Sodium carbonate

105.98800

105.96400

231-420-4

45P3261C7T

1135

DTXSID1029621

C47721

Grayish-white powder or lumps containing up to 99% sodium carbonate|White hygroscopic powder|White ... small crystals or monoclinic powder

2836200000

63.19000

-2.44700

White non odor powder

2.53 g/cm³

851 °C

1600°C

169.8ºC

1.535

H2O: 22 g/100 mL (20 ºC)

Low temperature, ventilation, drying

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 4090 mg/kg

Odorless

Tasteless

Aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline. At 25 °C, the pH of 1, 5 and 10 wt% sodium carbonate solutions are 11.37, 11.58 and 11.70, respectively.

Begins to lose carbon dioxide at 400 °C; hygroscopic; on exposure to air it will gradually absorb 1 mole water, about 15%. Decomposed by acids with effervescence. Combines with water with evolution of heat.|Undergoes monoclinic (beta) to monoclinic (alpha) transition at 3 °C and monoclinic (beta) to hexagonal (alpha) transition at 4 °C.|Enthalpy of fusion: 29.7 kJ/mol at 856 °C|Colorless orthorhombic crystals; MP: 100 °C; density: 2.25 g/cu cm; solubility: 30.7 g/100 g water at 25 °C; insoluble in ethanol /Sodium carbonate monohydrate/|Odorless; white, small crystals or crystalline powder; alkaline taste; density 1.55. MP: 109 °C (loses water) 851 °C. Soluble in water and glycerol; insoluble in alcohol /Sodium carbonate monohydrate/|Othogonal crystals; density 2.25 g/cu cm; Mohs hardness 1.3; index of refraction: 1.420, 1.506, 1.524 /Thermonatrite (monohydrate)/|Rhombic bipyramidal crystals; density 1.51; MP 32 °C, minus water, solubility 16.90 g/100 cc cold water, 33.9 g/100 cc at 35 °C /Sodium carbonate heptahydrate/|Colorless crystals; MP: 34 °C; density: 1.46 g/cu cm; solubility: 30.7 g/100 g water at 25 °C; insoluble in ethanol /Sodium carbonate decahydrate/|Heat of Formation (kJ/mol at 0 °C): -1131 (soda ash); -1459 (monohydrate); -3201 (sesquihydrate); -4082 (decahydrate)|Incompatibilities: acids, acid salts, and acidic prepn cause its decomp.|White, needle-shaped crystals. Density: 2.112. MP: decomposes. Soluble in water; less alkaline than sodium carbonate /Sodium sesquicarbonate/|White crystals, flakes or crystaline powder /Sodium sesquicarbonate/

UN 3082 9/PG 3

2

R36

S36/37-S26-S22-S36-S39

XN6476000

Xi

Dry. Well closed. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Stable. Incompatible with powdered alkaline earth metals, aluminium, organic nitro compounds, fluorine, alkali metals, nonmetallic oxides, concentrated sulfuric acid, oxides of phosphorus.

P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P403+P233, P405, P501

H318

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product Offer: Surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

The anhydrous reaction of sodium carbonate & phosphorus pentoxide, initiated by local heating, can generate relatively high temp.|Decomposition by acids with effervescende; combines with water with evolution of heat.|When sodium carbonate was applied to red hot aluminum, an explosion occurred.|Stratified concentrated sulfuric acid in a reaction tank was suddenly contacted by alkali wash. The violent ensuing reaction caused a geyser of material, propelled by carbon dioxide and steam, to shoot from the manhole of the tank.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).|Sodium carbonate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium carbonate is included in anticaries drug products.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium carbonate is included in digestive aid drug products.

OECD; Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) Inital Assessment Report for SIDS Initial Assessment Meeting (SIAM) 15, Sodium carbonate (497-19-8) (October 2002). This OECD Initial Assessment is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of October 23, 2017: http://www.inchem.org/pages/sids.html]|USEPA; Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Sodium Carbonate; Weak Mineral Bases. EPA 739-R-06-001 (January 2006). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the USA.[Available from; as of October 11, 2017: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Not combustible.

|Warning|H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P313|H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 8757 companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|Danger|H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P261, P271, P280, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN 166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|... Workers should wear personal protective equipment (respirators, gloves, arm protectors, aprons).

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acute exposures of dusts or vapors of sodium carbonate may cause irritation of mucous membranes with subsequent coughing and shortness of breath.|A skin and eye irritant.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Dry. Well closed. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the respiratory tract. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Man: LD50 (Oral) - 714 mg/kg, Effect: Behavioural,General Anesthetic : GI Ulceration or Bleeding from small intestine. Mouse : LC50 ( Inhalation ) - 1200mg/m3/2h : GI Other Change Mouse : LC50 ( Intraperitoneal ) - 117mg/kg Mouse : LD50 ( Oral) - 6600mg/kg Mouse : LD50 (Subcutaneous ) - 2210 mg/kg Rat : LC50 ( Inhalation ) 2300mg/m3/2H Rat: LD50 (Oral) - 4090 mg/kg|IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sodium carbonate is a grayish-white powder of lumps containing up to 99% sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate is used for the production of glass, soaps and detergents and other chemicals and it also used by the 'metals and mining' industry and the 'pulp and paper' industry. Sodium carbonate is not only used by industry but is also used by consumers. It may be used directly in solutions of sodium carbonate for soaking of clothes, dishwashing, floor washing and for degreasing operations but it is also present in a large number of consumer products like cosmetics, soaps, scouring powders, soaking and washing powders. Sodium carbonate is also a food additive. HUMAN STUDIES: Aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline, concentrated solutions tend to produce local necrosis of mucous membranes. An aqueous solution, 50% weight/volume, of sodium carbonate was applied to the intact and abraded skin of human volunteers. The sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hr and scored for erythema, edema, and corrosion. The solution produced no erythema and edema. The human skin showed tissue destruction at the abraded sites. Ingestion of large quantities may produce corrosion of GI tract, vomiting, diarrhea, circulatory collapse, death. Dusts of vapors of sodium carbonate may cause irritation of mucous membranes with subsequent coughing and shortness of breath. It is a primary irritant at concentrations below 15% and caustic at concentrations above approximately 15% depending on contact time, areas of exposure, and other factors. ANIMAL STUDIES: An aqueous solution, 50% weight/volume, of sodium carbonate was applied to the intact and abraded skins of rabbits, guinea pigs. The sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hr and scored for erythema, edema, and corrosion. The solution produced no erythema and edema. The rabbit skin showed tissue destruction at the abraded sites. Dry, powdered sodium carbonate, as 25% to 75% of a mixture with dry sodium sulfate, applied to eyes of rabbits and monkeys in a systematic study was judged "corrosive" or "harmful" to both species, whether or not followed by irrigation at two minutes after application. However, most monkey eyes exposed to 50% mixture showed little or no persistent injury 21 days after exposure. A repeated dose inhalation study was conducted in male rats exposed to a 2% aqueous sodium carbonate aerosol for 4 hr/day, 5 days/week for 3.5 months. Pulmonary ascorbic acid levels were decreased. Deviations in lungs were found in control and experimental animals but only experimental animals displayed hyperplasia and desquamination of bronchiolar epithelium, and perivascular edema. Other pulmonary changes included thickening of alveolar walls, hyperemia and lymphoid infiltration but these changes were also observed in about 50% of the controls. Aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate were administered daily via oral intubation to pregnant mice at doses ranging from 3.4 to 340 mg/kg bw during days 6-15 of gestation. The test substance produced no unwanted effects. Similar negative results were reported for rats and rabbits for daily doses from 2.45-245 mg/kg bw and 1.79-179 mg/kg bw, respectively. An in vitro mutagenicity test with bacteria was negative. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Sodium carbonate at 10 mg/L, reduced oxygen consumption in Caspian Sea shrimp in all of the observation periods, except days 3 and 10, when it was higher than the control. At 100 mg/L, oxygen consumption was higher during 1st 5 days and thereafter reduced gradually. Sodium carbonate is naturally occurring and commonly found in soil and water in the environment suggesting that releasing low levels of sodium carbonate would not be expected to adversely effect wildlife or water resources.

LD50 Rat oral 2.8 g/kg|LD50 Rat oral 4090 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation 2300 mg/cu m/2 hr|LD50 Rat (Wistar) oral (gavage) 2800 mg/kg bw /Sodium carbonate monohydrate/|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The natural habitat of sponge, Eunapius carteri faces an ecotoxicological threat of contamination by washing soda, a common household cleaning agent of India. Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate and is reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. Domestic effluent, drain water and various human activities in ponds and lakes have been identified as the major routes of washing soda contamination of water. Phagocytosis and generation of cytotoxic molecules are important immunological responses offered by the cells of sponges against environmental toxins and pathogens. Present study involves estimation of phagocytic response and generation of cytotoxic molecules like superoxide anion, nitric oxide and phenoloxidase in E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Sodium carbonate exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the phagocytic response of sponge cells under 4, 8, 16 mg/L of the toxin for 96 hr and all experimental concentrations of the toxin for 192 hr. Washing soda exposure yielded an initial increase in the generation of the superoxide anion and nitric oxide followed by a significant decrease in generation of these cytotoxic agents. Sponge cell generated a high degree of phenoloxidase activity under the experimental exposure of 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/L of sodium carbonate for 96 and 192 hr. Washing soda induced alteration of phagocytic and cytotoxic responses of E. carteri was indicative to an undesirable shift in their immune status leading to the possible crises of survival and propagation of sponges in their natural habitat.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Washing soda, chemically identified as anhydrous sodium carbonate, is a popular cleaning agent among the rural and urban populations of India which often contaminates the freshwater ponds and lakes, the natural habitat of sponge Eunapius carteri. Present investigation deals with estimation of cellular aggregation, generation of ROS and activities of antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase in the cells of E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Prolonged treatment of washing soda inhibited the degree of cellular aggregation. Experimental exposure of 8 and 16 mg/L of sodium carbonate for 48 hr elevated the physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the agranulocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes of E. carteri, whereas, treatment of 192 hr inhibited the ROS generation in three cellular morphotypes. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were recorded to be inhibited under prolonged exposure of washing soda. Washing soda mediated inhibition of ROS generation and depletion in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were indicative to an undesirable shift in cytotoxic status and antioxidative defense in E. carteri. Inhibition in the activity of lysozyme under the treatment of sodium carbonate was suggestive to a severe impairment of the innate immunological efficiency of E. carteri distributed in the washing soda contaminated habitat. Washing soda mediated inhibition in the activity of acetylcholinesterase indicated its neurotoxicity in E. carteri. Washing soda, a reported environmental contaminant, affected adversely the immunophysiological status of E. carteri with reference to cellular aggregation, oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase activity.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate and is a component of laundry detergent. Domestic effluent, drain water and various anthropogenic activities have been identified as major routes of sodium carbonate contamination of the freshwater ecosystem. The freshwater sponge, Eunapius carteri, bears ecological and evolutionary significance and is considered as a bioresource in aquatic ecosystems. The present study involves estimation of morphological damage, lysosomal membrane integrity, activity of phosphatases and apoptosis in the cells of E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Exposure to washing soda resulted in severe morphological alterations and damages in cells of E. carteri. Fragility and destabilization of lysosomal membranes of E. carteri under the sublethal exposure was indicative to toxin induced physiological stress in sponge. Prolonged exposure to sodium carbonate resulted a reduction in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cells of E. carteri. Experimental concentration of 8 mg/L of washing soda for 192 hr yielded an increase in the physiological level of cellular apoptosis among the semigranulocytes and granulocytes of E. carteri, which was suggestive to possible shift in apoptosis mediated immunoprotection. The results were indicative of an undesirable shift in the immune status of sponge. Contamination of the freshwater aquifers by washing soda thus poses an alarming ecotoxicological threat to sponges.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A toxicity test with 50 bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to sodium carbonate and 10 control fish was performed. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours the mortality was determined. The purpose of the work was to determine the tolerance of three distinct size ranges of the bluegill (small 3.88 cm and 0.96 g, medium 6.09 cm and 2.80 g, large 14.24 cm and 54.26 g). The ... LC50 ... was equal to 300 mg/L for all three sizes.|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Occurs in nature as the hydrate, thermonartrite, and the decahydrate, natron or natrite.|Sodium carbonate deposits and brines exist around the world. Although there are several minerals that contain sodium carbonate, traditionally only trona (sodium sesquicarbonate), Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O, and more recently nahcolite, NaHCO3, are of commercial interest.|There are at least 95 identified naturally occurring sodium carbonate deposits in the world ...

Sodium carbonate's production and use in manufacture of sodium salts, glass, soap; for washing wool; textiles; in bleaching linen, cotton; general cleanser; in water-softening; in photography; as reagent in analytical chemistry for pH adjustment; buffer; standard for acid-base titrimetry. Pharmaceutic aid (alkalinizer)(1) will result in its release to the environment through various waste streatms(SRC). Its use as a fungicide for use as hard surface disinfectants and sanitizers in institutional and residential settings(2) and use in hydraulic fracking(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 48 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of sodium carbonate in the United States may be as low as 50 workers to less than 10,000 but unknown or unreasonably ascertainable as to how many workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,001,842 workers (761,463 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium carbonate in the US(1).

Used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic.Occasionally, for dermatitides topically as a lotion. Medication (Vet): In solution to cleanse skin, in eczema, to soften scabs of ringworm.

Used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic.|Occasionally, for dermatitides topically as a lotion.|Medication (Vet): Has been used as an emetic. In solution to cleanse skin, in eczema, to soften scabs of ringworm.|Sodium bicarbonate infusion is widely recommended ... for patients who present with self-poisoning from tricyclic antidepressives. Cardiac conduction disorders could also be treated or prevented by means of such an infusion. The scientific basis for these recommendations was investigated by using Medline to search for publications about clinical studies that supported the use of sodium carbonate; 111 articles were scrutinized. Observational studies and case reports mention a rapid improvement in hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias following the administration of sodium bicarbonate. Results from animal experiments are contentious; it is not clear whether alkalinization or the administration of extra sodium causes the effect. Randomized studies in patients have not been carried out. As the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate is low, and its potential benefit appears to be high, /the authors/ recommend its use, despite the lack of scientific evidence. No recommendations concerning dosing, concentration and the length of the therapy can be provided on the basis of the literature.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Alkalizing buffering action: Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalinizing agent that dissociates to provide bicarbonate ion. Bicarbonate in excess of that needed to buffer hydrogen ions causes systemic alkalinization and, when excreted, urine alkalinization as well. Oral antacid action: Taken orally, sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid by the above mechanism.

The uptake of sodium, via exposure to sodium carbonate, is much less than the uptake of sodium via food. Therefore, sodium carbonate is not expected to be systemically available in the body. Furthermore, an oral uptake of sodium carbonate will result in a neutralization in the stomach due to the gastric acid.|Filtered and reabsorbed by the kidney; less than 1% of filtered bicarbonate is excreted.|Distribution occurs naturally and is confined to the systemic circulation.|The major extracellular buffer in the blood and the interstitial fluid of vertebrates is the bicarbonate buffer system ... . Carbon dioxide from the tissues diffuses rapidly into red blood cells, where it is hydrated with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells. The carbonic acid formed dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H2CO3 to dissolved CO2 is constant at equilibrium, pH may be expressed in terms of bicarbonate ion concentration and partial pressure of CO2 by means of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH = pk + log [HCO3-]/aPCO2. The blood plasma of /humans/ normally has a pH of 7.40. Should the pH fall below 7.0 or rise above 7.8, irreversible damage may occur. Compensatory mechanisms for acid-base disturbances function to alter the ratio of HCO3 - to PCO2 , returning the pH of the blood to normal. ... The uptake of sodium, via exposure to sodium carbonate, is much less than the uptake of sodium via food. Therefore, sodium carbonate is not expected to be systemically available in the body. Furthermore ... an oral uptake of sodium carbonate will result in a neutralization in the stomach due to the gastric acid.

None.

Carbon dioxide from the tissues diffuses rapidly into red blood cells, where it is hydrated with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells. The carbonic acid formed dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H2CO3 to dissolved CO2 is constant at equilibrium, pH may be expressed in terms of bicarbonate ion concentration and partial pressure of CO2 by means of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH = pk + log [HCO3-]/aPCO2

Sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate. /Soda ash/|Sodium carbonate can be produced from minerals which contain sodium carbonate. It is present in large deposits in Africa and the United States as either carbonate or trona, a mixed ore of equal molar amounts of the carbonate and bicarbonate. However, about 70% of the world production capacity of sodium carbonate is manufactured by the Solvay (ammonia soda) process, whereby ammonia is added to a solution of sodium chloride. Carbon dioxide is then bubbled through to precipitate the bicarbonate, NaHCO3. The sodium bicarbonate is decomposed by heat producing sodium carbonate. The traditional Solvay process is utilized in most parts of the world, with the exception of the U.S., where all production is based on the minerals which contain sodium carbonate.|The purity of natural soda ash is quite high (99.88%) with the iron content as low as 7-9 ppm & chlorine content < 0.02%|Typical analysis /of sodium carbonate via the ammonia-soda (Solvay) process/: Na2CO3 99.6%; NaCl, 0.15%; Na2SO4, 0.02%; Fe2O3, 0.002%; CaO, 0.01%; MgO, 0.02%.|For soda ash produced from trona, the following are typical analysis figures: Na2CO3 99.6%; NaCl, 0.035%; Na2SO4, 0.1%; Fe2O3, 0.001%; CaO, 0.01%; MgO, 0.003%.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 6 to 12 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first signs of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An aqueous solution, 50% weight/volume, of sodium carbonate was applied to the intact and abraded skins of rabbits, guinea pigs, and human volunteers. The sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hr and scored for erythema, edema, and corrosion. The solution produced no erythema and edema. The rabbit and human skins showed tissue destruction at the abraded sites.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A human patch (skin irritation) test with 98% sodium carbonate was performed using 26 human volunteers and exposing them for 15, 30 or 60 minutes through to 2, 3 and 4 hours. The patch test involved the application of 0.2 g on to a plain Hill Top Chamber and treated sites were assessed 24, 48 and 72 hours after patch removal. The results showed no reactivity among the volunteers and therefore these solutions of sodium carbonate were not classified as irritant based on the human patch test.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (50% w/v) was applied to the skin (intact and abraded) of six human volunteers for 4 hours. The volunteers were examined at 4, 24 and 48 hours after application of the solution for erythema and edema. Categorization of irritancy to human skin was based on the Primary Irritation Index (PII). The abraded skin had erythema and edema (mean score > 2) with two subjects having a maximum grade than 4. There were no signs of erythema or edema in the intact skins (mean PII >1.0).|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline; concentrated solutions tend to produce local necrosis of mucous membranes.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

disodium carbonate, 14C-labeled cpd

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Glass manufacturing, 57%; chemical intermediate, 24%; component of cleaning product formulations, 7%; pulp & paper processing, 4%; water treatment, 3%; other, 5% (1978)|Glass, 40% (bottles & containers, 27%; flat glass, 7%; fiberglass, 3%; other 3%); exports, 19%; chem, 18%; soaps & detergents, 7%; water & stack gas treatment, 4%; pulp & paper, 3%; other, 6% (1985)|The total world demand of sodium carbonate in 1999 was 33.4 million metric tons.|1995: glass, 48% (container 54%, flat 31%, specialty 8%, fiber 7%); chemicals, 25%; soap and detergents. 12%; distributors, 5%; pulp and paper and miscellaneous, 3% each; and water treatment and flue gas desulfurization, 2% each.|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Concrobium (Siamons International, Inc.): Active ingredient: sodium carbonate 0.95%.|Concrobium Mold Control (MUP) (Siamons International, Inc.): Active ingredient: sodium carbonate 0.95%.|Sodium carbonate /pesticide/ products are formulated as liquid soluble concentrates.|Technical product is known as sal soda or washing soda. /Sodium carbonate decahydrate/|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Carbonic acid sodium salt (1:2): ACTIVE|Produced by the ammonia-soda or Solvay process, or from lake brines or sea water by electrolytic processes.|For nearly a century, most of the soda ash produced in the U.S. has been made synthetically by the ammonia soda (Solvay) process. Largely because of high energy costs and strict pollution controls, most of the synthetic production is being abandoned in favor of the natural product obtained from deposits in Utah, California and Wyoming. One of the largest producing sites of the natural product is Green River, Wyoming.|The normal article of commerce is highly purified (>99%) material.|Traditional Solvay plants produce large volumes of aqueous, chloride-containing waste which must be discharged. Related environmental concerns are added whenever a plant complex includes lime quarries and ammonia-producing equipment. The natural soda ash processes produce no large volume of associated wastes. The major waste products are tailings, insoluble shale and minerals associated with trona and removed during processing. These solids along with purge liquors containing organic and trace impurities are sent to evaporation ponds where concentration of the aqueous stream is a first step in the eventual recovery of residual alkali.|In addition to the anhydrous form, the monohydrate form (5968-11-6) and the decahydrate form (6132-02-1) ... are placed on the market in very small quantities (compared to the anhydrous form). Sodium carbonate decahydrate is known as sal soda or washing soda. Although sodium carbonate monohydrate has a different CAS number than anhydrous sodium carbonate, ... the intrinsic properties are expected to be similar to the anhydrate.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Food additives|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Buffering; Bulking

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR;