Sodium bromide

102.894

101.908096

231-599-9

LC1V549NOM

77384

DTXSID3034903

White crystals, granules, or powder|White, cubic crystals

2827510000

0

-2.99600

DryPowder; DryPowder, WetSolid; Liquid; OtherSolid

3.21 g/cm³

755 °C

1390 °C

1390°C

1.6412

905 g/L (20 ºC)

Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.

1 mm Hg ( 806 °C)

LD50 orally in rats: 3.5 g/kg (Smith, Hambourger)

Saline, feebly bitter taste

pH = 6.5-8.0

Absorbs moisture from air but is not deliquescent|The aqueous solution is practically neutral. From water of room temperature, sodium bromide crystallizes with 2H2O in the form of colorless crystals.|Heat of fusion: 26.23 kJ/mol

NONH for all modes of transport

1

R36/37/38

S24/25-S25

VZ3150000

Xi: Irritant;

Stable. Incompatible with strong acids. Hygroscopic.

P201, P202, P264, P280, P281, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P337+P313, P405, P501

H319

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incompatible with acids, alkaloidal and heavy metal salts.|The following salts are rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride: ... sodium bromide ...

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Sodium bromide (7647-15-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of June 1, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]|USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Inorganic Halides. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 12, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

|Danger|H319 (15.85%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P201, P202, P264, P280, P281, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P337+P313, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 782 companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Non-flammable

Four chick bioassays were conducted to quantify iodine (I) toxicity and its amelioration in young chicks. A supplemental I level from KI of 600 mg/kg depressed growth in chicks fed methionine-deficient diets but not in those fed methionine-adequate diets. An I dose level > or = 900 mg/kg was required to cause growth depression in chicks fed a methionine-adequate corn-soybean meal diet. Iodine intoxicated chicks also displayed neurological symptoms and extreme malaise, but dose levels up to 1200 mg I/kg had no effect on blood hemoglobin or hematocrit. Supplemental I levels of 1000-1500 mg/kg caused severe growth depressions that could be totally reversed by dietary addition of 50 or 100 mg/kg bromine provided as NaBr. Nuclear accidents or terrorist actions that result in I toxicity and thyroid cancer or goiter may benefit from use of NaBr as a therapeutic agent.|Bromide half-life in rats ingesting 0.02-0.15 mole/L NaCl varied from 2.5 days during high NaCl intake, to 25 days during low NaCl intake.

LD50 Rat oral 3500 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 4200 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat sc 2900 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 7000 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Groups of /Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)/ received sodium bromide at dietary concentrations of 563, 1002, 1784, 3167, and 5633 ppm for 4 days, followed by untreated feed for three days. Another group served as control. Signs of toxicity typical of intoxication with sodium bromide were seen at 3167 ppm and above and included slight to severe ataxia (increasing with external stimuli), wing droop, lethargy, ventral head curl, and loss of righting reflex. Few birds displayed signs of toxicity on day 8 of the study. There were no mortalities, and there was no effect on body weight or feed consumption when compared with controls.|/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Groups of /Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhyncas)/ received sodium bromide at dietary concentrations of 563, 1002, 1784, 3167, and 5633 ppm for 4 days, followed by untreated feed for three days. Another group served as control. Signs of toxicity typical of intoxication with sodium bromide were seen at 3167 ppm and above and included slight to severe ataxia (increasing with external stimuli), wing droop, lethargy, ventral head curl, and loss of righting reflex. Few birds displayed signs of toxicity on day 8 of the study. There were no mortalities, and there was no effect on body weight or feed consumption when compared with controls.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values for these biocides with respect to 24-, 48-, and 72-hr-old Artemia, determined by static bioassays, showed the following rank order of toxicity /for 3 biocides used in disinfection of cooling towers/: tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) < trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC) < and sodium bromide (NaBr). An age-dependent increase in sensitivity was seen for each compound. All three biocides reduced the phototactic response of 24-hr-old Artemia larvae in 24-hr static bioassays; the median inhibitory concentration ratios obtained were 30 to 40 times lower than their respective 24-hr LC50 values ...|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of sodium bromide for freshwater organisms was tested using algae (Scenedesmus pannonicus), crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and fish (Poecilia reticulata and Oryzias latipes). Depending on the species tested, the acute toxicity varied from 44 to 5800 mg Br-/L (EC50 values) and the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC values) in the long-term tests varied from 7.8 to 250 mg Br-/L. Bromide ion markedly impaired reproduction in both crustaceans and fish. Histologically no effects were observed in the long-term test with Oryzias, but in the reproduction test with Poecilia, hyperplasia of the thyroid, atrophy and degeneration of the musculature and regressive changes in the female reproductive tract were observed. As a criterion of water quality, 1 mg Br-/L has been proposed, on the basis of reproductive performance in the Poecilia test. The concentrations found in surface water frequently exceed this value and sometimes reach levels at which acute effects on water organisms can be expected.|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Sodium bromide/ occurs naturally in some salt deposits.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sodium bromide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 124,815 workers (45,219 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium bromide in the US(1).

The effective antiepileptic drugs for long-term use /in treating Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, a malformation syndrome often with refractory seizures and status epilepticus/ were sodium bromide (four of four patients), followed by clorazepate (CLP; one of two patients), and nitrazepam (NZP; two of four patients). Sodium bromide was particularly effective for preventing status epilepticus ...|/Experimental Therapy/ ... The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the effect of an orally administered low-dose, homeopathic mineral therapy (Potassium bromide 1X, Sodium bromide 2X, Nickel sulfate 3X, Sodium chloride 6X) on seborrheic dermatitis and chronic dandruff. METHODS: Forty-one patients with seborrheic dermatitis and/or chronic dandruff were assigned to one of two treatment groups: Active (containing the medication) or placebo (vehicle). Study medication was administered in a placebo-controlled, randomly-selected, double-blind study for 10 weeks. At the end of 10 weeks all patients crossed over to the active medication, under a different label for an additional 10 weeks in an open study format. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients completed the 10-week blinded portion of the study. After 10 weeks of treatment, the disease state of the active patients improved significantly over that of the placebo patients (p < 0.04). The placebo patients' condition before and after crossover to active treatment was also evaluated, showing significant improvement (p < 0.01) 10 weeks after crossing over to active medication ...|SODIUM BROMIDE IS A SEDATIVE & HYPNOTIC WHICH IS ONLY EFFECTIVE WHEN USED OVER PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS USELESS AS AN OCCASIONAL HYPNOTIC. IT IS TOO DANGEROUS FOR CONTINUED USE EXCEPT CAUTIOUSLY FOR SELECTED CASES OF GRAND MAL EPILEPSY IN CHILDREN WHICH DO NOT RESPOND TO CONVENTIONAL LESS TOXIC AGENTS.|MEDICATION (VET): Bromide (potassium or sodium salt) is recommended as a treatment in dogs for refractory seizure disorders or unacceptable side effects related to phenobarbital or primidone.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Veterinary/ To evaluate clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy treated with potassium or sodium bromide ... 83 clinically ill epileptic dogs with (cases; n = 31) and without (controls; 52) bromism ... were matched by the veterinary hospitals from which they were referred and by month of admission. A presumptive diagnosis of bromism was made in case dogs when treatment for primary clinical signs was limited to induction of diuresis or reduction in the dose of bromide administered, and this diagnosis was supported by serum bromide concentrations ... Common clinical signs of bromism included alterations in consciousness, ataxia, and upper and lower motor neuron tetraparesis and paraparesis. /A/multivariate analysis identified bromide dose at admission to the hospital as the only factor significantly associated with bromism. In all dogs with bromism, treatment via dose reduction or facilitated renal excretion of bromide resulted in rapid clinical improvement, although breakthrough seizures happened during treatment in 8 of 31 (26%) dogs ...|/Veterinary/ Regular serial monitoring of serum bromide concentrations is recommended to optimize anticonvulsant treatment /with sodium or potassium bromide/ in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.|Bromism, chronic bromide intoxication, can be caused by a variety of medicines, but bromism due to pain-relieving injectable medications has not been reported. In this study, the methods used were internet searching on bromide-containing injectables available in Taiwan and the first case report of bromism due to mixed-formulated injectable medication ... Many analgesic/antipyretic and antihistamine injections containing bromides are still being used in Taiwan. They contain sodium bromide up to 1000 mg/ampoule or calcium bromide up to 800 mg/amp. A 25-year-old female suffered from forgetfulness and unstable gait after long-term frequent injections of a preparation to relieve head and neck pain. Blood tests showed hyperchloremia (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (-48.7 mEq/L). Serum bromide measured 2150 mg/L. She recovered completely in 3 days with saline treatment ... Clinicians should keep alert on this issue to avoid iatrogenic bromism or making misdiagnoses.|Two iodine-sensitive women in whom potassium bromide solution was used as a radiocontrast agent for retrograde pyelography developed similar clinical conditions culminating in renal failure. Renal failure was due to upper urinary tract obstruction from fibrosis and fat necrosis in each case. Similar histological findings have been described in rabbit bladder exposed to sodium bromide solution. Different patterns of exposure corresponded with different sites of major damage in the two cases. One patient, who had repeated studies of the pelvicalyceal system with potassium bromide developed papillary necrosis. Systemic exposure to bromide-releasing compounds (in animals) and to bromides (in humans) has also been associated with papillary necrosis.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3. 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). ACUTE ORAL POISONING IS RARE BECAUSE SINGLE DOSES ARE USUALLY PROMPTLY REJECTED BY VOMITING, BUT 1 OZ HAS BEEN SWALLOWED & ABSORBED SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE DEATH. /BROMIDE SALTS/

The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous bromide was studied in 7 adult volunteers, who served as their own controls. They received 1 mL/kg of 3% sodium bromide, equivalent to 30 mg/kg bromide. Oral bioavailability ranged between 75-118% with a mean of 96 +/- 6%. Elimination T1/2 was 11.9 +/- 1.4 days after oral administration and 9.4 +/- 1.5 days after iv administration (P > 0.10) ...|The distribution of (82)Br in the mouse was studied by autoradiography at various intervals after IV injection /of sodium bromide/. (82)Br levels in various tissues were determined quantitiatively and expressed as percentages of the blood level. In the 24 hr after administration, the following organs had high Br levels (compared to blood levels): gastric mucosa, gastric contents, urinary bladder contents, blood vessel walls, and retina. High concentrations, but not exceeding the concentration in blood, were in: cartilage, tendons, lungs, compact bone, and thyroid.|The distribution of halide ions fluoride, bromide, iodide, chloride, and thiocyanate were studied in mice and rats by whole body autoradiography, microradiography, double tracer autoradiography, and scintillation counting methods. Bromide showed a high concentration in blood after IV injection for a long time. Bromide accumulated in the blood vessel walls. A low concentration was seen in the central nervous system. After 4 - 24 hr bromide concentrations in the central nervous system were 1/3 of blood level. Some concentration was seen in gastric mucosa, pituitary gland, bone, and cartilage, and high concentrations in the salivary glands, teeth, and eyes. Little to no accumulation was seen in the intestinal mucosa, liver, lymphatic tissue, ovaries, muscles, and thyroid.|The steady-state distribution of bromide in the nervous system of the rabbit was studied at various plasma concentration levels (0.5 - 20 nM). Utilizing a ventriculo-cisternal perfusion system, the flux of bromide between cerebrospinal fluid and blood was measured under various experimental conditions. The steady-state distribution of bromide in brain and cerebrospinal fluid was concentration dependent, and the brain served as a sink for the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The flux experiments revealed that the efflux of bromide from the perfusion fluid was some 30% greater than the influx of bromide from the blood. The movement of bromide out of the perfusate was attenuated with increasing concentrations of bromide and on death of the animal. /It was/ suggested that at low concentration levels, bromide is rapidly cleared from the cerebrospinal fluid (by an active transport system) and the brain (by either the same or oxidation to bromate), while at high concentration levels the relative ineffectiveness of the proposed systems results in accumulation of bromide and the establishment of a state of equilibrium between blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Seven adult male volunteers were dosed with 1 ml/kg of a 3% sodium bromide solution (30 mg/kg bromide) after an overnight fast, three initially by the oral route and 4 by iv injection. Each subject was dosed twice, over a month apart. Serum concentrations of bromide were measured at 2, 3 and 4 hours and 3, 7 and 35 days. Oral bioavailability ranged from 75 - 118% with a mean of 96%. Differences between routes were not significant. T 1/2 was 11.9 days after oral administration and 9.4 days after iv administration|Bromide ... is rapidly absorbed and steady-state serum levels have been reached in rats (strain not given) within 4 weeks. The biological half-life of bromide, and consequently the serum levels, are strongly dependent on chloride intake. /Bromide/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A total of 0, 4 and 9 mg/kg bw sodium bromide was administered orally to 45 healthy female volunteers. The experiment lasted for six menstrual cycles: only during the first three cycles was bromide administered; at the start, at the end of the administration period and at the end of the experiment a physical examination and hematological and routine clinical chemistry tests were performed. Except for nausea in relation to the intake of bromide, no adverse effects were observed. The bromide concentration in plasma rose to 3.22 +/- 0.93 mmol/kg in the 4 mg/kg group and to 7.99 +/- 1.89 in the 9 mg/kg group by the end of the administration period. Before and at the end of the experiment the thyroid hormones (T4, FT4, TBG, T3 and TSH) were analyzed. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Before, after three menstrual cycles and at the end of the experiment an EEG with a Visual Evoked Response was recorded. At the 4 and 9 mg/kg dose level in the alpha 1-band and the beta-bands significant changes were found (P < 0.1 and P < 0.05, respectively). The Visual Evoked Response showed no significant differences between the three groups. From this experiment and previous experiments a no-effect level in humans for sodium bromide of 4 mg/kg bw is proposed.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide, 1 mg/kg daily, was administered to 21 healthy volunteers (11 females not using oral contraceptives and not pregnant and 10 males, during 8 weeks or 2 full cycles to determine whether ingestion of a dose equal to the acceptable daily intake might induce effects. Special attention was paid to the endocrine system because endocrine changes were predominant in rats receiving sodium bromide (NaBr) in their diets. There was no difference between the results of a full medical history and physical examination at the start and at the end of the experiment. The results from the measured hematological, biochemical and urine analyses did not change during the experiment. In females the plasma bromide concentration rose from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.97 +/- 0.18 mmol/L and in males from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol /L to 0.83 +/- 0.09 mmol/L (mean +/- sd). No changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroxin binding globulin, triiodothyronine, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. Also no changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after the administration of thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide excretion in the sweat after oral administration of sodium bromide was determined in 25 children with chronic and/or recurrent inflammations of the upper respiratory tract and/or dyspepsia. The results were compared with those involving the determination of serum bromide and sweat chloride levels. Increased bromide excretion in the sweat was observed in two children with mucoviscidosis ... The determination of sweat bromide concentration /was proposed/ for the differential diagnosis of mucoviscidosis.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide (as sodium bromide) was administered to 21 healthy volunteers (11 females not using oral contraceptives and not pregnant and 10 males) for 8 weeks or 2 full cycles. Special attention was paid to the endocrine system. There was no difference between the results of a full medical history and physical examination and the measured hematological, biochemical, and urine analyses at the start and at the end of the study. Plasma bromide concentration was raised from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.97 +/- 0.18 mmol/L in females and from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.83 +/- 0.09 mmol/L in males. No changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroxine binding globulin, triiodothryonine, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, TSH, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after the administration of thyroid stimulating homrone releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

sodium bromide

Grades: CP (chemically pure), crystals, powdered, commercial, pure, highest purity, and NF (national formulary).|The solid product is available in 25-kg plastic-lined bags, and a 45% solution is available from 55-gallon drums (208 L) up to tank car quantities.|93NF 152 (Nalco Co.) sodium bromide 42.8%|Applied Biochemists Yellowtrine (Applied Biochemists) sodium bromide 98%|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Sodium bromide (NaBr): ACTIVE|INCOMPATIBILITIES: IN RELATIVELY HIGH CONCN SOL BROMIDES ARE ALKALOIDAL PRECIPITANTS. ABOUT 20% OF ALC PREVENTS PPTN. STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS LIBERATE BROMINE. MERCUROUS CHLORIDE IS PARTIALLY CONVERTED TO MERCURIC SALT BY ALKALI BROMIDES, MIXT BECOMING DARK DUE TO SIMULTANEOUS FORMATION OF METALLIC MERCURY.|INCOMPATIBILITIES: LEAD, SILVER, MANGANESE, ANTIMONY, & MERCUROUS SALTS CAUSE PPTN. ENZYMES ARE "SALTED OUT" OF SOLN BY BROMIDES IN FAIRLY HIGH CONCN. IN CONTRAST TO POTASSIUM BROMIDE, SODIUM BROMIDE IS HYGROSCOPIC & DUE TO THIS MAY CAUSE TROUBLE IN POWDER & CAPSULE FORMULATIONS.

...Na is determined gravimetrically as Na-Mg uranyl acetate; & total Br is determined by volhard titration.|UV spectrophotometric method was used for determination of sodium bromide in aq soln.