Thiamethoxam

291.71

291.71

1308068-626-2

DTXSID2034962

Crystalline powder|Light brown granules

29341000

115.02000

-1.16

1.71±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)

140-142 °C

485.8±55.0 °C(Predicted)

247.6±31.5 °C

1.725

In acetone 48, ethyl acetate 7.0, dichloromethane 110, toluene 0.680, methanol 13, n-octanol 0.620, hexane <0.001 (all in g/L)

0-6°C

6.6 x 10 -9 Pa (25 °C)

LD50 in rats (mg/kg): 1563 orally, >2000 dermally; LD50 in bobwhite quail, mallard duck (mg/kg): 1552, 576 orally. LC50 (96hr) in rainbow trout, bluegill (mg/l): >100, >114 (Senn).

Musty

Henry's Law constant = 4.63X10-15 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

158.16 Ų [M+H]+

UN 3077 9 / PGIII

2

22-50/53

22-61-60

Xn

P301 + P312 + P330

H302-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Do not reuse product containers. Dispose of product containers, waste containers, and residues according to local, state, and federal health and environmental regulations.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P301+P312, P330, P391, and P501|H228 (82.53%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P370+P378, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 229 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H228 (50%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P330, P370+P378, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 28 companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Not Classified

Personal Protective Equipment Applicators and other handlers must wear: Long-sleeved shirt and long pants, Chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof material - Category A (e.g., natural rubber > or = 14 mils). Shoes plus socks. /Platinum Insecticide/|Chemical-resistant gloves ... protective eyewear.|... Restricted-entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. Personal protective equipment (PPE) required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: Coveralls, Chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof material, Category A (e.g., natural rubber > or = 14 mils). Shoes plus socks. /Platinum Insecticide/

Use dry chemical, foam or CO2 extinguishing media. Wear full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus. Evacuate nonessential personnel from the area to prevent human exposure to fire, smoke, fumes or products of combustion. Prevent use of contaminated buildings, area, and equipment until decontaminated. Water runoff can cause environmental damage. If water is used to fight fire, dike and collect runoff. /Platinum Insecticide/

Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment wash water. /Platinum Insecticide/|Control spill at its source and contain to prevent it from spreading, contaminating soil, or entering sewage and drainage systems or any body of water. Clean up spills immediately. Solid: sweep up material and place in compatible disposal container. Liquid: cover entire spill with absorbing material and place into disposal container. Scrub area with hard water detergent. Pick up wash liquid with additional absorbent and place into disposal container. Seal container and arrange for disposition.|Control the spill at its source. Contain the spill to prevent from spreading or contaminating soil or from entering sewage and drainage systems or any body of water. Clean up spills immediately, ... . Cover entire spill with absorbing material and place into compatible disposal container. Scrub area with hard water detergent (e.g. commercial products such as Tide, Joy, Spic and Span). Pick up wash liquid with additional absorbent and place into compatible disposal container. Once all material is cleaned up and placed in a disposal container, seal container and arrange for disposition. /Platinum Insecticide/

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Platinum Insecticide/|Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling.|Chemical-resistant footwear plus socks ...long-sleeved shirt and long pants|Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining personal protective equipment. If no such instructions exist for washables, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash personal protective equipment separately from other laundry. /Platinum Insecticide/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Thiamethoxam (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rat dermal >2000 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation >3720 mg/cu m/ 4 hr|LD50 Rat oral 1563 mg/kg

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... The effects of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were studied after acute sublethal treatment on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) under controlled laboratory conditions. The drugs were either administered orally or applied topically on the thorax. After oral consumption acetamiprid increased sensitivity to antennal stimulation by sucrose solutions at doses of 1 ug/bee and impaired long-term retention of olfactory learning at the dose of 0.1 ug/bee. Acetamiprid thoracic application induced no effect in these behavioral assays but increased locomotor activity (0.1 and 0.5 ug/bee) and water-induced proboscis extension reflex (0.1, 0.5, and 1 ug/bee). Unlike acetamiprid, thiamethoxam had no effect on bees' behavior under the conditions used.|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effects on honeybee behavior of sublethal doses of insecticides chronically administered orally or by contact. Emergent honeybees received a daily dose of insecticide ranging from one-fifth to one-five-hundredth of the median lethal dose (LD50) during 11 days. After exposure to fipronil (0.1 and 0.01 ng/bee), acetamiprid (1 and 0.1 ug/bee), or thiamethoxam (1 and 0.1 ng/bee), behavioral functions of honeybees were tested on day 12. ...Thiamethoxam by contact induced either a significant decrease of olfactory memory 24 hr after learning at 0.1 ng/bee or a significant impairment of learning performance with no effect on memory at 1 ng/bee. Responsiveness to antennal sucrose stimulation was significantly decreased for high sucrose concentrations in honeybees treated orally with thiamethoxam (1 ng/bee). ...The neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiamethoxam tested at the highest dose (one-tenth and one-fifth of their oral LD50, respectively) and fipronil at one-five-hundredth of LD50 have limited effects on the motor, sensory, and cognitive functions of the honeybee.|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The death of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and the consequent colony collapse disorder causes major losses in agriculture and plant pollination worldwide. The phenomenon showed increasing rates in the past years, although its causes are still awaiting a clear answer. Although neonicotinoid systemic insecticides used for seed coating of agricultural crops were suspected as possible reason, studies so far have not shown the existence of unquestionable sources capable of delivering directly intoxicating doses in the fields. Guttation is a natural plant phenomenon causing the excretion of xylem fluid at leaf margins. Here, we show that leaf guttation drops of all the corn plants germinated from neonicotinoid-coated seeds contained amounts of insecticide constantly higher than 10 mg/L, with maxima up to 100 mg/L for thiamethoxam and clothianidin, and up to 200 mg/L for imidacloprid. The concentration of neonicotinoids in guttation drops can be near those of active ingredients commonly applied in field sprays for pest control, or even higher. When bees consume guttation drops, collected from plants grown from neonicotinoid-coated seeds, they encounter death within few minutes.

Thiamethoxam's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc value of 68.4(2) indicates that thiamethoxam is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiamethoxam from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.95X10-11 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 4.1X10+3 mg/L(2). Thiamethoxam is expected to degrade in soil due to photolysis(2). Thiamethoxam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).|FIELD STUDY: Thiamethoxam was below the detection limit of 0.02 ug/mL in okra fruits at harvest following foliar application at a concentration of 140 g/ha in experimental lots in New Delhi, India. A second experiment involving application at flowering followed by fruiting application resulted in residues of 0.475, 0.306, 0.20 and below detection limit at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days following the second application; a field half-life of 1.3 days was calculated(1).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc value of 68.4(2) indicates that thiamethoxam is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.95X10-11 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 4.1X10+3 mg/L(2). Aqueous photolysis of thiamethoxam proceeds rapidly(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.13(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Thiamethoxam is stable under acidic conditions but does hydrolyze under alkaline conditions(2). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2011).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiamethoxam, which has a vapor pressure of 4.95X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase thiamethoxam may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Thiamethoxam contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Thiamethoxam is stable under acidic conditions but does hydrolyze under alkaline conditions. The half-life range in surface water is 7.9 to 39.5 days, mean 21.5 days(1). Hydrolysis in acidic, neutral and alkaline buffers follows first-order reaction rate kinetics at pH 4, 7, and 9.2, respectively(2). Hydrolysis half-lives of 42.78, 4.55 and 2.15 days at pH 8, 9 and 10, respectively, were measured at 25 °C. The rate is affected by temperture as exemplified by a half-lives at pH 8 of 210.05 and 12.7 hours at 35 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The hydrolytic pathway proposed involving the oxadiazine ring(3). Thiamethoxam contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The compound is efficiently degraded in air by photochemical oxidative degradation. Photolysis accelerates degradation in soil and aqueous photolysis of thiamethoxam proceeds rapidly(1). Aqueous photolysis in pH 5 buffered solution under artifical light was shown to ultimately result in photoproducts of carbonyl sulfide and isocyanic acid(5).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for thiamethoxamn(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.13(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Koc values ranging from 32.5 to 237 mL/g organic carbon (mean of 68.4 mL/g organic carbon) using 25 soils was reported(1). Organic carbon adsorption constants of 0.53 in Hawaiian Lihue soil (clayey, kaolinic, isohyperthermic, oxisols, pH 6.8, 17.66% moisture, 1.40% organic carbon) and 0.23 in Hawaiian Wahiawa soil (clayey, kaolinic, isothermic, oxisols, pH 5.3, 4.21% moisture, 3.37% organic carbon) were also measured(1). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that thiamethoxam is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for thiamethoxam is estimated as 4.6X10-15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.95X10-11 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4,1X10+3 mg/L. This Henry's Law constant indicates that thiamethoxam is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and soil surfaces surfaces(2). Thiamethoxam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Occupational exposure to thiamethoxam may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiamethoxam is produced or used. (SRC)

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. (See all compounds classified as Insecticides.)

Quickly and completely absorbed, rapidly distributed in the body and rapidly eliminated. The toxicokinetics and metabolism are not influenced by the route of administration, the dose level, pre-treatment, the site of label or the sex of animals.|In rats, thiamethoxam is absorbed rapidly and extensively, and is widely distributed, followed by very rapid elimination, mostly in the urine. The highest tissue concentrations are in skeletal muscle (10-15% of administered dose). Very low tissue residues were reported after 7 days. Within 24 hours, approximately 84-95% of the administered dose was excreted in urine, while 2.5-6% was excreted in the feces. Most was excreted as unchanged parent (70-80% of dose). ... Enterohepatic circulation is negligible.|Fifteen Tiflbm: MAG (SPF) mice/group were dosed with non-labeled thiamethoxam in diet for 29 days at 0, 100, 500, or 2500 ppm. Labeled thiamethoxam (10 mg/kg b.w.) was given by gavage to all groups on day 30, and again 72 hours later (non-labeled dietary treatments continued until termination). Mice were killed 6 hours after the second radio-labeled treatment. Investigators evaluated urine, feces, liver, plasma, and bile for radiolabel and metabolites. Regardless of dose, 58-76% of the first dose was found in urine and 24-36% of first dose in feces within 72 hours (accounting for 94-102% of administered dose). Six hours after the 2nd dose, liver contained about 0.9 to 1.5% of that dose, pooled bile from the gall bladders contained only 0.01 to 0.22% of that dose, and plasma contained 0.3 to 0.4% of that dose (no effect of pre-treatment for liver, bile, or plasma). Excreta and other samples showed no influence of dose on metabolite patterns. ...|Non-radiolabeled Thiamethoxam (purity >98%); Radiolabeled [Thiazol-2-(14)C] Thiamethoxam (Batch #Ko-73.1A and Ko-73.2A-1, specific activity 68.9 and 57.3 uCi/mg, respectively, purity of >97%) and [Oxadiazin-4-(14)C] Thiamethoxam (Batch Ko-75.2A-2 and Ko- 75.2A-3, specific activity of 87.0 and 84.6 uCi/mg, purity >96%) were administered to 4 or 5 Tif:RAI f (SPF) rats/sex/dose at 0.5 mg/kg, to 5 rats/sex at 0.5 mg/kg (after 14 days of unlabeled Thiamethoxam) and to 5 rats/sex at 0.5 or 100 mg/kg by oral gavage or iv. Three groups of 4 male Tiflbm:MAG (SPF) mice receiving [Thiazol-2-(14)C] Thiamethoxam for 14 days at 118 mg/kg to determine excretion and metabolic fate in mice. In rats, the dose was rapidly absorbed from the G.I. tract into the general circulation with maximum blood levels (tCmax (hr) achieved 1 to 4 hours independent of the radiolabel site, dose level or sex. Cmax ranged from 0.17 to 0.20 ppm (low dose) and 33 to 43 ppm (high dose) and levels declined rapidly (tCmax/2 about 8 hours). Bioavailability 0.6 to 0.8 (males) and 0.7 to 0.9 (females) indicated sizable oral absorption. Absorbed material was primarily excreted via the urine (approximately 90%) compared to about 4% in feces within 24 hours. The preponderance of fecal elimination originated from biliary excretion. Half-lives in all tissues ranged from 2 to 6 hours. Comparison of metabolite patterns in mice and rats indicated that the major metabolic pathways were similar.|In mice, approximately 72% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine and 19% was excreted in feces. Small but measurable amounts were detected in expired air (approximately 0.2% of dose). Parent (33-41% of administered dose) and 2 predominant metabolites: 8-12% and 9-18% of administered dose were found. These are the same structures that were most commonly observed in rat excreta; however, the proportions are quite different in mouse excreta. One additional significant metabolite (mouse R6) was isolated from feces samples. Between 30-60% of the administered dose was excreted as metabolites.

The major biotransformation reaction is cleavage of the oxadiazine ring to form the corresponding nitroguanidine compound (i.e., chlothianidin, the regulated metabolite in plants and livestock).|In the in vivo study compared rat and mouse plasma metabolite levels after 1-week or 10-week dietary exposures of 3000 ppm in rats and 2500 ppm in mice (N = 5). Plasma thiamethoxam levels were 12 and 4 ug/mL in 1-wk and 10- wk mice, and 7 and 19 ug/mL in respective rats. In mice, it appeared that metabolic induction was progressing over that interval, as CGA 265307 (downstream metabolite of both CGA 322704 and CGA 330050) increased from 2 to 5 ug/mL. CGA 322704 levels in mice stayed about the same and CGA 330050 levels were marginally reduced during this interval. In rats, CGA 322704 ranged from 1.0 to 0.6 ug/mL. Other metabolite levels were exceedingly low in rats: CGA 265307 at 0.05 to 0.09 ug/mL, and CGA 330050 at 0.10 to 0.14 ug/mL. Liver microsomal fractions were prepared from mice, rats, and humans for in vitro studies of metabolism of thiamethoxam to metabolites. In all cases, mice had the most rapid metabolic rates (i.e. for metabolism of thiamethoxam to CGA 322704, thiamethoxam to CGA 330050, CGA 322704 to CGA 265307, and CGA 330050 to CGA 265307). Rats had slightly higher metabolic rates than humans for these reactions.|Two male Tiflbm: RAI (SPF) rats/group were dosed once with 100 mg/kg [Oxadiazin-4-(14)C] CGA 293343 by gavage. Sacrifices were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 hrs after dosing. Blood was collected to assess total residues and to identify major metabolites. A TLC radiochromatogram of whole blood extracts taken 4 hrs post-dosing revealed 1 strong peak, one much lesser peak, and very little label outside those areas. The corresponding HPLC radiochromatogram revealed 2 perceptible peaks: thiamethoxam and CGA 322704. At peak levels of thiamethoxam (6 hrs after dosing), 99.8% of radiolabel was extractible. Extractible residues other than thiamethoxam and two metabolites were 1.74% of label. Maximum concentrations were at 6 hr for thiamethoxam and its metabolites. Estimated t1/2 were 2 hrs for thiamethoxam, 4 hrs for CGA 322704, and 8 hrs for CGA 265307. During the period from 0.5 to 8 hrs post-dosing, "other" residues graduated from 0.3% to 2.2% of extractible label. At 24 hours, total residues in blood were only 2% of the peak [6 hr] levels. Metabolic profile (as % of total radioactive residues of a given sampling time) for thiamethoxam, CGA 322704, and CGA 265307, respectively were 94.6%, 5.0%, and (below quantifiable levels) at 1 hr; 81.9%, 15.0%, and 1.2% at 6 hrs; and 15.5%, 30.6%, and 17.6% at 24 hrs. CGA 330050, a significant metabolite in mice, was not detectable.|Six male Tiflbm: MAG (SPF) mice/group were dosed once with 100 mg/kg [Oxadiazin-4-(14)C] Thiamethoxam by gavage. Sacrifices were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 hrs after dosing. Blood was collected to assess total residues and to identify major metabolites. A TLC radiochromatogram of whole blood extracts taken 1 hr post-dosing revealed 3 strong peaks, with very little label outside those areas. One of the peaks represented 2 constituents, so that the HPLC radiochromatogram revealed 4 perceptible peaks. These were thiamethoxam (dominant peak), and three metabolites: CGA 322704, CGA 265307, and CGA 330050. During the first hour, about 1.5% to 2.9% of label was non-extractible, whereas residues other than thiamethoxam and the above metabolites were below levels of detection. Kinetics parameters for TCmax (hr) 0.5 for thiamethoxam, and 2 for the three metabolites, and estimated t1/2 (hr) were 3 hr (for thiamethoxam and all metabolites). During the period from 4-8 hrs post-dosing, "other" residues constituted about 5% of extractible label. At 8 and 24 hours, respectively, total residues in blood were only 30% and 1% of the peak (0.5 hr) levels. Metabolic profile (as % of total radioactive residues of a given sampling time) for thiamethoxam, CGA 322704, CGA 265307, and CGA 330050, respectively were 77.5, 11.2, 3.2, and 6.6 at 0.5 hrs; 60.0, 15.7, 9.8, and 11.6 at 1 hr; and 39.5, 12.7, 30.4, and 9.0 at 8 hrs.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Thiamethoxam (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The half-life times from rat tissue ranged from 2-6 hours.

Agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, affecting the synapses in the insect central nervous system.|Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, which is not mutagenic either in vitro or in vivo, caused an increased incidence of liver tumors in mice when fed in the diet for 18 months at concentrations in the range 500 to 2500 ppm. A number of dietary studies of up to 50 weeks duration have been conducted in order to identify the mode of action for the development of the liver tumors seen at the end of the cancer bioassay. Both thiamethoxam and its major metabolites have been tested in these studies. Over the duration of a 50-week thiamethoxam dietary feeding study in mice, the earliest change, within one week, is a marked reduction (by up to 40%) in plasma cholesterol. This was followed 10 weeks later by evidence of liver toxicity including single cell necrosis and an increase in apoptosis. After 20 weeks there was a significant increase in hepatic cell replication rates. All of these changes persisted from the time they were first observed until the end of the study at 50 weeks. They occurred in a dose-dependent manner and were only observed at doses (500, 1250, 2500 ppm) where liver tumors were increased in the cancer bioassay. There was a clear no-effect level of 200 ppm. The changes seen in this study are consistent with the development of liver cancer in mice and form the basis of the mode of action. When the major metabolites of thiamethoxam, CGA322704, CGA265307, and CGA330050 were tested in dietary feeding studies of up to 20 weeks duration, only metabolite CGA330050 induced the same changes as those seen in the liver in the thiamethoxam feeding study. It was concluded that thiamethoxam is hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic as a result of its metabolism to CGA330050. Metabolite CGA265307 was also shown to be an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase and to increase the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride. It is proposed that CGA265307, through its effects on nitric oxide synthase, exacerbates the toxicity of CGA330050 in thiamethoxam treated mice.|Thiamethoxam was shown to increase the incidence of mouse liver tumors in an 18 month study; however, thiamethoxam was not hepatocarcinogenic in rats. Thiamethoxam is not genotoxic, and, given the late life generation of mouse liver tumors, suggests a time-related progression of key hepatic events that leads to the tumors. These key events were identified in a series of studies of up to 50 weeks that showed the time-dependent evolution of relatively mild liver dysfunction within 10 weeks of dosing, followed by frank signs of hepatotoxicity after 20 weeks, leading to cellular attrition and regenerative hyperplasia. Metabolite CGA330050 was identified as generating the mild hepatic toxicity, and metabolite CGA265307 exacerbated the initial toxicity by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase. This combination of metabolite-generated hepatotoxicity and increase in cell replication rates is postulated as the mode of action for thiamethoxam-related mouse liver tumors. The relevance of these mouse-specific tumors to human health was assessed by using the framework and decision logic developed by ILSI-RSI. The postulated mode of action was tested against the Hill criteria and found to fulfill the comprehensive requirements of strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, dose-response, and the collective criteria of being a plausible mode of action that fits with known and similar modes of action. Whereas the postulated mode of action could theoretically operate in human liver, quantitation of the key metabolites in vivo and in vitro showed that mice, but not rats or humans, generate sufficient amounts of these metabolites to initiate the hepatic toxicity and consequent tumors. Indeed, rats fed 3000ppm thiamethoxam for a lifetime did not develop hepatotoxicity or tumors. In conclusion, the coherence and extent of the database clearly demonstrates the mode of action for mouse liver tumorigenesis and also allows for the conclusion that thiamethoxam does not pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

3-(2-Chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-yldene-N-nitroamine

Flowable concentrate for seed treatment, granules, suspension concentrate, water dispersible granules, water dispersible powder for slurry seed treatment.|Premix Partners: lambda-Cyhalothrin; Abamectin; Azoxystrobin; Chlorantraniliprole; Difenoconazole; Fludioxonil; Metalaxyl-M.|Helix Xtra Insecticide with Fungicides (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC) Thiamethoxam 20.7%, Fludioxonil 0.13%, Metalaxyl-M 0.4%, Difenoconazole 1.25%|Thiamethoxam Technical (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC) Thiamethoxam 99.1%|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Thiamethoxam (54 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adequate enforcement methodology (high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) or mass spectrometry (MS)) is available to enforce the tolerance expression.|Residues and metabolites by HPLC/MS or HPLC/UV.

Agrochemicals -> Insecticides|Insecticides