Potassium is the main cation in cells, with a concentration of 150-160 mmol/L, while the main cation outside cells is sodium ions, and the serum potassium concentration is only 3.5-5.0 mmol/L. The body mainly relies on Na+-K+ ATPase on the cell membrane to maintain the difference in K+ and Na+ concentrations inside and outside cells. The acid-base balance in the body has an impact on potassium metabolism. For example, when acidosis occurs, H+ enters the cell. In order to maintain the potential difference inside and outside the cell, K+ is released outside the cell, causing or aggravating hyperkalemia. Metabolic disorders can also affect acid-base balance. The normal potassium ion concentration and concentration difference inside and outside cells are closely related to certain functions of cells, such as carbohydrate metabolism, glycogen storage and protein metabolism, excitability and conductivity of nerves and muscles including myocardium, etc.

Potassium is the main cation in cells, with a concentration of 150-160 mmol/L, while the main cation outside cells is sodium ions, and the serum potassium concentration is only 3.5-5.0 mmol/L. The body mainly relies on Na+-K+ ATPase on the cell membrane to maintain the difference in K+ and Na+ concentrations inside and outside cells. The acid-base balance in the body has an impact on potassium metabolism. For example, when acidosis occurs, H+ enters the cell. In order to maintain the potential difference inside and outside the cell, K+ is released outside the cell, causing or aggravating hyperkalemia. Metabolic disorders can also affect acid-base balance. The normal potassium ion concentration and concentration difference inside and outside cells are closely related to certain functions of cells, such as carbohydrate metabolism, glycogen storage and protein metabolism, excitability and conductivity of nerves and muscles including myocardium, etc.

1. Effect on water and electrolyte excretion: It can increase the excretion of water, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, etc. It mainly inhibits the active reabsorption of NaCl by the thick-walled segment of the renal tubular loop, reduces the osmotic pressure gradient difference of the medullary interstitial fluid, and leads to increased excretion of water, Na+, and Cl-; promotes increased Na+-K+ and Na+-H+ exchange in the distal tubule, which increases the excretion of K+ and H+; inhibits the reabsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by the loop of Henle and increases their excretion. Short-term medication can increase uric acid excretion, while long-term medication can cause hyperuricemia. 2. Effect on hemodynamics: Furosemide can inhibit the activity of prostaglandin degrading enzymes, increase the content of prostaglandin E2, and have a vasodilatory effect; dilate renal blood vessels, reduce renal vascular resistance, and increase renal blood flow; increase tubular fluid flow without reducing glomerular filtration rate; can dilate pulmonary capacitance veins, reduce pulmonary capillary permeability, reduce venous return, and reduce left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, which is helpful in the treatment of acute left heart failure and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

The third generation cephalosporins achieve their bactericidal effect by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the cell wall of sensitive bacteria.

It has an irreversible inhibitory effect on most important β-lactamases produced by strains resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, can protect β-lactam antibiotics from hydrolytic destruction by β-lactamases of resistant bacteria, and has a synergistic effect when used in combination with cefoperazone.

It has good antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Citrobacter and other Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is highly sensitive to Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. It also has good effect on all groups of streptococci and pneumococci, and only has moderate effect on Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strain). It has good effect on most Gram-positive anaerobes and some Gram-negative anaerobes. It mainly inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.

It has a weak antibacterial effect itself and is a competitive, irreversible beta-lactamase inhibitor. When used in combination with cefoperazone, it can increase the ability of cefoperazone to resist degradation by various beta-lactamases and produce a significant synergistic effect on cefoperazone.