High Qulaity USP/EP Standard Terbinafine Hydrochloride CAS 78628-80-5 Antifungal Pharmaceutical Raw Powder

Terbinafine Hydrochloride More Info

Terbinafine Hydrochloride is a synthetic allylamine antifungal medication primarily used to treat fungal infections of the skin, nails, scalp, groin, and feet, including conditions like athlete's foot, jock itch, fungal nail infections, and pityriasis versicolor

Mechanism of Action

Terbinafine works by inhibiting the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase (also called squalene monooxygenase), which catalyzes the conversion of squalene to lanosterol, a key step in ergosterol biosynthesis. Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes. Inhibition leads to accumulation of squalene, which is toxic to fungal cells, and depletion of ergosterol, disrupting the fungal cell membrane and causing fungal cell death. This mechanism is selective for fungi because the fungal squalene epoxidase differs sufficiently from the human enzyme, so cholesterol synthesis in humans is not significantly affected.

Application

Treatment of dermatophyte infections such as onychomycosis (fungal nail infections)
Tinea infections of the skin including tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea corporis
Pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia species.

Routes of Administration

Terbinafine hydrochloride is primarily administered orally in tablet or granule form. Oral granules should be taken with food and can be sprinkled on nonacidic soft foods like pudding or mashed potatoes. Topical formulations are also available but oral administration is common for nail and extensive skin infections.

Safety and Side Effects

Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, upset stomach, and itching. Serious but less common adverse effects include:
Severe allergic reactions such as DRESS syndrome affecting multiple organs
Blood disorders like lymphopenia and neutropenia increasing infection risk
Severe skin reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, which can be fatal
Potential liver damage, sometimes severe enough to require liver transplant or cause death; symptoms include jaundice, dark urine, nausea, and abdominal pain
Changes in taste or smell, including loss of smell.
Patients should seek immediate medical attention if they experience symptoms of serious allergic reactions, severe skin reactions, or liver dysfunction.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Oral terbinafine is well absorbed (>70%) but has about 40% bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism. Peak plasma concentrations (~1 µg/mL) occur about 2 hours after a 250 mg dose.
Distribution: Terbinafine is highly lipophilic, extensively binding (>99%) to plasma proteins, and accumulates in skin, nails, hair, and adipose tissue, maintaining therapeutic levels for weeks after treatment cessation.
Metabolism: It is extensively metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C19) into inactive metabolites.
Elimination: Approximately 70% of the dose is excreted in urine, with a terminal half-life of 200-400 hours reflecting slow release from tissues. Clearance is reduced in patients with renal impairment or hepatic cirrhosis.

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FAQ

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