Barium sulfate

233.39000

233.85700

236-664-5

25BB7EKE2E

0827

1564

DTXSID0050471

C28859

Fine, heavy powder or polymorphous crystals|White, orthorhombic crystals|White or yellowish powder|Opaque powder

2833270000

88.64000

-0.25720

Barium sulfate appears as white or yellowish odorless powder or small crystals. Mp: 1580°C (with decomposition). Density: 4.25 -4.5 g cm-3. Insoluble in water, dilute acids, alcohol. Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Used as a weighting mud in oil-drilling, in paints, paper coatings, linoleum, textiles, rubber. Administered internally ("barium cocktail") as a radio-opaque diagnostic aid.

4.49 g/cm³

1580 °C

330ºC at 760 mmHg

Indices of refraction: 1.636 (alpha), 1.637 (beta), 1.648 (gamma)

Very slightly soluble in cold water

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from incompatible materials A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored

0 mmHg (approx)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 20000 mg/kg

Noncombustible Solid

Heating with aluminum can produce an explosion.

Odorless

Tasteless

5% suspension in water is neutral to litmus paper

1149 °C (transition point monoclinic)|Lithopone does not darken in the presence of sulfides|Mohs hardness: 3.3|Heat of formation: -1473.2 kJ/mol; Gibbs energy of formation: -1362.2 kJ/mol; molar entropy: 132.2 J/mol-K; molar heat capacity: 101.8 J/mol-K

No rapid reaction with air No rapid reaction with water

Salts, Basic

BARIUM SULFATE is non-combustible and non-toxic. Emits toxic sulfur oxides when heated to decomposition. Can act as an oxidizing agent, but usually does not. Reacts with reducing agents such as potassium, phosphorus or aluminum (heating with aluminum can cause an explosion).

Noncombustible Solid

NONH for all modes of transport

R20/21/22

S22; S24/25; S36; S26

CR0600000

Xn

Stable.

P260, P264, P270, P273, P314, P501

H372

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|Barite (barium sulfate) may be recovered from drilling muds for re-use as an alternative to disposal.|... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/|Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

Phosphorus, aluminum [Aluminum in the presence of heat can cause an explosion.]|Incompatible with ... potassium.|Soluble impurities can lead to toxic reactions.

Barium sulfate is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Not Classified| |Danger|H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]|P260, P264, P270, P273, P314, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift. Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Employees working on ... barite leaching with sulfuric acid should be supplied with acid resistant clothing and suitable hand and face protection.|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.|Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]|(See protection codes)

Not combustible.

Heating with aluminum can produce an explosion.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Barium compounds, NOS/|Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Barium compounds NOS/

Spill handling: evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or lead after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.|The sulfate may be brushed up and treated as normal refuse. Soluble barium salts should be scooped up and treated as for waste disposal. Wash the spill area thoroughly with water.|Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Barium/|Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Barium/|Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Barium/

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn.|... Efforts should ... be made to reduce atmospheric concentration of barite dust to a minimum. /Barite dust/|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Barium compound, NOS/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Barium compound, NOS/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Barium compound, NOS/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Barium compound, NOS/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: total dust 15 mg/cu m; respirable fraction 5 mg/cu m.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 10 mg/cu m, total particulate.|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted average: 5 mg/cu m, respirable fraction.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust particles may cause effects on the lungs. This may result in baritosis (a form of benign pneumoconiosis).

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

D005; A waste containing barium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Barium/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Barium/

D005; A solid waste containing barium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Barium/

**Acute Exposure** Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramping may occur. Acute exposure to barium sulfate may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to inhalation or other forms can affect the nervous system and lead to hypokalemia, which can contribute to cardiovascular rhythm abnormality. Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal transit delay, obstruction, aspiration pneumonitis and systemic embolization of barium sulfate are more serious complications of administration. In addition, fatalities have occurred due to aspiration pneumonitis, barium sulfate impaction, intestinal perforation with subsequent peritonitis and granuloma formation, and vasovagal and syncopal episodes,. **Chronic Exposure ** The lungs may be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure to dust particles, resulting in baritosis (a type of benign pneumoconiosis). Inhalation of barium sulfate dust may lead to a benign pneumoconiosis ("baritosis") with conspicuous radiographic characteristics but no signs of impairment of pulmonary function. **Intra-abdominal leakage** Intra-abdominal leakage may occur during or after administration of barium sulfate [FDA label}. Caution is advised in several patient conditions such as fistulas, ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis/diverticulitis, severe stenosis or obstruction of the GI tract. Patients should maintain adequate hydration for several days following a barium sulfate procedure to prevent obstruction or impaction caused by batholiths (barium sulfate stones). Caution is advised in patients with a history of food aspiration and in patients with diagnosed swallowing disorders. ** A note on GI perforation** Perforation of the colon after rectal administration of barium sulfate suspension has been reported due to the increased hydrostatic pressure of the instilled suspension, trauma to the colon from an enema tip, or forceful or deep insertion of a non-flexible enema tip. Perforation of the bowel has been followed by peritonitis, adhesions, granulomas, and death. This is a rare occurrence. Injury to the rectal mucosa or anal canal due to the enema tip or retention balloon is likely the most common traumatic cause of perforation during treatment. Inflation of a balloon within a stricture, neoplasm, inflamed rectum, or stoma is hazardous, and caution should be exerted. **Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity** No animal studies have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenicity of barium sulfate or potential effects on reproduction. Elective contrast radiography of the abdomen is not routintely recommended during pregnancy because of the risks to the fetus from radiation exposure.|IDENTIFICATION: In nature barium occurs in a combined state, the principal forms being barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate). Barium sulfate has a very low water solubility. Barite ore is the raw material from which nearly all other barium compounds are derived. Barium and its compounds are used in diverse industrial products ranging from ceramics to lubricants. It is used in the manufacture of alloys, as a loader for paper, soap, rubber and linoleum, in the manufacture of valves and as an extinguisher for radium, uranium and plutonium fires. Anthropogenic sources of barium are primarily industrial. Emissions may result from mining, refining or processing barium minerals and the manufacture of barium products. Mining and processing of barite ore releases particulates into the air and from fugitive dusts from the use of barite in oil drilling and oil related industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: It is difficult to assess the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect absorption. The presence of sulfate in food results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Insoluble barium compounds such as barium sulfate, accumulate in the lungs and are cleared slowly ciliary action.

LD50 Rat oral approx 307,000 mg/kg bw|LD50 Mouse oral > 3000 mg/kg bw

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Barite affected the composition of estuarine communities developed from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing estuarine water. A significant number of annelids & mollusks decreased; however, clam growth, laevicardium mortoni, was not affected. Large amt of barium sulfate could adversely affect colonization of benthic animals. /Barite/

Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S.|Occurs in nature as the mineral barite; also as barytes, heavy spar.|Barium is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust(1) that enters the environment through the weathering of rocks and minerals(SRC). The principal barium minerals are barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate)(1).|Barite, natural barium sulfate, occurs in the USA in Alaska, Arkansas ... Georgia, Missouri, Nevada, and Tennessee ... and was produced at 38 mines in the seven states in 1973, with Nevada supplying 50% of the tonnage. Missouri ranked second.|Most commercial sources of barite are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite sometimes occurs in veins and as a gangue mineral in metallic ores, such as lead, zinc, and silver, and is frequently associated with fluorspar. /Barite/

The exhaust solids emitted from diesel engines which use barium based smoke depressant additives contain ... barium sulfate.

SURFACE WATER: In stream water and most groundwater, only traces of the element are present. The reason for the small amt of barium in soln is the low solubility of barium sulfate. Because natural water usually contains sulfate, only trace amt of barium will dissolve.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 363,169 workers (96,327 of these were female) were potentially exposed to barium sulfate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to barium sulfate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where barium sulfate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to barium sulfate via dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing barium sulfate(SRC).|Baritosis ... /has been/ reported ... /in miners exposed to barite/ in USA ... Germany and in Czechoslovakia. Baritosis also occurred among workers handling lithopone.|Sources of barium may be found in technical products, paints, or plastics. Small amt may be absorbed during application of X-ray contrast media, since barium sulfate has a very small, but still significant sol (0.2 mg in 100 ml water at 18 °C).|Potential occupational exposure /to barium sulfate/ is ... 900,000 /people/ ... .

Barium sulfate is a radiographic contrast agent indicated for use in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen to delineate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in adult and pediatric patients.|FDA Label

A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite.|Barium sulfate suspension is indicated for use as a contrast medium in x-ray diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract. /Included in US product label/|This drug has not been found by FDA to be safe and effective, and this labeling has not been approved by FDA.|Oral or rectal barium sulfate suspension, in low concentration, is indicated for enhancement of computed tomographic images (CT of the body) to delineate the gastrointestinal tract. /Included in US product labeling/|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/VET/ Unless intestinal tract evacuates itself promptly, large masses of drug can produce an impaction. Peritoneal leakage has been associated with peritonitis, possibly secondary to ... fecal leakage. Use approved grades ... impure forms may be associated with metaplasia at ulcer sites in dogs.|Rarely, oral barium sulfate suspensions may cause constipation or intestinal obstruction due to impaction in the colon. Cramping from distention of the intestine by barium sulfate suspensions or diarrhea may also occur. Retention of barium sulfate in the appendix has reportedly caused appendicitis. Barium sulfate fecaliths reported can lead to obstruction, intussusception, ulceration, or even intestinal perforation and may rarely require surgical removal. ... Aspiration of large amt may cause pneumonitis or nodular granulomas of interstitial lung tissues and lymph nodes; asphyxiation and death have occurred in one patient.|Users must be certain that barium sulfate is not contaminated by sol barium salts. A convenient test is to shake up a portion with water and, to the clear supernatant portion, add a small amt of a soln of magnesium sulfate in water. Appearance of a precipitate indicates the presence of a sol barium salt.|Barium sulfate products are contraindicated in patients with known or suspected obstruction of the colon, known or suspected gastrointestinal tract perforation, suspected tracheoesophageal fistula, obstructing lesions of the small intestine, pyloric stenosis inflammation or neoplastic lesions of the rectum, recent rectal biopsy, or known hypersensitivity to barium sulfate formulations.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (49 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Barium sulfate increases the absorption of x-rays as they are passed throughout the body, delineating body structures, in which barium sulfate is localized. This allows for the clear visualization of normal organs/defect in normal anatomy.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues. (See all compounds classified as Contrast Media.)

Barium sulfate is not absorbed following oral or rectal administration with a normal gastrointestinal tract. In patients with a normal GI tract, barium sulfate is normally excreted within 24 hr after oral ingestion. Post rectal administration of barium sulfate suspensions, the drug is generally excreted when the enema is released. Some barium may remain in the colon for several weeks, however, and eventually clears, especially in patients with impaired intestinal peristalsis. It is difficult to quantify the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect its absorption. The presence of sulfate in food can cause the precipitation of barium sulfate. The following is the approximate time to peak opacification of organs by barium sulfate in a healthy GI tract: Esophagus, stomach, and duodenum uptake of barium sulfate occurs almost immediately after oral administration. Small intestine uptake is dependent on gastric emptying rate and viscosity of the preparation; it may be delayed 15-90 minutes post ingestion. Small intestine (enteroclysis studies) uptake is immediate, following direct instillation. Colon and distal small intestine uptake are dependent on patient positioning. Hydrostatic pressure also determines the rate and degree of opacification.|Barium sulfate is excreted unchanged in the feces.|The rate of excretion of barium sulfate is dependent on the route of administration and the status of peristaltic activity and motility of the gastrointestinal tract.|/In female beagle dog,/ (131)barium sulfate was found to be cleared from lung, with a biological half-time of 8-9 days ... . This indicated some solubility ... In body fluids, possibly in colloidal form. ... Barium sulfate ... Clearance rate /depends/ on specific surface area of inhaled particles and was lower for heat treated than for untreated particles.|In an extensive study, temperature and pulse rate measurements were taken as an indication of an acute inflammatory response for 291 humans administered a single unstated dose of a 50% w/v barium sulfate suspension for bronchographic purposes. The method of administration was unstated, but the suspension was presumed to have been instilled into the trachea and then blown into the lungs. In 154 patients, there was radiological evidence of the presence of barium sulfate in the bronchial tree at the time of the last available X-ray (various time points ranging from < 1 week to > 1 year after administration); in 135 patients, on the other hand, there was no radiological evidence of residual barium sulfate in the lungs 1 year after bronchography. Forty-one of these patients exhibited complete elimination of the barium sulfate from the lungs within 1 week; it was stated that in some of these patients, this clearance occurred within 24 hr.|After inhalation exposure of rats to a BaSO4 aerosol at 40 mg/cu m, 5 hr daily for 2 months, lymphatic transport was slight. The skeletal concentration of Ba was 0.8-1.5 mg/g dry substance (10-100 times the pulmonary concentration). Skeletal uptake decreased somewhat with advancing age.|Of BaSO4 injected intratracheally, about 5% of the initial dose was recovered in the urine during the first 10 days after administration.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Barium sulfate is poorly water soluble and shows negligible levels of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract following both oral or rectal administration. In healthy subjects, orally administered barium sulfate is generally excreted within 24 hours. Rectally administered barium sulfate is eliminated with clearance of the enema.|The in vivo solubility in rats of barium chloride, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, and barium fused in clay /was studied/. The chloride and the carbonate disappeared rapidly from the injection site. The sulfate dissolved more slowly; a half-life of 26 days was calculated. The fused clay was largely retained, the half-life being calculated as 1390 days.

... In rats barium sulfate disappeared from the injection site with a half-life of 26 days ...|In Syrian hamsters, barium sulfate was found to be cleared from the lungs with a biological half-life of 8-9 days ...|(131)BaSO4 was found to be cleared from the lungs, with a biological half-life time of 8-9 days, through absorption into the general circulation with subsequent urinary clearance.|Measurements of the clearance of tracer levels of (131)barium sulfate (estimated maximum initial burden of 90 ug or 0.09 mg/kg from a 30 to 90 minute exposure) from the respiratory tract of female beagle dogs (10 + or - 1 kg) were performed. The biological half-life was eight days.|/Barium/ sulfate ... /has a calculated/ half-life of 26 days /in rats/.

Barium sulfate is a heavy metal with a high atomic number (Z=56) and a K shell binding energy (K-edge of 37.4 keV) very close to that of most diagnostic x-ray beams. Due to these characteristics, barium is an ideal medium for the absorption of x-rays. Barium sulfate is essentially not absorbed from the GI tract nor metabolized in the body. Barium sulfate is used to fill the gastrointestinal tract lumen or to coat the mucosal surface and is administered orally, rectally, or instilled into an enterostomy tube or catheter,. Barium sulfate enhances delineation of the GI tract. The barium suspension covers the mucosal surface of the GI tract, allowing its shape, distensibility, motion, integrity, continuity, location within the torso, relationship to other organs to be closely examined. Various abnormalities, such as benign or malignant tumors, ulcers, strictures, diverticula, inflammation or infection, altered motility, displacement and other pathology can thereby be identified,. At lower concentrations (higher dilution), barium enhances the conspicuity of the GI tract to differentiate the GI tract from various abdominal organs in computed tomography examinations (CT scans) of the abdomen. Improved delineation of the gastrointestinal tract lumen and mucosa may be reached by contrast provided by gas (by the addition of bicarbonate or gas-filled balloons) in addition to the barium. This is known as a _double-contrast procedure_. Osmotically active agents (for example, sorbitol) are also used to induce fluid accumulation and distension of the GI system to enhance visualization.

Natural impurities are ferric oxide, silicon dioxide, and strontium sulfate.

Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms: Irritation eyes, nose, upper respiratory system; benign pneumoconiosis (baritosis) Target Organs: Eyes, respiratory system (NIOSH, 2016)

Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Skin: If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Barium and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Following a successful claim for damages by a speech pathologist, who was diagnosed with thyroid cancer after a period of employment including involvement in modified barium swallow procedures, a detailed study on occupational dose was commissioned. In this study radiation doses were measured routinely over 8 clinical periods using TLD100H dosimeters for staff involved with modified barium swallow radiological studies at three hospitals. The regions monitored included the unshielded thyroid, waist under apron, and axilla. Average unshielded thyroid doses for the speech pathologists were measured as 0.017, 0.003, and nil mGy per procedure over the hospitals surveyed, with dose measurements also found for the unshielded thyroid of the radiologist and nurse. This compares to thyroid doses of 0.200 and 0.055 mGy per procedure typically for cardiologists and orthopedic surgeons involved in radiological work, respectively. The use of a thyroid collar will substantially reduce this dose by a factor of about 40. While the worst-case doses are very small, attention should be given to education for staff involved in radiological procedures as well as ensuring that sound procedure protocols are in place and used.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short Term Exposure: Irritates eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to either form can affect the nervous system and cause hypokalemia, which can cause heart disorders. Long Term Exposure: Lungs may be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure to dust particles, resulting in baritosis (a form of benign pneumoconiosis). Animal studies have found increased blood pressure and changes in the heart from ingesting barium over a long time.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of barium sulfate dust causes a benign pneumoconiosis ("baritosis") with conspicuous radiographic manifestations but no impairment of pulmonary function.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Several case reports and a prospective study ... have reported baritosis in barium exposed workers. Baritosis is considered a benign pneumoconiosis resulting from the inhalation of barite ore or barium sulfate. The most outstanding feature of baritosis is the intense radiopacity of the discrete opacities that are usually profusely disseminated throughout the lung fields; in some cases the opacities may be so numerous that they appear confluent. The Third Conference of Experts on Pneumoconiosis ... noted that barium sulfate produced a noncollagenous type of pneumoconiosis in which there is a minimal stromal reaction that consists mainly of reticulin fibers, intact alveolar architecture, and potentially reversible lesions. The available human data on baritosis suggest that the accumulation of barium in the lungs does not result in medical disability or symptomatology. /Barite ore/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Barite

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.|inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, nose, upper respiratory system; benign pneumoconiosis (baritosis)

Eyes, respiratory system

Over 65% of barite produced was used as a weighting agent in oil and gas well drilling fluids (1985).|50% Decrease in demand for barite in 1986 ... due primarily to a severe downturn in oil and gas well drilling activity prompted by ... soft world oil prices.|(1998) 3,275,000 tons|(1986) 1,105,000 tons; (1987) 1,304,000 tons; (1988) 1,798,000 tons|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Anatrast is a cherry flavored, ready-to-use barium sulfate USP suspension paste. The product contains 100% w/v (56% w/w) barium sulfate USP, sorbitol, suspending and dispersing agents, simethicone, flavoring, preservatives and water.|Baricon is a lemon-vanilla flavored, high density barium sulfate formulation. The product contains 98% w/w barium sulfate USP, sucrose, simethicone, suspending agents, sorbitol, flavoring, sodium citrate and saccharin sodium.|Baro-cat is a banana-pineapple flavored ready-to-use barium sulfate suspension. The contrast medium contains 1.5% w/w (w/v) barium sulfate USP, with sorbitol, simethicone, suspending agent, potassium sorbate, citric acid, flavoring, saccharin sodium and water.|Barobag is a complete 3 liter enema kit containing a barium sulfate formulation for aqueous suspension. The contrast medium contains approximately 97% w/w barium sulfate USP, suspending agents, dispersing agents, and simethicone.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adhesive manufacturing|Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1): ACTIVE|Occurs in nature as the mineral barite; also as barytes, heavy spar.

Analyte: barium sulfate; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: boil suspension with sodium carbonate solution; dilution with water; acidification with dilute hydrochloric acid; dilution with water; addition of dilute hydrochloric acid; dilution sulfuric acid; formation of a white precipitate that is insoluble in sodium hydroxide solution

Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant; Opacifying