Imazalil

297.18

297.18

252-615-0

1303

759313

2811|2902

DTXSID8024151

Slightly yellow to brown crystalline mass.|Solidified oil|Brownish oil

2933290012

27

4.56

Slightly yellow to brown liquid with a characteristic odor. A solution in methanol.

1.348 g/cm³ @ Temp: 26 °C

52.7 °C

347 °C

192°C

1.573

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 0.14

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Vapour pressure at 20°C: negligible

Oral-Rat  LD50 227  mg/kg

Flammable, decomposes toxic nitrogen oxides and chloride gases when burned

Henry's Law constant = 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 6.53

165.2 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]|164.99 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW]|166.56 Ų [M+H]+

Very stable to hydrolysis in dilute acids and alkalis at room temperature, in the absence of light. Stable to temperatures up to 285 °C. Stable to light under normal storage conditions.|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 8.5X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

IMAZALIL is an imidazole derivative.

III

6.1(b)

2588

3

20/22-41-50/53

26-39-60-61

NI4776000

Xn,N

Treasury is low temperature, ventilated, dry; stored separately from food raw materials

Chemically stable at room temperature in the absence of light and stable at temperatures less than about 285 degrees C.

Missing Phrase - N15.00950417-P261-P280-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310

H301-H318-H332-H410

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Incompatible with alkaline materials.

Mineau P et al; An Analysis of Avian Reproduction Studies Submitted for Pesticide Registration; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 29 (3): 304-29 (1994).|USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Imazalil (July 2002). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 25, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P310, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H301 (35.94%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P310, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 217 companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P337+P313, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)|Approved respirator. Chemical-resistant gloves. long sleeved shirt and long pants. Protective eyewear. Hat.

Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable.

/To fight fire use/ powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The substance irritates severely the eyes.|A skin and eye irritant.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes.

The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in impaired functions and tissue lesions.

NO open flames.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Imazalil was detected at levels of 1-900 ug/L in 20 out of 31 effluent samples from banana packing plants in Costa Rica(1).

SEDIMENT: Imazalil was detected in 13 out of 25 sediment samples of the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica (1993-1997 sampling) at levels of 175-960 ug/kg (mean 446 ug/kg)(1).

highly

LD50 Rat oral 227 mg/kg|LD50 Dog oral greater than 640 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation 16 g/ cu m/4 hr|LD50 Rat skin 4200 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 155 mg/kg

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The Svalbard population of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus is concentrated in western Jutland, Denmark, from early March to early May. During spring, the geese shift feeding habitat from grasslands and stubble fields to new-sown fields. To avoid crop damage, grain bait is provided at five sites. The aim of this study was to quantify the exposure of geese to, and the ingestion rates of, pesticide-treated seeds, and to evaluate the potential effects at the individual and the population level. During spring 1994, approximately 7% and 1% of the total number of goose-days were spent on new-sown cereal fields and new-sown pea fields, respectively. After the commencement of sowing, about 25% of all goose-days were spent in new-sown fields. Late-departing individually marked geese made more frequent use of new-sown field than early-departing individuals (P < 0.001). Geese foraged intensively in new-sown fields early in the morning and sometimes late in the evening. Due to high feeding profitability of the new-sown grain compared to grass, the geese obtained half or more of their daily energy intake by feeding on new-sown cereal fields, even where bait grain was provided. Spring-sown barley is treated with the fungicide Imazalil and peas are usually treated with Thiram. The daily Imazalil ingestion rate by an 'average' goose was estimated at 9-15 mg active ingredient (AI), or 3-5 mg AI/kg body mass, which is two orders of magnitude below reported LD50 values for various species of test birds. Imazalil may have sublethal effects, especially on geese using the new-sown cereal fields for consecutive days, but the low toxicity and high mobility of the compound suggest that effects are minor and short-lived.

Imazalil's production and use as a fungicide for the post harvest treatment of bananas and citrus fruits, as a fungicide for the treatment of barley and wheat seeds prior to planting, and as a fungicide to treat equipment and egg storage areas in chicken hatcheries(1) has resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,081 to 6,918 measured in 8 soils(2) indicates that imazalil is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Imazalil is a weak base with pKa of 6.53(3), indicating it will exist partially in the protonated form under environmental conditions(SRC). Volatilization of imazalil from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since cations do not volatilize and the Henry's Law constant for imazalil is estimated as 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 180 mg/L(3). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure(3). The biodegradation half-life of imazalil in loam soil under aerobic conditions was 166 days(2), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,081 to 6,918(2), indicate that imazalil is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Imazalil is a weak base with pKa of 6.53(3), indicating it will exist partially in the protonated form under environmental conditions(SRC). Volatilization of imazalil from water surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since cations do not volatilize and the Henry's Law constant for imazalil is estimated as 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 180 mg/L(3). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 170(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.82(3), and a regression derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Imazalil was stable to hydrolysis (half-life > 30 days) at pH 5, 7, and 9, but had a photodegradation half-life of 36 hours in aqueous solution(2).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), imazalil, which has a vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase imazalil is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3) Particulate-phase imazalil may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Imazalil may undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere since it was shown to photodegrade in aqueous solution(4).

The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of imazalil with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 8.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Imazalil was stable to hydrolysis (half-life > 30 days) at pH 5, 7, and 9(2). Imazalil had a photodegradation half-life of 36 hours in aqueous solution(2).

An estimated BCF of 170 was calculated for imazalil(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 3.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

5.37e+03 L/kg|Soil adsorption coefficient Kd values of 182, 209, and 68 were reported in clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil, respectively(1). The Koc of imazalil was shown to range from 2,081 to 6,918 in 8 soils (average Koc 4,324)(2). The mobility of C-14 labeled (at 2-ethyl carbon) imazalil was also evaluated in a soil column leaching study(2). Imazalil was found to be immobile in loam and sandy soils. The majority of imazalil remained in the top soil zone (95.7% of the applied was detected in the 0-2.5 cm zone for the loam soil column whereas 84.5% was detected in the same zone for the sand soil column). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggests that imazalil is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC).

Imazalil is a weak base with pKa of 6.53(1), indicating it will exist partially in the protonated form under environmental conditions(SRC). Volatilization of imazalil is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since cations do not volatilize and the Henry's Law constant for imazalil is estimated as 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 180 mg/L(1). Imazalil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: Imazalil was detected in 64 out of 97 surface water samples obtained from streams in a banana growing region of Costa Rica at levels of 1-90 ug/L(1).

Imazalil was detected in 28.6% of the bananas sampled in Belgium between 1991 and 1993 at a maximum concentration of 0.89 ppm, and a mean concentration of 0.084 ppm(1). Imazalil was detected in the U.S. food supply during the 1989, 1990, and 1994 Fiscal Years(2,3,4). Imazalil was detected in 56 out of 6391 surveillance samples of U.S. domestic agricultural commodities during the period Oct 1981 to Sept 1986 at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to >2.0 ppm; it was detected in 20 out of 45 oranges, 20 out of 81 grapefruits, 11 out of 26 lemons, 2 out of 16 mandarin oranges, in 1 out of 1 tangellos, 1 out of 13 tangerines, and 1 sample of orange peel feed(5). Imazalil was detected in regulatory monitoring samples of domestic and imported foods which may be eaten by infants/children during 1985-1991, max concentration (ppm): domestic and imported oranges, 3.5 and 2.0, respectively(6). Imazalil was identified, not quantified in 2 out of 25 cucumbers sampled in the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring Program 1995-1996(7). Imazalil was detected in grapefruit, oranges and lemons in Japan at mean levels of 0.66-0.68. 0.61-0.63, and 1.7 ppm, respectively(8). Imazalil was detected in 76 domestic citrus fruits in Japan at levels of <0.05 ug/g (4 detections), <0.1 ug/g (1 detection), <0.5 ug/g (17 detections), <1 ug/g (23 detections), <= 1ug/g (31 detections)(9). Imazalil was detected in oranges, grapefruits, and lemons imported into Japan at levels of 0.64, 0.21, and 0.32-3.59 ug/g(9).

Occupational exposure to imazalil may occur through inhalation of dust particles or aerosols and dermal contact with this fungicide during and after its application or at workplaces where imazalil is produced(SRC). Workers can be exposed to a pesticide through mixing, loading, and/or applying a pesticide, or re-entering treated sites. Occupational handlers of imazalil include: individual farmers or growers who mix, load, and/or apply pesticides, and professional or custom agricultural applicators(1). EPA has also determined that there is potential exposure to workers handling citrus fruits after waxing or foaming, to persons working in chicken hatchery facilities, and to persons handling treated seeds(1). The general population will be exposed to imazalil via ingestion of contaminated food(SRC).

Mesh Heading: fungicides, industrial|MEDICATION (VET): Antifungal|... Used in the therapy of human alternariosis, an uncommon infection.

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. (See all compounds classified as Fungicides, Industrial.)

Comparison of the excretion patterns after oral and intravenous dosing suggests that the bioavailability, and therefore the absorption, of imazalil given orally is high.|Imazalil technical (purity = 98.7%) and 14C-imazalil (117.1 uCi/mL; purity = 99.9%) was administered to 4 groups of 6-8 Wistar rats. Group A: 5 rats/sex & reserve group I (1/sex) were injected in tail vein with 1.25 mg 14C-imazalil/kg (single dose). Group B: 5/sex were dosed by gastric intubation at 1.25 mg 14C-imazalil/kg (single dose). Group C: 5/sex & reserve group K (3/sex) were dosed by gastric intubation at 1.25 mg imazalil/kg/day for 14 days. At 24 hours after the last unlabelled dose, 5/sex received a single oral dose of 14C-imazalil at 1.25 mg/kg. Group D: 5/sex & reserve group L (1/sex) were dosed by gastric intubation at 20 mg 14C imazalil/kg (single dose). At 96 hours post-dosing (Groups B, C & D) were sacrificed for tissue collection. Group A & reserve rats (those not used) were sacrificed & disposed of. Distribution showed that after 96 hrs only 1% of 14C-imazalil was recovered in tissues and carcass. There was a dose-response in tissue levels of compound but there was no accumulation after multiple dosing. There were no sex differences. Approximately 50% of tissue 14C-imazalil was recovered in liver 96 hrs after gavage, levels in liver were approximately 20 times higher and kidney, lung and adrenals 4-10 times higher than corresponding blood levels. All other tissues examined had concentrations of 14C-imazalil < that of blood, with none detected in brain. By all routes and methods of administration, the majority (approximately 90%) of radioactivity was excreted within 24 hrs (primarily in urine & slightly higher in females).|A striking decrease was found in the effectiveness of thiabendazole (TBZ), benomyl, imazalil and prochloraz in controlling blue and green molds as a result of delaying the fungicidal treatments. Although imazalil and prochloraz gave low protective activity, they had high antisporulation efficiency. On the other hand, thiabendazole and benomyl protected fruits against subsequent infection. Storage was found to have a pronounced effect on the residual activity of imazalil compared with thiabendazole. Residues of imazalil and thiabendazole were found in orange jam made from fungicide-treated fruits.|Imazalil is absorbed, distributed, and metabolized rapidly in rodent species. It is a sulfate, of which approximately 90% is excreted within 96 hours.

... Little imazalil was excreted unchanged /in rats/: less than 1% of the administered dose in the feces and trace amounts in the urine. The compound was metabolized to at least 25 metabolites. Three major metabolites were identified, (+/-)-1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)ethyl]-imidaxolidine-2,5-dione (metabolite 8), (+/-)-1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (metabolite 10), and (+/-)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazol-1-ylethanol (metabolite 11). The main routes of metabolism were epoxidation, epoxide hydratation, oxidative O-dealkylation, oxidation, and scission and oxidative N-dealkylation. The metabolic pattern was similar after oral and intravenous administration and in animals of each sex.

The half-time was about 2 hrs /in humans/.

Two single-copy genes, designated atrA and atrB (ATP-binding cassette transporter A and B), were cloned from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and sequenced. Based on the presence of conserved motifs and on hydropathy analysis, the products encoded by atrA and atrB can be regarded as novel members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. Both products share the same topology as the ABC transporters PDR5 and SNQ2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and CDR1 from Candida albicans, which are involved in multidrug resistance of these yeasts. Significant homology also occurs between the ATP-binding cassettes of atrA and atrB, and those of mammalian ABC transporters (P-glycoproteins). The transcription of atrA and, i particular, atrB in mycelium of A. nidulans is strongly enhanced by treatment with several drugs, including antibiotics, azole fungicides and plant defense toxins. The enhanced transcription is detectable within a few minutes after drug treatment and coincides with the beginning of energy-dependent drug efflux activity, reported previously in the fungus for azole fungicides. Transcription of the atr genes has been studied in a wild-type and in a series of isogenic strains carrying the imaA and/or imaB genes, which confer multidrug resistance to various toxic compounds such as the azole fungicide imazalil. atrB is constitutively transcribed at a low level in the wild-type and in strains carrying imaA or imaB. Imazalil treatment enhances transcription of atrB to a similar extent in all strains tested. atrA, unlike atrB, displays a relatively high level of constitutive expression in mutants carrying imaB. Imazalil enhances transcription of atrA more strongly in imaB mutants, suggesting that the imaB locus regulates atrA. Functional analysis demonstrated that cDNA of atrB can complement the drug hypersensitivity associated with DPR5 deficiency in S. cerevisiae.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study in volunteers was undertaken to examine the local effects of imazalil on the skin. Imazalil base 0.2%, imazalil base 0.2% ointment, imazalil sulfate (530 mg base/L), Fungaflor (68% w/w imazalil), and two control formulations not containing imazalil were applied under occlusive adhesive strips for 48 hrs. The skin was then examined for redness, edema, irritation, or inflammation. There were no complaints of burning, itching, or pain, and the skin at the sites of application appeared normal in all cases.|/CASE REPORTS/ A 43-year-old female developed an acute eczematous contact dermatitis of the right hand and forearm 2 weeks after treatment of a dermatophytic skin infection with imazalil. After imazalil treatment was discontinued, the condition resolved. Patch tests showed allergy to several imizadole derivatives including imazalil.|/CASE REPORTS/ A case of palatal and nasal infection with Alternaria was treated with imazalil at oral doses up to 1200 mg/kg bw administered topically and orally. The drug was tolerated, but it was found to be bitter and unpleasant with an aftertaste lasting for hours, and nausea occurred at high doses ( 800 mg). Very limited studies of pharmacokinetics were carried out: at a dose of 400 mg/day, the maximum serum concentration was about 2 ug/mL, while at a dose of 1200 mg, the maximum serum concentration was about 4 ug/mL.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Although the Buehler assay was negative on a 13.5% formulation, cases of sensitivity to the compound have been previously described in Europe and in Central America. The technical material is labeled as a potential sensitizer.

1H-imidazole, 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propen-1-yloxy)ethyl)-, sulfate (1:1)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Emulsifiable concentrate; water soluble powder; soluble liquid.|Trade Names: Fungaflor, Fungazil, Deccozil, Nuzone, Freshguard.|Technical is > or =95% pure.|Selected products: Deccozil; Flo-Pro; Freshgard; Magnate; Mazal. Mixtures: Baytan Combi (+fuberidazole +triadimenol) (fuberidazole not present in some formulations); Baytan Universal (+fuberidazole +triadimenol) (seed treatment); Vincit (+flutriafol +thiabendazole). Other products: Florasan; Nuzone; Sphinx; Stryper. Mixtures: Nectec (+azaconazole); Baytan IM (+fuberidazole +triadimenol); Citrocil (+2-phenylphenol); Extratect (+thiabendazole) (seed); Manta Plus (+fuberidazole +imidacloprid +triadimenol) (Germany); Panoctine Plus (+guazatine); Raxil (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, East Europe); Raxil Complex Liquido (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Italy); Raxil IM (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment); Raxil MD Extra (+metalaxyl +tebuconazole); Robust (+triticonazole); Vincit FS (+flutriafol +thiabendazole); Vitaflo Extra (+carboxin +thiabendazole); Vitavax Extra (+carboxin +thiabendazole). Discontinued products: mixtures: Larin (+fenpiclonil +tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Germany); Raxil WS (+tebuconazole) (seed treatment, E Europe).

Control powdery mildews on cucurbits and ornamentals; powdery mildew on roses; storage diseases (particularly Penicillium, Gloeosporium, Phomopsis spp., etc.) of citrus fruit, pome fruit, bananas, and seed potatoes. Also used as a seed dressing, for control of diseases (particularly Fuasrium and Helminthosporium spp.) of cereals. It is particularly active against benzimidazole-resistant strains of plant-pathogenic fungi.

Product analysis by GLC. Residues determined by GLC or by HPLC.|FDA Method 211.1. Organochlorine Residues (Nonionic) General Method for Fatty Foods Including Extraction of Fat, Acetonitrile Partition, Florisil Column Cleanup, and Supplemmental Cleanup. GCECD.|FDA Method 212.2. Organochlorine Residues (Nonionic) General Method for Nonfatty Foods Including Acetone Extraction, Isolation in Organic Phase, and Optional Florisil Column Cleanup, and Supplemmental Cleanup. GCECD.|Analyte: imazalil; matrix: food (fruit); procedure: high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 225 nm; limit of detection: 100 ng/g (citrus fruit), 50 ng/g (banana)

Agrochemicals -> Fungicides|Fungicides|Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Imazalil has known environmental transformation products that include 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)2-imidazol-1-ylethanol.|Imazalil has known environmental transformation products that include R014821.