1,4-Dioxane Safety Data Sheets

Flammable liquids, Category 2

Eye irritation, Category 2

Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure, Category 3

Carcinogenicity, Category 2

If inhaled

Following skin contact

Following eye contact

Following ingestion

No significant irritation from brief exposure of skin; prolonged or repeated exposure may cause a rash or burn and absorption of toxic amounts leading to serious injury of liver and kidney. Chemical has poor warning properties; illness may be delayed. Moderately irritating to eyes; overexposure may cause corneal injury. (USCG, 1999)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)

Use powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) for small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as flame hood). Allow ... to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn in suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Dioxane should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as sewer. ...

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with strong oxidizing agents. NO contact with hot surfaces. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding). Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling. Use non-sparking handtools. Handling in a well ventilated place. Wear suitable protective clothing. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Use non-sparking tools. Prevent fire caused by electrostatic discharge steam.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and incompatible materials. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, and sunlight. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

Occupational Exposure limit values

Biological limit values

Eye/face protection

Skin protection

Respiratory protection

Thermal hazards

NIOSH considers 1,4-dioxane to be potential occupational carcinogen. [500 ppm]

The substance can form explosive peroxides on exposure to air. Reacts with oxidants and strong acids. Reacts violently with some catalysts.

Stable under recommended storage conditions. Test for peroxide formation before distillation or evaporation. Test for peroxide formation or discard after 1 year. Stable under recommended storage conditions.

A very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame.The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.DIOXANE is a flammable liquid; when exposed to air it undergoes autooxidation with formation of peroxides. In the distillation process peroxides will concentrate causing violent explosion. The addition complex with sulfur trioxide (1:1) sometimes decomposes violently on storing at room temperature [Sisler, H. H. et al., Inorg. Synth., 1947, 2, p. 174]. Evaporation of boron trifluoride in aqueous dioxane with nitric acid led to an explosion upon addition of perchloric acid [MCA Guide, 1972, p. 312]. Explosive reaction with Raney nickel catalyst above 210° C {Mozingo R., Org. Synth., 1955, Coll. Vol. 3, p. 182].

no data available

Pure, dry, o- and hydroperoxide-free dioxane rapidly forms hydroperoxide on contact with air.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Acute toxicity

• Oral: LD50 - rat (male/female) - ca. 5 150 mg/kg bw.
• Inhalation: LC0 - rat (male/female) - ca. 155 mg/L air (nominal).
• Dermal: no data available

Skin corrosion/irritation

Serious eye damage/irritation

Respiratory or skin sensitization

Germ cell mutagenicity

Carcinogenicity

Reproductive toxicity

STOT-single exposure

STOT-repeated exposure

Aspiration hazard

• Toxicity to fish: LC50 - Oryzias latipes - > 100 mg/L - 21 d.
• Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates: EC50 - Daphnia magna - > 1 000 mg/L - 48 h.
• Toxicity to algae: EC50 - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum) - > 1 000 mg/L - 72 h.
• Toxicity to microorganisms: TTC - Pseudomonas putida - 2 700 mg/L - 16 h.

AEROBIC: 1,4-Dioxane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as not readily biodegradable(1). Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test) with a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, 1,4-dioxane degraded <10% over a 29-day incubation period at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L(2). Using OECD Guideline 310 (Ready Biodegradability, CO2 in sealed vessels) with a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, 1,4-dioxane (at 37.1 mg/L) had <5% degradation (via CO2 evolution) over a 60-day incubation period which classified the compound as poorly biodegradable(2). Other screening studies have found 1,4-dioxane to be resistant to biodegradation(3-6). 1,4-Dioxane (100 mg/L) was not biodegraded within 120 days using microcosms prepared with 20 grams of Nodeway soil and 200 mL of basal salt medium, and was considered recalcitrant in the environment(7). Possibly due to its strong internal chemical bonding, 1,4-dioxane is considered non-biodegradable under conventional bio-treatment technologies based on results of wastewater treatment monitoring data(8). To evaluate the biodegradation potential of 1,4-dioxane in natural environments, a total of 20 environmental samples including river water, activated sludge, soil from the drainage area of a chemical factory and garden soil were subjected to a 1,4-dioxane degradation test(9); 14 of the 20 samples were not able to degrade 1,4-dioxane(9); however, soil samples from the drainage area of a chemical factory were able to degrade 1,4-dioxane (at 100 mg/L) to <0.8 mg/L within 33 days, presumably due to adaptation(9).

Using OECD Guideline 305C (Bioaccumulation: Test for the Degree of Bioconcentration in Fish) with 1 and 10 ppm concentrations 1,4-dioxane, BCF values of 0.2-0.7 were measured using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a soil adsorption coefficient (Kd) of 0.17 for 1,4-dioxane measured in a grey clay soil (45% clay, 43% silt, 10% sand) obtained from a landfill site in Ontario, Canada(1), a Koc value of 29 can be derived(SRC) using the soil's organic carbon content of 0.58%(1). A measured Koc value of 17 has also been reported for 1,4-dioxane(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 1,4-dioxane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

no data available

Product

Contaminated packaging

no data available

no data available

Information on revision

Abbreviations and acronyms

• CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service
• ADR: European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
• RID: Regulation concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail
• IMDG: International Maritime Dangerous Goods
• IATA: International Air Transportation Association
• TWA: Time Weighted Average
• STEL: Short term exposure limit
• LC50: Lethal Concentration 50%
• LD50: Lethal Dose 50%
• EC50: Effective Concentration 50%

References

• IPCS - The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), website: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.home
• HSDB - Hazardous Substances Data Bank, website: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb.htm
• IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer, website: http://www.iarc.fr/
• eChemPortal - The Global Portal to Information on Chemical Substances by OECD, website: http://www.echemportal.org/echemportal/index?pageID=0&request_locale=en
• CAMEO Chemicals, website: http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/search/simple
• ChemIDplus, website: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
• ERG - Emergency Response Guidebook by U.S. Department of Transportation, website: http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/erg
• Germany GESTIS-database on hazard substance, website: http://www.dguv.de/ifa/gestis/gestis-stoffdatenbank/index-2.jsp
• ECHA - European Chemicals Agency, website: https://echa.europa.eu/

Other Information

Refer for medical attention if breathing difficulties and/or fever develop.Check for peroxides prior to distillation; eliminate if found.