2-butyl)phosphorothioic acid as major metabolites. Further cleavage and oxidation reactions may result in S-(2-butyl)phosphorothioic acid or 0-ethyl phosphorothioic acid, methyl sec-butyl sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone and finally hydroxysulfones. Sec-butyl mercaptan can also be oxidized to butyl sulfonic acid, ethyl and methyl sulfonic acid. Formation of CO2 could be derived from either the sec-butyl mercaptan moiety or the corresponding sulfonic acid. CO2 may then be incorporated into urea or other endogenous substances.

Organophosphorus insecticides exert their acute effects in both insects and mammals by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system with subsequent accumulation of toxic levels of acetylcholine (ACh), which is a neurotransmitter. In many cases, the organophosphorylated enzyme is fairly stable, so that recovery from intoxication may be slow. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. ...Do not administer atropine or pralidoxime prophylactically to workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Prophylactic dosage with either atropine or pralidoxime may mask early signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and thus allow the worker to continue exposure and possibly progress to more severe poisoning. Atropine itself may enhance the health hazards of the agricultural work setting: impaired heat loss due to reduced sweating and impaired ability to operate mechanical equipment due to blurred vision. This can be caused by mydriasis, one of the effects of atropine. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules ... of glycopyrolate were added to ... saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. This may represent an alternative when there is a concern for respiratory infection due to excessive and difficult to control secretions, and in the presence of altered level of consciousness where the distinction between atropine toxicity or relapse of organophosphate poisoning is unclear. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Pralidoxime. Before administration of pralidoxime, draw a blood sample (heparinized) for cholinesterase analysis (since pralidoxime tends to reverse the cholinesterase depression). Administration pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM), a cholinesterase reactivator, in cases of severe poisoning by organophosphate pesticides in which respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and/or twitching are severe. When administered early (usually less than 48 hours after poisoning) pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic as well as the muscarinic effects of poisoning. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the "aging" process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a non-reactivatable form. ... Dosage of pralidoxime may be repeated in 1-2 hours, then at 10-12 hour intervals if needed. In very severe poisonings, dosage rates may be doubled. Repeated doses of pralidoxime are usually required. In cases that involve continuing absorption of organophosphate (as after ingestion of large amounts), or continuing transfer of highly lipophilic organophosphate from fat into blood, it may be necessary to continue administration of pralidoxime for several days beyond the 48 hour post-exposure interval usually cited as the limit of its effectiveness. ... Blood pressure should be monitored during administration because of the occasional occurrence of hypertensive crisis. Administration should be slowed or stopped if blood pressure rises to hazardous levels. Be prepared to assist pulmonary ventilation mechanically if respiration is depressed during or after pralidoxime administration. If intravenous injection is not possible, pralidoxime may be given by deep intramuscular injection. /Organophosphate pesticides/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Cadusafos (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Signs and symptoms of acute intoxication by organophosphorus insecticides include muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Symptoms may develop rapidly, or there may be a delay of several hours after exposure before they become evident. The delay tends to be longer in the case of more lipophilic compounds, which also require metabolic activation. Symptoms may increase in severity for more than one day and may last for several days. In severe cases, respiratory failure is a dominant effect. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Re-exposures. Persons who have been clinically poisoned by organophosphate pesticides should not be re-exposed to cholinesterase inhibiting chemicals until symptoms and signs have resolved completely and blood cholinesterase activities have returned to at least 80 percent of pre-poisoning levels. If blood cholinesterase was not measured prior to poisoning, blood enzyme activities should reach at least minimum normal levels before the patient is returned to a pesticide contaminated environment. /Organophosphate pesticides/

cadusafos

Granule, emulsifiable concentrate, microemulsion concentrate.|Apache|Rugby|Taredan

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies cadusafos (technical grade) as Class IB: highly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide, nematocide.|Organophosphate insecticide structurally similar to ethoprop.|USA: Not registered for use; Outside USA: for bananas, plantains, and potatoes.|One /US/ import tolerance on bananas

Product analysis by GLC. Residues determined by GLC with FID.

Agrochemicals -> Insecticides, Nematicides|Pharmaceuticals