Calcium chromate

156.07

155.88300

237-366-8

J1FGH4ZJ4M

1771

3288|3077

DTXSID0024717

C45885

Yellow monoclinic rhombic crystals|Bright yellow powder|Yellow crystals

80.3

Yellow Powder

2.89 g/cm³

1000 deg C (decomposes)

soluble in acid and water. Insoluble in alcohol.

Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ) that bears appropriate label. An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Oral-rat LD50: 327 mg/kg

Mixed with boron, open flame burns violently

Also occurs as hemihydrate, monohydrate, and dihydrate.|Yellow, orthorhombic crystals. MP: decomposes at 200 °C. Density: 2.50 g/cu cm. Solubility: 13.2 g/100 g water at 20 °C; soluble in dilute acids /Calcium chromate dihydrate/|Heat of solution: -73 btu/LB = -41 cal/g = -1.7X10+5 J/kg /Calcium chromate dihydrate/|Hydrate loses water at 200 °C /Calcium chromate hydrate/|Behavior in fire: The hydrated salt loses water when hot and changes color, but no increase in hazard occurs. /Calcium chromate dihydrate/

Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

Strong Oxidizing Agent

CALCIUM CHROMATE is a strong oxidizer and reacts with acids and ethanol. (NTP, 1992)

III

5.1

3288

22-45-50/53

45-53-60-61

GB2750000

T,N

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from organic matter and reducing agent

Reacts violently with reducing agent

Stable material.

P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P313, P311, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501

H302

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/|Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U032, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHROMATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Incompatible materials: Reducing agents, azides, aluminum, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, magnesium|Reacts with acids and ethanol|A powerful oxidizer.|Combustible, organic, or other readily oxidizable materials (paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, plastics, etc.); corrosive to metals. /Chromic acid and chromates/|Hydrazine is decomposed explosively by chromates and chromic anhydride. /Chromates/

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological profile for chromium (September 2012).[DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological profile for chromium (September 2012); Available from, as of February 8, 2016: ww.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf]

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic chromium fume may be formed in fires. Behavior in Fire: The hydrated salt loses water when hot and changes color, but no increase in hazard occurs. (USCG, 1999)|Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 61 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P313, P311, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P281, P285, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P281, P285, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P341, P308+P313, P321, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Dust mask; goggles or face shield; protective gloves (USCG, 1999)|Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHROMATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Mixture with boron burns violently if ignited.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Small fire: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fire: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.|If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)|/When fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus, with a full facepiece, operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromic acid & chromates/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Isolation and Evacuation: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Spill: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.|Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.|For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHROMATE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Chromic acid mist & chromate dusts may cause severe irritation of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lung. /Chromic acid mist & chromate dusts/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(II) compounds, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 1 mg/10 cu m. /Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.5 mg Cr/cu m. /Chromium metal, chromium(II) and chromium(III) compounds/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.0002 mg Cr(VI)/cu m. NIOSH considers all Cr(VI) compounds (including chromic acid, tert-butyl chromate, zinc chromate, and chromyl chloride) to be potential occupational carcinogens. /All hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI) compounds/|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Dry. Well closed. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in tissue lesions.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause nasal ulceration. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

NO contact with combustible substances.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or local exhaust.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/|Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

U032; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.|D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

U032; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when calcium chromate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).|D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

highly toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Calcium chromate (CaCrO4) is a bright yellow powder. It is used as a pigment, corrosion inhibitor, oxidizing agent, depolarizer for batteries, and coating for light metal alloys. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Calcium chromate is a suspected human carcinogen. It has been reported that eliminating the formation of calcium chromate, had resulted in a distinct reduction in bronchial carcinoma mortality among workers at chromate-producing factories exposed for the first time after the change-over. In vitro, human cells exhibited four times more DNA breaks than the hamster cells and two times more than mouse embryo fibroblast cells when the CaCrO4 exposure conditions were equivalent. Alkaline elution studies also demonstrated the formation of DNA-protein cross-links by CaCrO4 in all three cell lines. The level of cross-links was four times greater in the human cells compared to the mouse cells and was a factor of 2 greater in the hamster cells compared to the mouse cells. In other in vitro experiment, treatments with various concentrations of K2Cr2O7, CaCrO4, and CrO3 were given to human lymphocytes cultured in presence of BrdUrd for 2 replicative cycles. Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were visualized. In all cases, the higher the concentrations the higher the frequencies of SCEs per metaphase and per chromosome. On a concentration basis, the order of effectiveness in producing SCEs was: CaCrO4 much greater than CrO3 greater than K2Cr2O7. ANIMAL STUDIES: Calcium chromate produced bronchial carcinomas after implantation of an intrabronchial pellet in rats and injection-site sarcomas after intramuscular implantation in rats and mice and after intrapleural injection in rats. Calcium chromate was positive for the induction of sex linked recessive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster at dietary levels of 500 and 700 ppm. Calcium chromate was positive in the L5178Y TK+/TK- mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay. Chromosomal aberrations were studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells and in C3H10T1/2 cells following treatment with NiCl2, crystalline NiS, and CaCrO4. All three compounds caused an increase in chromosomal aberrations in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Alkaline elution studies demonstrated CaCrO4-induced DNA single strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks in Chinese hamster ovary cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Calcium chromate at 200 ppm inhibited plant growth by 50%.

We used a soft agar assay on cultured Syrian hamster fibroblasts to determine the ability of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and Cr(VI) compounds to induce malignant cell transformation. Induction of extended anchorage-independent growth was detected in BHK 21/c13 cells by scoring colonies of transformed cells visible to the naked eye 20-25 d after plating in growth medium containing agar. Survival was determined by plating cells in liquid medium without agar and by counting the number of macroscopic colonies after 7-10 d. Mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide were used as reference direct transforming agents, with clearly positive results. In our hands no increase of the spontaneous transformation rate of BHK cells was induced by NTA concentrations ranging from 2 X 10(-3) to 10(-2) M, although the survival index was significantly reduced above 4 X 10(-3) M NTA. Two Cr(VI) compounds, K2Cr2O7, which is highly soluble in water, and CaCrO4, which is partially soluble, were tested in the soft agar assay either in the absence or in the presence of NTA. When used alone, both compounds behaved as positive transforming agents. NTA increased 4 or 10 times the cytotoxicity and the transforming activity of CaCrO4 and K2Cr2O7, respectively. As the amounts of soluble Cr(VI) detectable in the K2Cr2O7 and CaCrO4 solutions were not increased in the presence of NTA, a synergistic interaction between NTA and soluble Cr(VI) is inferred.

LD50 Male rat oral 746 mg/kg|LD50 Female rat oral 327 mg/kg

/PLANTS/ /Calcium chromate/, at 200 ppm, /inhibited/ plant growth by 50%. Algal and microphyte flora 1.5 km downstream were affected with concentrations Cr(VI) of 0.2-0.5 ppm.

Calcium chromate does not occur naturally.

Highly alkaline waste material containing mostly calcium chromate (CaCrO4) from the processing of chromite ore to chromate caused land and river pollution.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 32,129 workers (5,565 of these are female) were potentially exposed to calcium chromate in the US(1).

Inhalation causes irritation of nose and throat. Ingestion causes severe circulatory collapse and chronic nephritis. Contact with eyes causes irritation. Contact with skin may cause dermatitis and ulcers. (USCG, 1999)|Carcinogens, Mutagens

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ This study updates a 1982 report on mortality at two German chromate-producing factories. The main objective of the study was to establish whether the change-over to a production process using lime-free conversion of chromite ore, thus eliminating the formation of calcium chromate, had resulted in a distinct reduction in bronchial carcinoma mortality among workers exposed for the first time after the change-over (completed in 1958 in Leverkusen and 1964 in Uerdingen). A total of 1417 workers with at least 1 year of exposure were enrolled in the study. The observation period ended on 31 December 1988. The expected number of deaths was calculated using population statistics for North Rhine-Westphalia. The risk was determined in the form of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR), i.e. the ratio of observed deaths to expected deaths. In the group of 739 workers exposed before the process change-over was completed, 432 died during the observation period, 66 of them from bronchial carcinoma. This significant excess produced an SMR of 2.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.78-2.85). Where the cause of death was unknown, cases were allocated to a cause of death on the basis of the percentage occurrence of various causes of death in the specific subcohort. The cohort of 678 workers first exposed after the process modification had been completed had a slightly increased SMR for lung cancer of 1.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.58-2.38) based on nine cases.|/GENOTOXICITY/ DNA lesions, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of CaCrO4 were compared in Chinese hamster ovary, in mouse embryo fibroblast C3H10T1/2, and in human osteosarcoma cells. The concentration of CaCrO4 that reduced colony formation by 50% was 2- or 3-fold less in human osteosarcoma cells than in C3H10T1/2 or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Alkaline elution studies showed that CaCrO4 induced DNA single strand breaks in a concentration dependent manner in all three cell lines. However, the human cells exhibited four times more breaks than the hamster cells and two times more than C3H10T1/2 cells when the CaCrO4 exposure conditions were equivalent. Alkaline elution studies also demonstrated the formation of DNA-protein cross-links by CaCrO4 in all three cell lines. In hamster and mouse cells the induction of these DNA-protein cross-links was dependent on concentrations that ranged from 5 to 50 uM for 6 hr; however, the cross-links were saturated at 25 uM in human cells and at 50 uM in mouse and hamster cells. The level of cross-links was four times greater in the human cells compared to the mouse cells and was a factor of 2 greater in the hamster cells compared to the mouse cells. The uptake of CaCrO4 was linear with respect to time and concentration. Uptake of CaCrO4 was equivalent in the human and mouse cells, but was a factor of 4 less in the hamster cells. The single strand breaks were almost entirely repaired after an 18-hr incubation in metal free medium in all three cell lines, whereas DNA-protein cross-links persisted in these cell lines in proportion to their initial levels. These results demonstrate differences in the sensitivity of human, hamster, and mouse cells to CaCrO4 and suggest that the repair-resistant DNA-protein cross-link may be important in mediating the long term toxic and carcinogenic effects of CaCrO4.|/GENOTOXICITY/ Treatments with various concentrations of K2Cr2O7, CaCrO4 and CrO3 were given to human lymphocytes cultured in presence of BrdUrd for 2 replicative cycles. Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were visualized by a combination of fluorescent and Giemsa techniques. In all cases, the higher the concentrations the higher the frequencies of SCEs per metaphase and per chromosome. On a concentration basis, the order of effectiveness in producing SCEs was: CaCrO4 much greater than CrO3 greater than K2Cr2O7.|/GENOTOXICITY/ The recently developed strain TA102, particularly suited to the detection of oxidative mutagens was the most sensitive out of 9 strains of S. typhimurium his- in revealing the mutagenicity of Cr(VI) compounds (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate and chromium trioxide). The rank of sensitivity was the following: TA102, TA100, TA97, TA92, TA1978, TA98, TA1538 and TA1537, TA1535 being the only insensitive strain. Cr(III) compounds (chromic acetate, chromic nitrate and chromic potassium sulfate) were totally inactive with all strains. The direct mutagenicity of Cr(VI) was markedly decreased, through NADPH-requiring mechanisms, by rat-liver S9 fractions and, to a lower extent, by human lung S12 fractions, which supports the hypothesis of a metabolically regulated threshold in chromium pulmonary carcinogenicity.

calcium chromate

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust, through the skin and by ingestion.

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Burns.

Calcium chromate Is available at a purity of 96% min.

Chromic acid (H2CrO4), calcium salt (1:1): ACTIVE

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens, Mutagens