LMO Lithium Manganese Oxide Battery grade

‌Physical Properties‌

1. ‌Density‌: ~4.1 g/cm³ (at 25°C); cathode density up to 4.28 g/cm³

2. ‌Crystal Structure‌: Cubic spinel (space group Fd3m), with 3D lithium-ion diffusion channels

3. ‌Appearance‌: Black or brown-black powder

Chemical Properties‌

1. ‌Li/Mn Molar Ratio‌: 0.45–0.5, critical for structural stability and capacity

2. ‌Thermal Stability‌: Prone to phase transformation and Mn dissolution at elevated temperatures

3. ‌Synthesis‌: Typically prepared via solid-state reaction using MnO₂ and lithium salts (e.g., Li₂CO₃)

‌Electrochemical Performance‌

1. ‌Voltage Range‌: 3.5–4.3 V (vs. Li/Li⁺)

2. ‌Specific Capacity‌: Theoretical 148 mAh/g; practical ~110 mAh/g

3. ‌Cycle Life‌: Degrades due to Mn dissolution and structural collapse, inferior to ternary cathode materials

4. ‌Safety‌: Superior thermal stability compared to LiFePO₄

5. ‌Rate Capability‌: Fast Li⁺ diffusion enabled by 3D channels supports high-rate performance
   

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