1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

100.49500

100.50

200-891-8

FUC3XHA6GY

0643

2517

DTXSID9023960

Colorless gas

29033990

0

1.83790

1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane appears as a colorless, odorless gas shipped as a liquid under own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid may cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. Vapors heavier than air. A leak may be either liquid or vapor. May asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat may cause the containers to violently rupture and rocket.

1 x 10^-6 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

-130.8 °C

-9.7 °C

Flammable gas

1.316

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25°C: 0.19

Grounding and bonding required. Keep separated from incompatible substances. Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ign

2196 mm Hg ( 21 °C)

3.49 (vs air)

LC50 inhalation in mouse: 1758gm/m3/2H

Lower flammable limit: 6.2% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 17.9% by volume

vol% in air: 6.27.9

Nearly odorless

3.06e-15 cm3/molecule*sec

0.06 atm-m3/mole|Henry's Law constant = 0.0588 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C

Critical molar volume: 226 cu cm/mol|Dipole moment = 2.14 debye|Specific volume at 21.1 °C, 101.325 kPa = 224.7 dcm m/Kg; (3.6 cu ft/lb)|Viscosity (liquid): 0.477 CP at -25 °C; 0.376 CP at 0 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.06X10-15 cu-cm/molc sec at 25 °C

Highly flammable.

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1-CHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. Can react with strong oxidizing agents or weaker oxidizing agents under extremes of temperature.

632 °C

Lower flammable limit: 6.2% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 17.9% by volume

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible. The gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in lowered spaces causing a deficiency of oxygen.

223.15 kJ/kg

Critical temperature: 136.85 °C; Critical pressure: 4.048 MPa

2.1

UN 2517

1

R12; R59

S38-S59

KH7650000

F+; N

Fireproof. Cool.

Stable. Highly flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, metals - use brass regulators, steel cylinders for storage.

P210, P264, P273, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P377, P381, P403, P410+P403, P501

H220

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.|Reaction with the lighter divalent metals may give much more reactive materials analogous to Grignard reagents. /Haloalkanes/

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane (75-68-3) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of October 2, 2009: http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/IUCLID-DataSheets/75683.pdf]|WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 139: Partially Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons (Ethane Derivatives) (1992). ). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.[Available from, as of November 20, 2009: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]|OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 12. (CAS No: 75-68-3). UNEP Publications (March 30, 2001). This OECD Initial Assessment of HPV Chemicals is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of September 30, 2009: http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/75683.pdf]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. (ERG, 2016)|Extremely flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive.|Flammable - 4th degree

|Danger|H220 (100%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P312, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501, and P502|Aggregated GHS information provided by 153 companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P264, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403|P210, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P312, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501, and P502

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075); Butane, (UN1011); Butylene, (UN1012); Isobutylene, (UN1055); Propylene, (UN1077); Isobutane, (UN1969); and Propane, (UN1978), also refer to BLEVE - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (ERG page 368). (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. (ERG, 2016)|Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact ... Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear non-vented, impact resistant chemical goggles when working with gas ... Where exposure to the liquefied compressed gas may occur, employees should be provided with special clothing designed to prevent frostbite.|Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

Flammable gas.|A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizing materials.

Lower explosive limit: 6.2% by volume; Upper explosive limit: 18% by volume|Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently or rocket. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 6.2-17.9

This chemical is a flammable gas. Poisonous gases including phosgene, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and chlorine are produced in fire. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ...|To fight fire, stop flow of gas.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/

Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. It is easily ignited. Its vapor is heavier than air. Any leak can either be liquid or vapor. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area for leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep chlorodifluoroethane out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters ...

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personal hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.|If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.|/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.|/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.|/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation ... /Fluorocarbon refrigerants and propellants/

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Fireproof. Cool.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.

Use ventilation.

Cold-insulating gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

| 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.| 4 - Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn readily.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of freon 142b stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Exposure to this colorless, nearly odorless gas may be occur to the general population through inhalation of freon 142b as a propellant in aerosol sprays, and to workers through inhalation or dermal contact during the manufacture, use, servicing, and disposal of refrigeration units, food processing, plastic foam blowing, and fire extinguishing, among others. Inhalation of freon 142b may cause dizziness and suffocation, while dermal contact may cause defatting of skin and frostbite. Sufficient exhaust and general ventilation should be provided to keep vapor concentration below recommended levels (a threshold limit of about 500 ppm for repeated workday exposure was suggested). Also, wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles, and in emergency situations such as spills or fire fighting wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Freon 142b is extremely flammable. Atmospheres of freon in the range of 6.2% to 17.9% in air can ignite explosively when contacted by heat, sparks, or flames. Freon 142b may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Also, freon vapor, in confined spaces presents an explosion hazard. When leaking containers of freon (including tank cars, tank trucks, and storage tanks) are on fire, let them burn unless the flow can be stopped. From as far a distance as possible, use water spray to knock down vapor and to cool fire-exposed containers. To fight small freon 142b fires, use dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires use water spray, fog, or foam. For uncontrollable fires or the pssibility of container eruption, consider evacuation of 1/2 mile radius and the use of unmanned hose holders. When heated to decomposition, this substance emits toxic fumes of fluoride and chloride as well as small amounts of phosgene. Fire fighters should wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Store and use freon 142b cylinders in well ventilated areas away from heat, all ignition sources, and all highly oxidizing and flammable materials. Freon 142b should be in DOT-approved, low pressure cylinders, equipped with brass valves. Containers may be shipped via road, and water (forbidden on passenger and aircraft or railcar), and should be affixed with labels stating, "Flammable Gas". Before transporting freon 142b, the regulatory requirements of the DOT should be consulted. If freon 142b spills or leaks, shut off ignition sources (eg, no flares or smoking), stop leak if it can be done without risk (do not touch the material), and isolate the area. Water spray may be used to reduce the vapor, but care is needed to prevent the material from entering water sources or sewers. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Trace volatile organic compounds in landfill gas were examined at seven UK waste disposal facilities; the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane ranged from <0.5 to 31 mg/cu m(1).|RURAL/REMOTE: Remote tropospheric samples taken from Nov 1991 to Dec 1993 from Albert, North West Territories, Pt Borrow, Alaska, Niwot Ridge, CO, Maura Loa, Hawaii, Cape Mattatula, American Samoa, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania and the South Pole had concns of 2-7 parts per trillion(1). Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed to investigate the change in tropospheric concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; between April 1978 and September 1993 the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane rose from 0.20 parts per trillion(volume) to 3.0 parts per trillion(volume), with the majority of the increase occurring from 1989 onward. By mid-1993, the rate of increase had reached 0.9 parts per trillion(volume)/year(2). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was detected at 10.4 parts per trillion in samples taken Jan 1997 in Hokkaido, Japan and Syowa Station, Antarctica(3). An avg concn of 8.78 parts per trillion of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was detected at Mace Head, Ireland, Jan 1, 1996(4).

Human Health: Acute toxicity of 1-chloro-l,l-difluoroethane is low (LC50/6hr >1,640,000 mg/cum (400,000 ppm) in rats). Inhalation of high concentrations induced signs of lung irritation and Central Nervous System depressing effects of anesthetic type in rats and cardiac sensitisation in dogs. Consequently, 1-chloro 1,1 -difloroethane may be hazardous to humans in case of accidental exposure to high concentrations occurring in confined area where replacement of air by the gas could at the same time reduce oxygen in the atmosphere. In repeated inhalation exposure studies, 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane did not induce specific chronic toxicity in rats and dogs exposed 6 hr/d, 5 d/week during several months (no target organs identified ; the no observed adverse effects were higher than 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm) in dogs exposed during 3 months and higher than 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) in rats exposed for their lifetime). There was no carcinogenic effect in rats exposed for their life time (6hr/d, 5d/week at concentrations up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm)). In genotoxicity studies, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was mutagenic in vitro on bacteria (Ames test) and gave equivocal results in a cell neoplastic transformation assay. However, in in vivo mutagenicity studies it was inactive (in a Dominant lethal assay and in a Bone Marrow cytogenetic assay in rats exposed by inhalation du ring 15 and 13 weeks respectively). Overall, these results suggest that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane does not pose a significant genotoxic hazard to humans. In the reproduction field, 1-chloro 1,1-difluoroethane did not induce adverse effect on fertility of male mice exposed up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) (in a Dominant lethal assay) and did not induce male and female lesions of sexual organs in rats and dogs exposed for several months. Also the gas did not induce teratogenic or embryo/foetotoxicity effect and no maternal toxicity in two inhalation developmental toxicity studies where rats were exposed during pregnancy up to 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm). Environment: Based on its physico-chemical properties, the air compartment is the preferred target one for 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane. The global atmospheric lifetime of 142b is 18.5 years corresponding to a 1/2 -lifetime of 12.8 years. The tropospheric lifetime due to removal by reaction with OH is 19.5 years. Atmospheric degradation products are essentially the aldehyde form of 142b which further degrade to form CF2(=O) which will hydrolyze in atmospheric water to form HF (also in the OECD HPV Chemicals Programme) and CO2. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 1-chloro -1,1-difluoroethane is the main concern of this substance. Due to its ODP value of 0.065, it is considered as an ozone depleting substance. The calculated Global Warming Potential of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is 1800 for an integration horizon of 100 years. Its contribution to the Greenhouse effect is small i.e. 0.00108 W/sq m. In water, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not readily biodegradable under aerobic condition (about 5 % of biodegradation after 28 days). It is not expected to bioaccumulate (log Kow = 1.64 - 2.05). 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has a low acute toxicity to fish and daphnia. The lowest available LC50 being higher than 100 mg/L. No acute toxicity tests are available for algae. Algae appear to be more sensitive than fish and daphnids to 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane with a calculated 96h EC50 of 45 mg/L. Exposure: The expected production volume of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in year 2000 is 36,000 tonnes in Europe, 42,000 tonnes in the USA and an amount of 84,000 tonnes for the total world. Its main uses are as a chemical intermediate to produce fluoropolymers and as a blowing agent. A small portion is used as a component of refrigerant fluids. The production and consumption of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane are covered by the Montreal Protocol. In the case of developed countries, a phase-out of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is scheduled as follows: 35% in 2004, 65% in 2010, 90% in 2015, 99.5% in 2020. A total phase-out is scheduled in 2030. For developing countries, a freeze of the production is scheduled in 2016 and a total phase-out in 2040. In the European Union, the phase-out of ozone depleting substances is scheduled more rapidly than that required by the Montreal protocol. The total ban of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is required on January 1, 2010, the use as blowing agent for expended polystyrene being prohibited from January 1, 2002.

... The combination of fluorocarbon with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from fluorocarbon poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/

LC50 Mouse ("white") 1514 g/cu m (2 hr)|LC50 Mouse (AP) 1228 g/cu m (0.5 hr)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to fish (Poecilia reticulata) was carried out according to OECD guideline 203. Because of the volatility of the substance, a semi-static method (renewal each 24 hr) with a closed system was used. The results of the test showed a low toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to Poecilia reticulata : 96 hr LC 50 = 220 mg/L based on measured concentrations.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two daphnia tests were conducted in closed glass containers without renewal or aeration of the test solution. The results of the tests summarized in the following table show that 1-chloro-1,1- difluoroethane is of low toxicity to daphnia.

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's production and use as a blowing agent and refrigerant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2,540 mm Hg(4). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane did not biodegrade in sewage sludge(5) nor in pure culture extracts(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.05(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions(8). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane did not biodegrade in sewage sludge(9) nor in pure culture extracts(10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.06X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4). Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds due to hydrolysis is expected to be slow(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 3.06X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The alkaline hydrolysis rate constant in sodium hydroxide solutions ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 M and the neutral hydrolysis rate constant in solutions of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid were determined for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; results showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions(2). This suggests that hydrolysis will not be an important fate process(SRC). Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds due to hydrolysis is expected to be slow(3). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will partition predominantly to the atmosphere on release to the environment, provided it does not enter a confined ecosystem such as groundwater(5). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has estimated atmospheric life-time of 215 to 220 years(6). Degradation products include chlorodifluoro acetaldehyde, carbonic difluoride, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide(7).|Using a photochemical trajectory model, the photochemical ozone creation potential, the ozone depletion potential, and the global warming potential (20 year) for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has been determined to be 0.1, 0.05, and 4200, respectively(1). Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed to investigate the change in tropospheric concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. Using these data, a 2-dimensional model was utilized to generate an atmospheric lifetime for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane of 15.5 years, a lifetime of 17.4 years due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH concn of 6.5X10+5 molec/cu-m), and a stratospheric lifetime of 140 years(2). The ozone depletion potential for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, using a 1-dimensional and a 2-dimensional model and a methyl chloroform lifetime of 6.3 years, was determined to range from 0.047 to 0.062; the calculated model half-life of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was determined to range from 15.1 to 28 years(3).

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2,540 mm Hg(3).

Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane via ambient air. (SRC)

... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated and slowly released into blood at a concn that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization. /Fluorocarbons/|There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain, liver, and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/|Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally have the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/|Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Male, Beagle dogs, inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 90 days at 1,000 - 10,000 ppm (v/v in air). No significant increase in urinary fluoride suggesting little or no metabolism.|Metabolism studies were conducted using Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats following inhalation exposure to 1.0% (v/v) air atmospheres of ... 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) ... for 2 hr. There were no remarkable differences in results between the two strains of rats ... Rats exposed to HCFC-142b excreted chlorodifluoroacetic acid in their urine; no volatile metabolites were detected in tissue samples ...|One in vitro study provided evidence for dechlorination when rat hepatic microsomes were incubated with 0.6% HCFC 142b.

1,1-Difluoro-1-chloroethane has a minimum purity of 98.0%.|Impurities in HCFC 142b have been reported at levels of 0.06% HCFC 141b, very much smaller levels of HCFC-22, CFC-11, HFC-152a, CFC-113 and traces of other compounds.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim calm and warm. (ERG, 2016)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected. Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/|Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Excessive skin contact with liq fluorocarbons should be minimized to prevent defatting of skin ... /Fluorocarbons/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic ... Aerosol propellants produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon propellants/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene, and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Drowsiness. Suffocation.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

See Skin.

Table: Breakdown of Various Uses for Year 2000 [Table#4246]

99.0% grade|Daiflon 142B|Dymel 142|Freon 142|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Ethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoro-: ACTIVE|Alternative to CFC-11 and CFC-114

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR IS DESCRIBED. CONCN IN AIR ARE DETERMINED DIRECTLY. /FLUOROCARBONS/|GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR MEASURING HALOCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR SAMPLES IS PRESENTED. /HALOCARBONS/|COULOMETRIC GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH 2 ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTORS IN SERIES & SILICONE OIL DC 200 COLUMN WAS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF 8 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN URBAN AIR SAMPLES. /HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS/|FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR OF WORKING AREA & IN EXHALED AIR CAN BE ANALYZED BY IR SPECTROMETRY. /FLUOROCARBONS/|A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC LEVELS OF FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. COLUMN IS TEMP PROGRAMMED TO SEPARATE HALOGENATED COMPONENTS WHILE MAINTAINING SHORT RETENTION TIMES FOR EACH COMPONENT. FREON 113 INCL. /FLUOROCARBONS/

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/|HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMMON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS IN BLOOD WAS EVALUATED. AN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACE WAS ALSO EVALUATED FOR DETERMINING CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE IN BLOOD. BOTH PROCEDURES INVOLVED ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. THE WIDELY USED HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PPM LEVELS OF VOLATILE HALOCARBONS IN TISSUE WAS EVALUATED BY A COMBINATION OF RADIOCHEMICAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT HEXANE EXTRACTION GIVES SIGNIFICANTLY LOW RESULTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 4th degree|Cosmetics -> Propellant