Palladium chloride

177.33

175.841187

231-596-2

146183

3290

DTXSID4025824

Red rhombic crystals; hygroscopic|Brown to brownish violet powder

28439090

0

1.37900

Yellow Powder/Solid

4 x 10^-6 g/cm³ @ Temp: 18 °C

678-680 °C

100ºC

H2O: Insoluble

Store below +30°C.

MLD i.v. in rabbits: 0.0186 g/kg (Orestano)

In working with /palladium catalysts/ ... danger of explosion if additional catalyst is added to a flask in which hydrogen is present. /palladium catalysts/

DELIQUESCENT; DECOMPOSES @ 500 °C|Decomposition at high temperatures to palladium and chlorine|Sublimes at 590 °C; decomposition begins at 600 °C and is complete at 740 °C|Dark brown crystals; soluble in water, alcohol, acetone; reduced in solution by hydrogen or carbon monoxide to metal /Palladium(II) chloride dihydrate/

Deliquescent. Water soluble.

Metals, Less Reactive

Known Catalytic Activity

PALLADIUM CHLORIDE is a weak oxidizing agent. It is reduced in solution by hydrogen or carbon monoxide to metallic palladium. (NTP, 1992). Decomposed at high temperatures to metallic palladium and chlorine.

III

8

UN 1789 8/PG 3

2

34-43-40-28-41-37/38-25-22

26-36/37/39-45-37/39-28-27-36/37-27/28

RT3500000

C,Xi,T+,T,Xn

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P280-P301 + P310

H301-H317

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

WHO; Environ Health Criteria 226: Palladium (2002) Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc226.htm as of March 3, 2005.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H290 (72.58%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]|P234, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P390, P391, P403+P233, P404, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 383 companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Fires involving this compound should be controlled using a dry chemical carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

/Palladium catalysts/ ... should be filtered from catalytic hydrogenation reaction mixtures carefully. Recovered catalyst is usually saturated with hydrogen & highly reactive & ... will enflame spontaneously on exposure to air. Particularly in large-scale reactions, the filter cake should not be allowed to become dry. Funnel containing the still-moist catalyst filter cake should be put into a water bath immediately after completion of filtration. /palladium catalysts/

... In working with /palladium catalysts/ ... danger of explosion if additional catalyst is added to a flask in which hydrogen is present. /palladium catalysts/

A skin irritant.

IDENTIFICATION: Palladium chloride is a rust colored powder soluble in water, hydrochloric acid, alcohol and acetone. This compound used in plating baths. It is used in photography, toning solutions, electroplating parts of clocks and watches, detecting carbon monoxide leaks in burried gas pipes, manufacture of indelible ink. Palladium chloride is available in purity grades 99% to 99.999%. HUMAN EXPOSURE: A few studies indicate individuals showed a positive skin reaction to palladium chloride patches. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES/AQUATIC ORGANISMS: Palladium chloride was poorly absorbed from the digestive tract in adult and suckling rats. Absorption and retention in adult rats was higher following intratracheal or iv exposure. Transfer of small amounts of palladium to offspring via placenta and milk was noted with a single iv doses of this compound. Rats injected with (103)C-palladium chloride mean retention time changed little for the kidney, spleen, muscle, pancreas, thymus, brain. They decreased slightly in liver and markedly in lung, adrenal glandf and blood. Mice given palladium chloride in drinking water from weaning until natural death showed suppression of body weight, a longer life span only in males, an increase in amyloidosis of several inner organs and doubling of malignant tumors. The compound induced eye irritation in rabbits. It also caused erythema in intact and abraded skin. Palladium chloride is a potent skin sensitizer. Reduced testicle weight was noted in mice that recieved sc doses. Mice given palladium chloride in drinking water until natural death developed lymphomas, leukemias and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Eye irritation noted in the eye of a rabbit treated with palladium chloride. This compound inhibited DNA/RNA biosynthesis in vitro with mouse fibroblasts. Palladium chloride is highly toxic to a fresh water worm Tubifex tubifex. It is also highly toxic to fish and grasses.[

In guinea-pigs sensitized to palladium(II) chloride, cross-reactivity to nickel sulfate was observed. However, animals induced with nickel sulfate or chromate or cobalt salts did not react upon challenge with palladium(II) chloride.

LD50 Rat oral 2704 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 70 mg/kg|LD50 Rat iv 3 mg/kg /from table/|LD50 Mouse ip 174 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The minimum 24-hr lethal concentration of palladium(II) chloride to cyprinodont freshwater fish medaka (Oryzias latipes; n=3 per group) has been reported to be 0.04 mmol/L (7 mg/L [4.2 mg palladium/L]). Compared with platinum (hexachloroplatinic acid: 0.08 mmol/L), palladium was more toxic.

Palladium compounds are ionic and therefore volatilization from dry or moist soil and water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. (SRC)

Palladium chloride can be used ... for cosmetic tatooing of leukomas of the cornea.

Palladium chloride is not readily absorbed from sc injection ... .|The absorption of palladium from the GI tract is insignificant. A single intragastrical dose of 103Pd isotope given to male Charles River CD-1 rats was rapidly excreted from their organism with feces. The total retention was lower than 0.5%. After 24 hr, insignificant quantities of palladium chloride were found only in liver and kidneys; after 104 days no palladium chloride was found in any analyzed tissue or organ. A considerably higher absorption and retention were observed after iv administration of palladium chloride. The highest concentration of 103PdCl2 isotope was found in kidneys, spleen, liver, adrenals, lungs, and bones. ...In male Charles River CD-1 rats receiving 25 ug PdCl2 in 0.2 mL saline, the retention in the animals' organs after 3 days was 0.4% of the initial charge and the absorption was <0.5% of the initial dose. ...After intratracheal administration, the highest concentrations of 103Pd were observed in lungs, followed by kidneys, spleen, bones, and liver.|The presence of 103Pd isotope was also examined in the internal organs of female rats receiving PdCl2 iv on 16th day of gestation. The concentration of 103Pd was assessed in various organs of the dams and in fetuses 24 hr after the administration. The low concentration of 103Pd isotope in fetal bodies indicates that Pd does not easily penetrate the placenta.|Dietary administration to rats of high levels of the slightly water-soluble palladium salts /including/ palladium(II) chloride... (about 3000 mg palladium/kg feed for 4 weeks; corresponding to about 700 mg/kg bw/day) resulted in palladium tissue concentrations (in mg/kg wet weight) as follows: kidney (35, respectively) >liver (2) >spleen (0.7) >testis (0.24) >blood (<0.04) >brain (<0.01). ...The total consumption during the 4-wk diet period amounted to about 2000 mg palladium/rat (i.e., 2020 mg palladium/rat from palladium(II) chloride; mean body weights of the rats when started on the diets: 100-110 g).|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

...In adult rats (Charles River CD-1 strain) ...after iv exposure... a biological half-life of 12 days /was estimated/.

The effect of palladium chloride on the activity of CPK-MM creatine kinase of rabbit's muscles and human serum was examined and a dose-dependent inhibition of the enzymatic activity, accompanied by a considerable increase in the electrophoretic enzyme mobility toward anode, were noted. Analysis of the Pd-CPK-MM bond has shown that the cation forms an extremely stable bond with the enzyme sulfhydryl groups, resulting in defective energy metabolism in the organism.

SYMPTOMS: This compound causes corneal irritation. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is an eye irritant. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of the association of palladium sensitivity with nickel sensitivity was conducted. The study group consisted of 536 consecutive patients, 357 females, who were evaluated for suspected contact dermatitis over a 15 month period. They were patch tested with the European standard allergen series supplemented by 1% palladium-chloride in petrolatum. Thirteen patients, 11 females, gave positive responses to palladium-chloride. All were also positive for 5% nickel-sulfate in the standard allergen series. The reaction to nickel was stronger than the reaction to palladium in 12 subjects. Twelve subjects were tested with discs of pure palladium foil. None showed a positive response. Since it was known that the palladium-chloride patch test material was contaminated with traces of nickel, the palladium foil discs were analyzed for nickel by X-ray energy dispersive analysis. No nickel was detected; the detection limit for nickel was 250 ppm. Twelve of the patients with suspected palladium allergy reported having problems with cheap metal jewelry and metal worn on clothing. One of the two males had chronic hand dermatitis due to occupational exposure. None of patients reported any palladium exposures. The authors conclude that the patients with positive patch test reactions to palladium-chloride may be truly allergic to palladium as well as nickel. The negative response to pure palladium reflects a sub threshold effect. When patch testing is performed with palladium-chloride containing trace amounts of nickel, the threshold for each allergen is reduced and an additive effect of both responses occurs to produce a positive palladium patch test response.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of palladium allergy in dermatology patients with patch test positivity to palladium-chloride was conducted. The study group consisted of 1307 patients, mostly females, who were consecutively patch tested at a Danish dermatology clinic. Thirty two were positive for palladium-chloride; however, just three reacted to palladium-chloride alone. In the other 29 patients, palladium-chloride sensitivity occurred simultaneously with nickel sensitivity. Nineteen of the palladium-chloride positive patients and 451 other patients were patch tested with a metallic palladium disc. All of the palladium-chloride positive patients reacted negatively to palladium. Three of the other 451 patients tested positive for palladium. None tested positive to nickel-sulfate. A platinum disc was placed in 5 mL of synthetic sweat for 5 days at room temperature, after which the fluid was analyzed for palladium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentration of palladium in the synthetic sweat was 1 part per billion which represented a loss of palladium from the disc of only 5 nanograms. The authors conclude that positive patch test reactivity to palladium-chloride in most cases is due to a cross reaction with nickel in nickel-sulfate, not to palladium. Primary sensitization to metallic palladium is probably very rare due to its high corrosion resistance. Patients showing a positive patch test reaction to palladium-chloride can tolerate skin contact with metallic palladium.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In this retrospective study, patch test results of 542 patients (303 female and 239 male), referred to our clinic between June 1996 and July 1999, were evaluated. All patients were patch tested with 32 allergens of an extended European standard series, 140 patients were tested with supplemental series, and 246 patients with their own substances. 280 (51.7%) patients had 1 or more positive results but allergic contact dermatitis, according to clinical relevance, was diagnosed in only 190 (67.9%) of these. Nickel sulfate was the most frequent sensitizer (19.1%), followed by potassium dichromate (11.8%), palladium chloride (9.4%), cobalt chloride (8.5%), and thiuram mix (7.7%). Frequencies of contact allergy to fragrance mix (5.5%), balsam of Peru (Myroxylon Pereirae resin) (2%), quaternium-15 (0.6%), and Kathon CG (methylchloroisothiazolinone+methylisothiazolinone) (0.2%) were relatively low, while no positive reactions were obtained to paraben mix in any case. Current clinical relevance to the present dermatitis was most frequently seen with carba mix (96.2%), thiuram mix (95.2%) and potassium dichromate (78.1%), whereas this rate was low for nickel (37.5%). In 85.8% of patients with allergic contact dermatitis, the responsible allergen was detected by testing with the extended standard series alone (18.4% identified by testing with the additional 10 allergens), in 11.6% by testing with the patients' own substances, and in 2.6% by testing with the supplemental series. Occupational contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 77 of the patients with positive reactions (27.5%), most of these being construction workers and house painters who showed relevant sensitizations to potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, thiuram mix and carba mix. There was no statistically significant difference in the total contact sensitization rate between atopics and non-atopics, but contact sensitivity to nickel sulfate and palladium chloride was significantly higher among atopics. MOAHL index in % was: 44.1/14.2/24.9/ 54.4/2.4. In conclusion, we believe that similar large series of patients would be helpful to delineate the exact profile of contact dermatitis in Turkey.|/CASE REPORTS/ A patient with a metal dental bridge complained of itching and pain in the oral cavity. She suffered also from recurrent blisters, ulceration, and infection of the oral mucous membrane. Skin tests carried out ... on this patient showed a strong and persistent allergic response to /palladium chloride/ (1% pet)... . The histopathologic examination of food from the test spot showed that... /palladium chloride/ produced contact eczema and lichenoid changes.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

palladium chloride

Palladium(II) chloride is 60% palladium. /from table/|GRADES: Technical; reagent.|Different purity grades of palladium(II) chloride ranging from 99% to 99.999% are available for chemical or medical use.

Palladium chloride (PdCl2): ACTIVE|Inert materials such as Chromasorb W solid particles & glass fiber filters coated with palladium chloride were developed as an adsorbent for dry mercury vapor recovery process & as an analysis tool to measure mercury concentration of a contaminated gas stream.|Palladium/aluminum oxide oxidn catalyst prepared from palladium chloride and palladium nitrate had improved durability in automobile exhaust gas treatment.|A known volume of palladium chloride is exposed to gas sample containing carbon monoxide. After the reaction is complete (4 hr), excess palladium dichloride is separated from palladium metal by filtration. Potassium iodide, used in excess, initially precipitates palladium dichloride as palladium iodide, then dissolves palladium iodide to yield a pinkish red soln. Palladium dichloride is determined in an indirect manner by spectrometric comparison with standard solution. This method is capable of successfully measuring carbon monoxide in nitrogen cylinder gas at levels of 0.1, 0.05, & 0.01% with expected average recoveries of 96, 96, & 93%, respectively.

Method 4500-Chloride Ion B. Argentometric Method for the determination of chloride ions in water and wastewater. In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate the end point of the silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver chloride is precipitated quantitatively before red silver chromate is formed. Interferences include bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfide, thiosulfate, and sulfite ions; orthophosphatein excess of 25 mg/l; and iron in excess of 10 mg/l. A synthetic sample containing 241 mg chloride ion/l in distilled water was analyzed in 41 laboratories with a relative standard deviation of 4.2% and a relative error of 1.7%. M4500-Chloride Ion B /Chloride/|Method 4500-chloride ion C. Mercuric Nitrate Method for the determination of chloride ions in water and wastewater. Chloride can be titrated wtih mercuric nitrate because of the formation of soluble and slightly dissociated mercuric chloride. In the pH range 2.3 to 2.8 diphenylcarbazone indicates the titration end point by formation of a purple complex with the excess mercuric ions. Chromate, ferric, and sulfite ions interfere when present in excess of 10 mg/l. A synthetic sample containing 241 mg chloride/l ... in distilled water was analyzed in 10 laboratories, with a relative standard deviation of 3.3 and a relative error of 2.9%. /Chloride/|Method 4500-Chloride Ion D. Potentiometric Method for the determination of chloride ions in water and wastewater. The method is suitable for colored or turbid samples in which color-indicated end point might be difficult to observe. Chloride is determined by potentiometric titration with a silver nitrate solution using a glass and silver-silver chloride electrode system. Interferences include iodide and bromide ions,ferricyanide, chromate and dichromate ions, and ferric ions. In the absence of interfering substances, the precision and accuracy are estimated to be about 0.12 mg for 5 mg chloride, or 2.5% of the amount present. M4500-Chloride Ion D /Chloride/|EPA Method 9251. Automated Ferricyanide, Colorimetric Method for the determination of chloride in ground water, drinking, surface and saline waters and domestic and industrial wastes. When particulate matter is present, the sample must be filtered or centrifuged prior to the determination. The applicable range is 1-200 mg chloride/l of sample. Precision and accuracy data were not given. /Chloride/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.