Direct Blue 6

868.81

931.9511112 g/mol

220-012-1

21ZL85SYWM

DTXSID2020185

C45532

Blue violet solid

404.26000

10.16840

Dark blue microcrystals or black powder

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

5 to 10 mg/mL at 68.0° F (NTP, 1992)|Sol in water; slightly sol in ethanol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; insol in other organic solvents.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Azo dyes can be explosive when suspended in air at certain concentrations. Slightly water soluble.

Azo, Diazo, Azido, Hydrazine, and Azide Compounds

Explosive

C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6 is an azo compound. Azo, diazo, azido compounds can detonate. This applies in particular to organic azides that have been sensitized by the addition of metal salts or strong acids. Toxic gases are formed by mixing materials of this class with acids, aldehydes, amides, carbamates, cyanides, inorganic fluorides, halogenated organics, isocyanates, ketones, metals, nitrides, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, acyl halides, and strong oxidizing or reducing agents. Flammable gases are formed by mixing materials in this group with alkali metals. Explosive combination can occur with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids (NTP, 1992).

20/21/22-63-45

22-24/25-45-53

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SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6 (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Red fuming nitric acid. /Benzidine based dyes/

NTP; Division of Toxicology Research and Testing; Management Status Report; 07/22/92; p.21. NTP TR No 108; Route: oral in feed; Species: rats and mice. NTIS No PB280204/AS.|Uziel M et al; DNA Adduct Formation by 12 Chemicals with Populations Potentially Suitable for Molecualr Epidemiological Studies; Mutat Res 277 (1): 35-90 (1992).|National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine (Benzidine Dye Class)/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s020benz.pdf]|Chung KT et al; The Reduction of Azo Dyes by the Intestinal Microflora; Crit Rev Microbiol 18 (3): 175-90 (1992). The significance of the capacity of intestinal bacteria to reduce azo dyes and the conditions of azo reduction is examined.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405, and P501|H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 39 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P260, P281, P308+P313, P314, P405, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Benzidine based dyes/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Benzidine based dyes/|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. /Benzidine based dyes/|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6 (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The most effective control of Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6, where feasible, is at the source of contamination by enclosure of the operation and/or local exhaust ventilation. If feasible, the process or operation should be enclosed with a slight vacuum so that any leakage will result in the flow of air into the enclosure. The next most effective means of control would be a well designed local exhaust ventilation system that physically encloses the process as much as possible, with sufficient capture velocity to keep the contaminant from entering the work atmosphere. To ensure that ventilation equipment is working properly, effectiveness (eg, air velocity, static pressure, or air volume) should be checked at least every three months. System effectiveness should be checked soon after any change in production, process, or control that might result in significant increases in airborne exposures to Direct black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6. ... Exposure to Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6 should not be controlled with the use of respirators except during the time period necessary to install or implement engineering or work practice controls, or in work situation in which engineering and work practice controls are technically not feasible, or for maintenance, or for operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels or in emergencies.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6 (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

NIOSH recommends that three widely used benzidine derived dyes, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95, be handled in the workplace as if they were human carcinogens.|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration.|NIOSH considers benzidine based dyes to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Benzidine based dyes/

Thirteen wk subchronic toxicity study of Direct Blue 6 ... was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex were administered /the test cmpd/ at one of five concentrations for 13 wk and then necropsied, beginning the second day after the end of the dosing period. The concentrations used for the rats were 190, 375, 750, 1,500, 3,000. The concentrations used for the mice ... were 375, 750, 1,500, 3,000 and 6,000 ppm. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated rats and 10 untreated mice of each sex. ... It is concluded that under the conditions of these 13 wk subchronic toxicity studies, direct blue 6 ... was carcinogenic in male and female Fischer 344 rats. ... Direct blue 6 induced hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic nodules in the liver. Direct blue 6 was not carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice in the 13 wk subchronic toxicity studies.

Beauticians exposed to paraphenylenediamine derivatives in hair dyes, workers dyeing texitle resins, and photographic film developers exposed to color developing solutions not infrequently become sensitized to azo dyes. /Organic dyes/|The national Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS), conducted between 1972 and 1974 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, indicates that workers are occupationally exposed to Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6 in a variety of industries, including: paper and allied products, petroleum and related industries, rubber and plastic products, leather and leather products, instrumentation and measuring devices, and banking. In addition, the textile industry accounts for a substantial occupational exposure. It is estimated that 25% of the benzidine derived azo dyes are applied to textiles, 40% to paper, 15% to leather, and the remainder to other diverse applications. ... In the general population, unspecified exposure levels to the three dyes are thought to occur through the use of retail packaged dyes for home dyeing and for home and school use in art and craft projects such as tie dyeing or batik.

Rhesus monkeys excreted an average of 1.25% benzidine plus monoacetylbenzidine of the benzidine moiety in Direct Blue 6 in the urine after receiving two different doses by gavage, whereas gavage with pure benzidine yielded 1.45%.

Benzidine derived azo dyes may be degraded metabolically in the gut or liver in man to free benzidine or monoacetylbenzidine. /Benzidine derived azo dyes/|Environmental and urine samples were collected at six factories where workers were potentially exposed to benzidine based dyes (two benzidine based dye manufacturers, two textile dyeing plants, a leather dyeing plant and a mill where paper was dyed). Monoacetylbenzidine was detected in the urine of 2/8 workers at one of the dye manufacturing plants at levels of 3 and 7 ppb. At the second factory, 4 workers exposed to average levels of 7.9, 5.2, 11.7 and 17.4 mg total particulate/cu m had corresponding urinary concentrations of 52, 11, 10 and 112 ppb benzidine; 590, 248 and 22 ppb monoacetylbenzidine were detected in urine samples containing 112, 52 and 11 ppb benzidine. Traces of diacetylbenzidine, ortho-tolidine and ortho-dianisidine were also detected. Benzidine (0-39 ppb) and/or monoacetylbenzidine was detected in the urine of workers in one textile dyeing factory where Direct Black 38 and Direct Blue 2 were being used. The total level of airborne particulates (measured gravimetrically) was 1-4 mg/cu m. Benzidine was not detected in the urine of workers from the other facilities. Minute levels of impurities in the dyestuffs could not account for the quantity of benzidine and its derivatives that were found in the urine samples.|Six azodyes derived from benzidine, o-tolidine or o-dianisidine were separately administered orally by gavage to rats. Urine was collected over a 24 hr period. All six dyes, direct black 38, direct brown 95, direct blue 6, Congo red, trypan blue and Chicago sky blue were found to be reduced, N-acetylated and N-conjugated. However, no N,N'-diacetylated metabolites were detected. After administration of the same dyes via injection into the hepatic portal vein, bile was collected over a 3 hr period by cannulation of the bile duct. Urine was withdrawn from the bladder by syringe at the end of the three hours. Both body fluids were analyzed for reduction products which were found only in the case of direct black 38, direct brown 95 and direct blue 6. Of the six dyes examined only the three direct dyes were mutagenic to S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538 in the absence of flavin mononucleotide. The same three dyes were also substrates for rat liver microsomal azoreductase enzymes whereas Congo red, trypan blue and Chicago sky blue were shown to be inactive.|The azo reduction and acetylation in vitro and the mutagenic activation in vivo of three azo dyes were studied. In the presence of rat-liver 9000 g supernatant benzidine was released from direct black 38 and direct brown 95, whereas hardly any benzidine was produced during incubation of direct blue 6. Incubation of benzidine with isolated rat hepatocytes resulted in the appearance of diacetylbenzidine. No diacetylbenzidine was formed during incubation of benzidine with rat-liver 9000 g supernatant, unless the cofactor for the acetylation reaction, acetyl coenzyme A, was added to the incubation medium. Isolated rat hepatocytes were capable to produce diacetylbenzidine from direct black 38, direct blue 6 or direct brown 95 without supplementation with acetyl coenzyme A. Rat liver has a considerable capacity to reduce azo compounds.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is absorbed through the skin. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides, sodium oxides and sulfur oxides. (NTP, 1992)|Carcinogens

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

A strong association relating human exposure to benzidine based dyes with the subsequent development of bladder tumors was presented after a case control mortality study of 200 bladder cancer patients in Japan. The patients were found to have been predominantly kimono painters and dyers. The kimono painters had a habit of forming a point on their brushes by drawing the brush between their lips, which allowed for ingestion of the dyes. Several other case control mortality studies indicate an increased risk of developing bladder cancer in the textile and leather industries, both large users of direct dyes. However, only a few references have been made concerning benzidine derived dyestuffs. In Russia, a medical study concerning the early detection of bladder tumors among textile dyers using benzidine derived dyes revealed an unusual incidence of bladder lesions, some of which were suggested as being of a precancerous nature. The greatest number of such lesions were found in those workers with the highest potential exposure to these dyes. /Benzidine based dyes/

direct blue 6

2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,3'-[[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diylbis(2,1-diazenediyl)]bis[5-amino-4-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:4): ACTIVE|S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.|The commercial material is a reaction product and is not to be regarded as a single substance...

NIOSH Method 325. Analyte: Direct Blue 6. Matrix: Air. Procedure: High performance liquid chromatography, ultra violet detector. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 30 to 600 mg/cu m using a 500 liter sample. Method detection limit: 3.8 ng (benzidine). Precision (CVt): 0.06. Interferences: No specific interferences. /From table/|NIOSH Method 5013. Analyte: Direct Blue 6. Matrix: Air. Procedure: High performance liquid chromatography, ultra violet detection. Estimated level of detection: Not determined.on The precision/RSD is 4.34% and the recovery is 100.3%. Applicability: The working range is 30 to 600 ug/cu m for a 250 liter air sample. Interferences: Aniline, azobenzene, p-aminophenol, p-phenylenediamine or p-nitroaniline do not interfere in the measurement when present in equimolar amounts. /From table/

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens