2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate

286.407

286.41

229-934-9

DTXSID1027635

Low color

2915900090

52.60000

4.7

Liquid

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

−70 °C(lit.)

280 °C

154.6±18.8 °C

1.441

In water, 11.4 mg/L at 25 deg C (est)

8.5x10(-3) mmHg

9.9 (Air = 1)

Lower flammable limit: 0.5% by volume at 342 deg F (172 deg C)

Henry's Law constant = 1.07X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Conversion factors: 1 ppm = approximately 11.68 mg/cu m; 1 mg/L = approximately 85.7 ppm at 25 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

795 °F (424 °C)

Lower flammable limit: 0.5% by volume at 342 °F (172 °C)

NONH for all modes of transport

1

S24/25

SA1420000

P273, P501

H401

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; CPSC Staff Toxicity Review of Two Phthalates and One Phthalate Alternative for Consideration by the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (2011). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC's) Health Sciences staff assessment of the potential toxicity associated with two of the less commonly used phthalate ester compounds (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-2-propenyl ester and bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate) and one phthalate alternative (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate), for consideration by the phthalate Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel.[Available from, as of Novemeber 5, 2012 http://www.cpsc.gov/]

|Warning|H319 (15.71%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P273, P280, P281, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P314, P337+P313, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1238 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, and P501

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Eye irritation... rabbit... not irritating.|TXIB was slightly irritating to the skin of guinea pigs when the skin was exposed uncovered, and more irritating when covered. ... There was no evidence that TXIB was absorbed into the skin, but small skin flakes, desquamation, and little hair were visible after one week. After two weeks, desquamation and sparse hair persisted.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

INDOOR: Building materials are a source of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate. The compound was detected in indoor air at a concentration of 100-1000 ug/cu m; the source was vinyl flooring(1). An analysis of volatile organic compound concentrations and emission rates in four new manufactured and seven site-built houses was conducted in the eastern and southeastern US in hot-humid and mixed-humid climates. The manufactured houses were completed in July 1997, installed within 3 weeks, and sampled on Sept 16, 1997. The site-built houses were small, detached single-family dwellings designed as entry-level housing. 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate concentrations ranged from 0.3-19.ppb, mean of 0.8 ppb and 0.1-7.2 ppb, mean of 1.8 ppb were reported for manufactured and site-built homes, respectively(2).|INDOOR: Mean 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol concentrations reported in December,1990 in 62 dwellings located Uppsala, Sweden in 1990 recently with and without different types of painting(1).

To investigate the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure on the development of allergic airway inflammation Balb/c mice were exposed to VOCs emitted by new polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring, sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and characterized in acute and chronic murine asthma models... VOCs with the highest concentrations emitted by new PVC flooring were N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB)... Treatment of PVC flooring-exposed mice with N-acetylcysteine prevented the VOC-induced increase of airway inflammation.

LC50 Rat inhalation >5.3 mg/L 6hr|LD50 Mouse ip 6400 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat ip 3200 mg/kg bw|LD50 Mouse oral >6400 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat oral >3200 mg/kg bw

2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate's production and use as a plasticizer in vinyl flooring(1-3) and coalescing aid in latex paints(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 490(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2012).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 490(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 49 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 800(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 4.91(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2012).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be one day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about one day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.5X10-2 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 15 and 1.5 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 800 was calculated in fish for 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 4.91(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate can be estimated to be 490(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to have low mobility in soil. 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate concentrations were 500 and 120 ng/L in influent and effluent, respectively, using a soil column test and secondary treated City of Phoenix, AZ wastewater; the decrease in effluent was attributed mainly to adsorption(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is estimated as 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 49 days(SRC). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

SURFACE WATER: 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1.3-pentanediol diisobutyrate was present at 1-6 ppb in samples from the Delaware River collected in March 1977 between Marcus Hook, PA at river mile 78 (1-6 ppb) and Trenton, NJ at river mile 132. It was not detected in samples collected in August 1976(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 81,149 workers (14,110 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate via inhalation of ambient indoor air and to a lesser extent dermal contact with contaminated water(SRC).|2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate was present at mean concentrations of 0.4, 7.7, and 11.4 ug/cu m in 50 telecommunications offices (sparsely populated), 9 data centers (variably occupied), and 11 administrative offices (densely occupied), respectively, located throughout the US. Sampling was conducted from March 18 through April 29, 1991 . Typically, the telecommunication and administrative offices were better ventilated. The immediate outdoor air concentration mean was 0.03 ppb(1).

Three rats received single oral doses of radiolabeled TXIB (236, 250, or 283 mg/kg bw) and urine, feces and (14)CO2 were collected daily. The percentages of the total oral doses of 236, 250, and 283 mg/kg bw accounted for were 98.9 percent (after 10 days), 99.2 percent (after 10 days), and 95.3 percent (after seven days), respectively. Two-thirds of the total dose was excreted in 48hours, 90 percent in five days, and nearly 100 percent in 10 days. The major route (50-67% of the total dose) of elimination was urine. Fecal excretion accounted for 14-31 percent of the dose with the majority excreted within the first 48 hours; elimination was essentially complete in seven days. Radiolabeled CO2 was not detected. In rats administered 475 mg/kg unlabeled TXIB, fecal acetone extracts taken after 24 hours indicated 8-36 percent of the dose remained as TXIB, 18-27 percent was the monoester, and there were trace amounts of TMPD. In urine, concentrations were not quantified, but TXIB, TMPD, the monoester of TMPD, and conjugates of TMPD and 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxyvaleric acid were detected.Oral doses of TMPD (196 and 208 mg/kg bw) were also eliminated rapidly and almost entirely in the urine of rats.|Male Holtzman albino rats receiving single oral doses of radiolabeled TXIB (236-895 mg/kg bw) were sacrificed one-by-one 8, 15, and 22 days later. Liver, kidney, perirenal and omental fat, brain, lung, and carcass tissue were analyzed for radioactivity after sacrifice. After eight days of exposure, the carcass and organs combined accounted for 2.9 percent of the original dose, and at days 15 and 22, essentially no radioactivity remained (<1%).|The majority of an oral dose was absorbed quickly in Holtzman albino rats. An acetone extract of the feces 24 hours after a single oral dose of 475 mg/kg bw TXIB indicated that one-half to two-thirds of TXIB indeed had been absorbed by the animal. The percent of total oral doses of 236, 250, and 283 mg/kg bw (14)C-TXIB accounted for in urine and feces of rats was 98.9, 99.2, and 95.3 percent, respectively, after 7-10 days.

After an oral dose of radiolabeled TXIB, the first metabolic step was hydrolysis to the monoisobutyrate of the parent glycol 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-pentanediol (TMPD), presumably in the gastrointestinal tract since a large proportion of the total dose detected in feces was this compound... A second hydrolysis takes place, transforming some of the dose into TMPD. Major urinary metabolites of TXIB detected three days after an oral dose of 255 mg/kg bw were free 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxyvaleric acid (11.6% of dose), as well as its glucuronide (3.1%) and its sulfate form (4.3%), and also TMPD in its glucuronide (6.5%), sulfate (1.8%), and free form (0.5%). Forty-eight hours following an oral dose of TMPD (196 or 208 mg/kg bw), the major urinary metabolite in rats was the O-glucuronide of TMPD (72-73% of the dose); other compounds found in the urine were the sulfate (6.4-6.5%) and free (1-1.7%) forms of TMPD, and free 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxyvaleric acid (3%) and its glucuronide (4.3-4.4%).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two hundred and three human volunteers were tested for evidence of sensitization to several plasticizers following 3 weeks of dermal application three times a week. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)mellitate (TOTM; 1%, v/v), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-diisobutyrate (TXIB; 1%, v/v), di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT; 0.5%, v/v) and diethylphthalate (DEP; 2%, v/v) were applied to the skin of volunteers under semi-occlusive patch for 3 consecutive weeks and the reactions to a challenge application noted following a 2-week rest period. Slight erythema was observed in four individuals exposed to TOTM, two of which resolved within 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. Slight erythema was noted in three subjects exposed to TXIB, one of which resolved by 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. Two subjects had slight erythema to DEHT, one that resolved by 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. One reaction occurred with DEP at 96 hr after challenge. Of the positive responses, one subject reacted to all test substances. No subject had a response grade of 1.0 or greater. Because of the low response, the overall conclusion is that none of the plasticizers demonstrated evidence of sensitization or irritation.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An experiment explored ability of subjects to detect vapors of the plasticizer TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate) and ethanol via olfaction and via ocular and nasal chemesthesis, i.e. chemically stimulated feel. Testing, tailored to the sensitivity of each subject, produced psychometric functions for individuals. Olfactory detection of TXIB began at concentrations below 1 ppb (v/v), with 50% correct detection at 1.2 ppb. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred almost two orders of magnitude higher.) Chemesthetic detection of TXIB began at about 500 ppb, with 50% correct detection at 2.1 ppm for the eye and 4.6 ppm for the nose, both close to saturated vapor concentration. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred essentially three orders of magnitude higher.) Suggestions that TXIB plays a role in generation of irritative symptoms at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion need to reckon with a conservatively estimated 200-fold gap between the levels putatively 'responsible' for the symptoms and those even minimally detectable via chemesthesis. Neither the variable of exposure duration nor that of mixing offers a likely explanation. Inclusion of ethanol in the study allowed comparisons pertinent to issues of variability in human chemoreception. An interpretation of the psychometric functions for individuals across materials and perceptual continua led to the conclusion that use of concentration as the metric of detection in olfaction inflates individual differences. This study indicated that the plasticizer TXIB could contribute odor at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion, but could hardly contribute sensory irritation per se, as alleged in reports of some field studies where TXIB has existed amongst many other organic compounds.

2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,1'-[2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester: ACTIVE

Method: PV2002; Procedure: gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector; Analyte: 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 11.3 ppb.

Cosmetics -> Plasticiser