Clopyralid

191.995

192.00

216-935-4

10G14M0WDH

0443

DTXSID9029221

White crystalline solid|Colorless crystals

2933399028

50.2

1.06

ODOURLESS WHITE OR COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

1.4313 (rough estimate)

151-152 °C

0°C

0°C

1.6100 (estimate)

H2O: 1.0 g/L

Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage Store above 28 deg F or warm to 40 deg F and agitate before use. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/

Vapour pressure, Pa at 25°C: 0.002

LD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): >5000, 4300 orally; LC50 (96 hr) to rainbow trout: 103.5 mg/l (Brown, Uprichard)

Odorless

pKa = 2.32

All formulations compatible with most types of hard water.

III

9

UN3077 Environmentally Hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name RequiredUN 3077

3

R41;R51/53

26-30-61-39

TJ7550700

Xi;N,Xi,N,X

Do NOT store or transport in containers made from aluminium.

Storage stability: stable, excess of 2 yr.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338

H318

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.|Nonrefillable containers 5 gallons or less: Container Reuse: Non refillable container. Do not reuse or refill this container. Offer for recycling if available. Triple rinse or pressure rinse container (or equivalent) promptly after emptying. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/|Refillable containers 5 gallons or larger: Container Reuse: Refillable container. Refill this container with pesticide only. Do not reuse this container for any other purpose. Cleaning the container before final disposal is the responsibility of the person disposing of the container. Cleaning before refilling is the responsibility of the refiller. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/

Combustible.

|Danger|H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P280, P305+P351+P338, and P310|H318 (99.73%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P310, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 370 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants; chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material; shoes plus socks; protective eyewear. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/|/Restricted entry interval (REI) of twelve (12) hours/ PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls; chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material; shoes plus socks; protective eyewear. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/|Use local exhaust or breathing protection.|Protective gloves.|Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.

Use water spray, powder.

Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment washwaters. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.|Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/|Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. /Lontrel Turf and Ornamental/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CLOPYRALID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Severe eye irritant; mild skin irritant on repeated or prolonged contact.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Do NOT store or transport in containers made from aluminium.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Clopyralid was applied to a roadside study site on highway 37 that drains into Tolay Creek, CA at a rate of 1.05 ug/sq cm(2). Clopyralid concentrations in surface runoff samples collected over study period (Nov 27, 2001 to Jan 27, 2002) were 3.03 to 7.11 ug/L(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: Weekly atmospheric samples (May 4 to June 29, 2004) taken in St Damase, Yamaska basin area of Quebec, Canada had clopyralid concentrations of <4 to 235 pg/cu m, monthly samples taken June 29 to Sept 21 were reported as <4 pg/cu m(1).

LD50 Rat male oral 4300 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 900 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit percutaneous > 2000 mg/kg|LD50 Mice oral > 5000 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) exhibits low acute toxicity to fish, including the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). However, there are no published chronic toxicity data for clopyralid and fish that can be used in ecological risk assessments. We conducted 30-day chronic toxicity studies with juvenile rainbow trout exposed to the acid form of clopyralid. The 30-day maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for growth, calculated as the geometric mean of the no observable effect concentration (68 mg/L) and the lowest observable effect concentration (136 mg/L), was 96 mg/L. No mortality was measured at the highest chronic concentration tested (273 mg/L). The acute:chronic ratio, calculated by dividing the previously published 96-hr acutely lethal concentration (96-hr ALC(50); 700 mg/L) by the MATC was 7.3. Toxicity values were compared to a four-tiered exposure assessment profile assuming an application rate of 1.12 kg/ha. The Tier 1 exposure estimation, based on direct overspray of a 2-m deep pond, was 0.055 mg/L. The Tier 2 maximum exposure estimate, based on the Generic Exposure Estimate Concentration model (GEENEC), was 0.057 mg/L. The Tier 3 maximum exposure estimate, based on previously published results of the Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems model (GLEAMS), was 0.073 mg/L. The Tier 4 exposure estimate, based on published edge-of-field monitoring data, was estimated at 0.008 mg/L. Comparison of toxicity data to estimated environmental concentrations of clopyralid indicates that the safety factor for rainbow trout exposed to clopyralid at labeled use rates exceeds 1000. Therefore, the herbicide presents little to no risk to rainbow trout or other salmonids such as the threatened bull trout.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...96-hr static acute toxicity studies /were conducted/ to evaluate the relative sensitivity of juveniles of the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and the standard cold-water surrogate rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) to three rangeland herbicides commonly used for controlling invasive weeds in the northwestern United States. Relative species sensitivity was compared using three procedures: standard acute toxicity testing, fractional estimates of lethal concentrations, and accelerated life testing chronic estimation procedures. The acutely lethal concentrations (ALC) resulting in 50% mortality at 96 hr (96-hr ALC50s) were determined using linear regression and indicated that the three herbicides were toxic in the order of picloram acid > 2,4-D acid > clopyralid acid. The 96-hr ALC50 values for rainbow trout were as follows: picloram, 41 mg/L; 2.4-D, 707 mg/L; and clopyralid, 700 mg/L. The 96-hr ALC50 values for bull trout were as follows: picloram, 24 mg/L; 2.4-D, 398 mg/L; and clopyralid, 802 mg/L. Fractional estimates of safe concentrations, based on 5% of the 96-hr ALC50, were conservative (overestimated toxicity) of regression-derived 96-hr ALC5 values by an order of magnitude. Accelerated life testing procedures were used to estimate chronic lethal concentrations (CLC) resulting in 1% mortality at 30 days (30-day CLC1) for the three herbicides: picloram (1 mg/L rainbow trout, 5 mg/L bull trout), 2,4-D (56 mg/L rainbow trout, 84 mg/L bull trout), and clopyralid (477 mg/L rainbow trout; 552 mg/L bull trout). Collectively, the results indicated that the standard surrogate rainbow trout is similar in sensitivity to bull trout. Accelerated life testing procedures provided cost-effective, statistically defensible methods for estimating safe chronic concentrations (30-day CLC1s) of herbicides from acute toxicity data because they use statistical models based on the entire mortality:concentration:time data matrix.|/FIELD STUDIES/ In this study, a curtained wetland approach was used to investigate the effects of a herbicide mixture (2,4-D, MCPA, clopyralid, dicamba, dichlorprop, mecoprop, bromoxynil, and glyphosate) on the structure and function of microbial communities in an ephemeral wetland and a semi-permanent wetland. In the two studied wetlands, located in Manitoba Zero Till Research Association Farm, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, herbicide treatment based on maximum-exposure scenarios had a significant effect on pelagic and biofilm phytoplankton productivity over relatively short time periods. The stimulation of phytoplankton productivity in the ephemeral wetland appeared to be the result of a hormonal effect of the auxin-type herbicides present in the mixture, similar to naturally occurring auxins. Herbicidal effects of auxin-type herbicides were also noticed in the semi-permanent wetland where phytoplankton productivity was suppressed during the first week as a result of the concentration addition effect of the auxin-type herbicides present in the mixture. BIOLOG and pigment profiles of the biofilm community suggested a change in the community structure in both wetlands.

Clopyralid's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 0.4 to 12.9(2), indicate that clopyralid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, many leachate studies have reported little or no clopyralid detected in the leachate(3-5). The pKa of clopyralid is 2.32(6), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(7). Volatilization of clopyralid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given its pKa(6). Clopyralid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.98X10-6 mm Hg at 24 °C(8). Aerobic biodegradation half-lives of clopyralid have been reported to range from 1 to >200 days depending on the soil used, moisture content, temperature and initial concentration of clopyralid applied(9).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: In wind tunnel field simulated conditions, radio-labeled clopyralid, applied at a rate of 118 g/ha, had residual radio-label amounts of 0.5% volatilized, 53.4% found in leaves, <0.1% found in leachate, 44.1% found in soil(1).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Radio-labeled clopyralid was applied to sugar beet and oilseed rape in undisturbed soil lysimeter studies(1). Percent residual radioactivity after 26, 25, and 25 months were measured(1).[Table#6085]|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 0.4 to 12.9(2), indicate that clopyralid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.32(3) indicates clopyralid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), a reported BCF of 19(5), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Clopyralid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). Clopyralid may biodegrade in aquatic environments based upon aerobic biodegradation half-lives of 1 to >200 days in soil studies(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), clopyralid, which has a vapor pressure of 9.98X10-6 mm Hg at 24 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase clopyralid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 29 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase clopyralid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Clopyralid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of clopyralid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 29 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Clopyralid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Clopyralid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). To simulate photodegradation of clopyralid on plant leaves, wax films were used, photodegradation half-lives using simulated solar light were 26 and 30 hours for pure and commercially formulated clopyralid, respectively(3).

A BCF of 19 was reported in fish for clopyralid in a flowing water test(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

36.31 L/kg|Koc values of 2(1), 4.6(2) and 0.4 to 12.9(3) have been reported. According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that clopyralid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, many leachate studies have reported little or no clopyralid detected in the leachate(2,5-6). The pKa of clopyralid is 2.32(7), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(8).|Koc values of clopyralid were reported for soil with reported characteristics(1,2).[Table#6087]|Clopyralid, applied on a seep study area at Riesel, TX at 0.56 kg/ha, migration thru the soil was studied(1). Clopyralid was also detected 15 days after application at the depth of 46-61 cm and 61-76 cm at concentrations of 4 and 2 mg/cu m, respectively. It was also detected 48 days after application at a depth of 46-61 cm at a concentration of 2 mg/cu m. Clopyralid was never detected at the 76-91 cm depth(1).[Table#6088]

A pKa of 2.32(1) indicates clopyralid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

GROUND WATER: Clopyralid was not detected in 20 orchard, 18 row crop groundwater wells and 34 public supply groundwater wells sampled 1993 to 1995 from the Central Columbia Plateau, WA(1). Clopyralid was detected in one of the 20 orchard samples taken again 2002 to 2003; samples from the 18 row crop and 34 public supply groundwater wells collected 2002 to 2003 were not analyzed for clopyralid; detection limits varied and were not reported as this was a trend study(1). Groundwater samples taken from 20 of the nations major hydrological basins thru-out the US during the National Water Quality Assessment found that clopyralid was not detected (detection limit 0.23 ug/L) in the 2293 samples analyzed(2).|SURFACE WATER: Clopyralid was detected in a agricultural pond located in Tisdale, Saskatchewan, Canada at concentrations of 0.14 to 0.62 ug/L, samples were collected in Feb and again monthly May thru Oct 1995(1). Clopyralid was detected in overflow samples during spring snowmelt runoff's from the same pond for 12 days in 1995 at <0.05 to 0.22 ug/L(1). Clopyralid was not detected (detection limit 0.05 ug/L) in spring runoff samples taken for 10 and 11 days in 1996 and 1997, respectively(1). Clopyralid was detected (maximum detection 1050 ng/L) in 99% of 206 samples (reporting limit 0.59 ng/L) taken from 15 reservoirs in three provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) of Canada, samples were collected May 2003 to April 2004; overall mean concentration of clopyralid was 16 ng/L(2). Surface water samples taken from US streams in the Great Lakes basin tested positive for clopyralid in 95% of 165 samples taken 1994 to 2000 at concentrations of 0.003 to 0.240 ug/L(3).|DRINKING WATER: Clopyralid was detected (maximum detection 865 ng/L) in drinking water samples (reporting limit 0.59 ng/L) taken from water treatment plants in three provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) of Canada; the overall calculated mean annual concentration of clopyralid was 24 ng/L(1).

Occupational exposure to clopyralid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where clopyralid is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to clopyralid via inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

The patterns of absorption and translocation of 14(C) clopyralid commercially formulated as the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt, 2-ethylhexyl ester and 1-decyl ester were compared in Cirsium arvense and Polygonum convolvulus grown under three environmental regimes. Plants were grown under a 35% or 65% RH regime in silica sand maintained at 33% w/w moisture or under a water stress regime at 65% RH. Approximately 26, 39, 86, 93 and 100% of the applied 14(C)-activity from the 2-ethylhexyl ester, acid, monoethanolamine salt, 1-decyl ester and potassium salt, respectively, were recovered 72 h after application to glass cover slips placed in the growth room. However, loss of applied 14(C)-activity after application of the five formulations to both plant species was significant only for the 2-ethylhexyl ester. Regardless of environmental regime, the acid was the most readily absorbed formulation. In contrast to the acid, the salts and esters were less readily absorbed. When the data were expressed as a percentage of absorbed radioactivity, there was no significant difference in translocation when the acid, monoethanolamine salt and potassium salt were compared. However, significantly smaller quantities of the absorbed 2-ethylhexyl and 1-decyl ester were exported from the treated leaf. These results indicate that once absorbed, the esters do not readily partition out of the cuticle, whereas the acid and two salts move into the symplast for subsequent translocation. When the results of the three environmental regimes were compared, the absorption of the monoethanolamine and potassium salts were greatly reduced under low humidity or water stress, whereas the acid and esters were not affected.|Groups of 5 Crl:CD (F-344) BR rats/sex were dosed with single iv treatments of (14)C-labeled clopyralid, either 5 mg/kg in saline, by single gavage doses of 5 or 150 mg/kg (14)C-clopyralid. An additional 5 rats/sex were dosed daily with 5 mg/kg/day unlabeled clopyralid for 14 days, followed by a single treatment with 5 mg/kg/day of (14)C-clopyralid. No label was found in expired air. Tissue levels at 72 hour sacrifices were either very low (carcass or stomach) or non-detectable for the several treatment regiments. Generally, over 90% of label was found in urine collected within 24 hr, regardless of administration method. Small amounts of label (1-5%) were found in feces. An analysis of the only detectable urinary labeled fraction found this to be unaltered clopyralid.

Groups of 5 Crl:CD (F-344) BR rats/sex were dosed with single iv treatments of (14)C-labeled clopyralid, either 5 mg/kg in saline, by single gavage doses of 5 or 150 mg/kg (14)C-clopyralid. An additional 5 rats/sex were dosed daily with 5 mg/kg/day unlabeled clopyralid for 14 days, followed by a single treatment with 5 mg/kg/day of (14)C-clopyralid. No label was found in expired air. Tissue levels at 72 hour sacrifices were either very low (carcass or stomach) or non-detectable for the several treatment regiments. Generally, over 90% of label was found in urine collected within 24 hr, regardless of administration method. Small amounts of label (1-5%) were found in feces. An analysis of the only detectable urinary labeled fraction found this to be unaltered clopyralid.

Selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by the leaves and roots, with translocation both acropetally and basipetally, and accumulation in meristematic tissue. Exhibits an auxin type reaction. Acts on cell elongation and respiration.

Fresh air, rest.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

No specific antidote known. Symptomatic treatment.|/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

3,6-dichloropicolinic acid

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Premix Partners: Acetochlor; Benazolin; Bensulfuron-methyl; 2,4,-D; Dicamba; Flumetsulam; Fluroxypyr; MCPA; Triclopyr.|Soluble concentrate|Wettable powder|Water soluble granule|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CLOPYRALID (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 3,6-dichloro-: ACTIVE|The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies clopyralid (technical grade) as Class III: slightly hazardous; Main Use: herbicide.|Application by ground or aerial foliage sprays. Rates: 1/16 lb to 4 lb/acre. Usual carrier: water.

Method: USGS-NWQL O-1131-95; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography; Analyte: clopyralid; Matrix: natural water; Detection Limit: 0.018 ug/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-2060-01; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Analyte: clopyralid; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.0069 ug/L.|Product analysis by gas liquid chromatography. Residues determined by gas liquid chromatography of a derivative.|To measure dermal exposure of a non-agricultural occupationally exposed population to pesticides, a new method has been developed for analysis of 13 pesticides from different classes (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) on dermal patches. The method includes extraction of the patches and analysis of the pesticides by GC-MS and/or HPLC-fluorescence. Water-soluble pesticides (glyphosate and glufosinate) on patches were ultrasonically extracted twice with ultra-pure water for 10 min and analysed by HPLC-fluorescence after derivatisation with FMOC. Organic-soluble pesticides (bifenthrin, cyprodinil, difufenicanil, fludioxonil, oxadiazon, pyriproxyfen, clopyralid, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr, 2,4-MCPA, and triclopyr) were extracted ultrasonically twice for 10 min with 70:30 dichloromethane-acetonitrile and analysed by GC-MS directly or after derivatisation with N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide. Detection limits varied between 3 and 4 ug L(-1) for water-soluble pesticides and between 1 and 10 ug L(-1) for organic-soluble pesticides.

Agrochemicals -> Herbicides|Herbicides