Water

18.01

18.010565

215-185-5

059QF0KO0R

147337

DTXSID6026296

C65147

Colorless liquid|Liquid

3303000000

1

-1.38

White to off-white powder

1.00293 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

0 °C

100 °C

100°C

1.329

soluble in water. Insoluble in polar liquids.H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless

2-8°C

3 mm Hg ( 37 °C)

<1 (vs air)

Odorless

Tasteless

The polarity of water is an important factor in determining its solvent properties.|... since hydrogen and oxygen each have 3 isotopes, there exist 18 possible molecular weights for water|Apparent dipole moment: 6.24X10-30 C.m|Allotropic forms are ice (solid) and steam (vapor)|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Water (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Water reacts with many substances, including but not limited to alkali metals, hydrides, strong halogenating agents, and chlorosilanes. These reactions can be hazardous and may result in flammable or toxic gas production, or generation of excessive heat that may cause pressurization to occur. Another reactive hazard is heat of mixing. Mixing substances such as sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide with water may generate significant heat. Additionally, water is a good solvent for polar molecules, so it can form aqueous solutions if it comes into contact with such molecules.

The solvent powers of water exerted in man-made conduit/pipe systems ... lead to ... corrosion and scaling

9.717 kcal/mole

Critical temperature: 374.2 °C; critical pressure: 218 atm

UN 1824 8/PG 2

1

36/38

26

WB4900000

C

Stable. Incompatible with reactive metals.

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P304+P340, P310, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501

H300

EPA; Water: Laboratory Certification.[EPA; Water: Laboratory Certification; Drinking Water Analytical Methods; Available from, as of February 4, 2014: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/labcert/analyticalmethods.cfm#approved]

Not Classified

Stormwater runoff carries urban pollution into rivers and lakes(1,2). Stormwater runoff is generated when rain and snowmelt do not soak into the ground but flow over land or impervious surfaces such as streets, parking lots, and building rooftops, accumulating debris, chemicals, sediment or other pollutants that could adversely affect water quality if the runoff is discharged untreated(1). Agriculture is the leading source of impairment to freshwater sources in the US. When excess fertilizer washes into rivers and lakes it causes algal blooms that lead to taste and health problems. Nitrogen-laden waters can also damage aquatic life leading to the formation of "dead zones"(2).

Wetlands are part of the foundation of water resources and are vital to the health of waterways and communities downstream. Wetlands feed downstream waters, trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, filter pollution, and provide fish and wildlife habitat. Wetlands include swamps, marshes and bogs. Wetlands also reduce flood risks(1). Forests, grasslands, wetlands, and flood plains stabilize water flow into rivers, lakes, and groundwater(2).

On an annual average, the earth's 149X10+6 sq km of dry land receives 745 mm of precipitation (111,000 cu km), of which 477 mm (71, 000 cu km) evaporates from the land and 40,000 cu km flows into the sea.

Because groundwater contamination is an important environmental concern, we examined the hepatic and renal effects of repeated exposure to a mixture of 25 chemicals frequently found in groundwater near hazardous-waste disposal sites and the effect of such exposure on carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) toxicity. Adult male F-344 rats received ad libitum deionized water and feed (Ad Lib Water) or ad libitum 10% MIX (referring to 10% of a technically achievable stock mixture) and feed for 14 d. Because exposure to the 25-chemical mixture via the drinking water resulted in decreased water and feed consumption, restricted deionized water and feed controls (Restricted Water) were included. On d 14, rats were gavaged with 0, 0.0375, 0.05, 0.075 or 0.15 mL CCl4/kg, and hepatic and renal toxicity assessed 24 hr later. Little or no hepatic and renal toxicity was observed in rats exposed to 10% MIX alone. No hepatic or renal lesions occurred that could be attributed to 10% MIX alone. Slight but statistically significant alterations, of uncertain biological significance, resulted from the water treatments: 10% MIX increased alanine aminotransferase, urea nitrogen (BUN), and BUN/creatinine ratio; Restricted Water increased 5'-nucleotidase and decreased alkaline phosphatase. Relative kidney weight was increased by both 10% MIX and Restricted Water. CCI4 resulted in significant dosage-dependent hepatotoxicity in all three water treatment groups but had little or no effect on renal indicators of toxicity. Relative to Ad Lib Water, significantly greater hepatotoxicity occurred in both 10% MIX and Restricted Water rats. The response to CCI4 in the Restricted Water rats was similar to that of 10% MIX rats, indicating that a substantial portion of the effect of 10% MIX on CCI4 hepatotoxicity is due to decreased water and feed intake.

LD50 Mice ip 25000 mg/kg|LD50 Mice iv 25000 mg/kg|LD50 Mice ip 190000 mg/kg

Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) is an occurrence of endurance sports that can cause severe clinical manifestations such as cerebral edema or respiratory failure. EAH is a dilutional hyponatremia, variant of SIADH, characterized by a plasma concentration of sodium lower than 135 mEq/L. Female gender and the duration of the competitions are associated with higher risk of hyponatremia. The incidence of hyponatremia, in fact, increases with duration, especially 4-8 hours after the start of the race. Women seem to be at greater risk than men. The pathophysiological mechanisms include increased loss of sodium through sweating and excessive intake of hypotonic fluids during and after the sporting event. In the genesis of EAH seems to have a decisive role the inadequate secretion of AVP by non osmotic stimuli, including IL-6. Indications for the prevention of hyponatremia include education of athletes for adequate consumption of fluids and monitoring of changes in body weight. Following the identification of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment requires a water restriction and infusion of hypertonic solutions 3%, especially in cases of severe hyponatremia.|Dilutional hyponatremia, although not uncommon, is an underestimated problem in the pediatric population. In most cases, it results from excessive hydration or water retention, also described as the so-called water intoxication. One of the most known causes is the use of desmopressin in enuretic children. This drug enhances the free water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts.

Water is absolutely essential to all life. The protoplasm of most living cells contains about 80% water. Most of the earth's surface is covered with water(1). The most striking feature of the earth is the extensive hydrosphere, lacking from neighboring planets. 97.22% of earth's water is captured in oceans, with approximately 2% of water locked up in polar icecaps and glaciers. Water found in land, including surface and groundwater, makes up <1% of the earth's water resources. Groundwater represents more than 97% of the usable freshwater resources and is a major source of replenishment for surface water. Water resources are renewable but finite and scarce. Only freshwater flowing through the solar-powered hydrological cycle is renewable(2).|The most abundant gas typically released into the atmosphere from volcanic systems is water vapor, followed by cabon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Locally sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano(1).

Household leaks can waste more than 1 trillion gallons annually in the US. Ten percent of homes in the USA have leaks that waste 90 gallons or more of water per day(1).

Water which evaporates from the surface of oceans, fresh watercourses, and vegetation is carried in the air to be precipitated as rainfall or snow. The molecules of water vapor in air are pure water; falling raindrops formed by their condensation are saturated with nitrogen, oxygen and other atmospheric gases. During precipitation, raindrops entrain dust, smoke particles and fumes. Rain which falls on land surfaces runs over the ground to the nearest watercourse, carrying with it eroded soil, decaying vegetation, microorganisms and colloidal and suspended matter. The remainder of the rain seeps into soil and flows underground. Except in areas where groundwater is over-pumped, this water eventually flows out into an open watercourse. In its transit through topsoil, this water dissolves carbon dioxide which makes it more acid. With passage through ground and rocks, it dissolves many minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese; also sulfates, silicates and chlorides(1).|Natural water systems contain numerous minerals and often a gas phase ... The distribution of chemical species in waters is strongly influenced by an interaction of mixing cycles and biological cycles. ... The maintenance of life in aquatic ecosystems results directly or indirectly from the steady impact of solar energy. Photosynthesis is carried out mostly by algae and water plants; it may be conceived as a disproportionation of water into an oxygen reservoir and hydrogen which forms high energy bonds with carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds that are incorporated as organic matter in the biomass. ... The composition of natural waters is strongly influenced by the growth, distribution, and decay of algae and other organisms. Organisms regulate the oceanic and lacustrine composition and its variation with depth. Dissolved constituents are taken up by organisms. Their remains sink under the influence of gravity and are gradually destroyed by oxidation. The superposition of this particular cycle upon the ordinary mixing cycle in the ocean or in lakes accounts for the variation in depth and distribution of chemical properties.

Hydrogeochemical cycles couple atmosphere, land, and water. Natural waters acquire their chemical characteristics by dissolution and by chemical reactions with solids, liquids, and gases with which they have come into contact during the various parts of the hydrological cycle(1).|ACID RAIN: From the oxidation of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen during the combustion of fossil fuels, there is a buildup in the atmosphere (gas phase, aerosol particles, raindrops, snowflakes, and fog) of CO2 and the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which leads to acid-base interaction(1). Snow and rain that are generated from atmospheres that contain high concentrations of combustion-generated sulphur dioxide can be very acidic(2).

Freshwater is now scarce in many regions of the world, resulting in severe ecological degradation, limits on agriculture and industrial production, threats to human health, and increased potential for international conflict(1).|Representative dissolved heavy metals in natural waters(1).[Table#8170]|Typical analyses of surface and groundwaters in the US. Author-defined categories are: Type A - water supplies of New York City (Catskills source), San Francisco and Oakland (Sierra Nevada Mtns), many rivers and lakes in New England. Type B - typified by the Great Lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior, supplying Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc in the St Lawrence River Basin. Type C - 30-60 ft deep wells supplying Dayton, OH(1).[Table#8171]|RAIN/SNOW: Composition of snow and rain(1).|SEAWATER: Composition(1).[Table#8173]

Everything lives in a watershed - the area that drains to a common waterway, such as a stream, lake, estuary, wetland, aquifer, and ocean - and personal actions can directly affect a watershed.

For diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered.|FDA Label|Drug: Ice

Tritium radioactivity in mouse fetus taken from the pregnant female mouse which had been given tritium containing drinking water was measured to estimate the absorbed radiation dose from the incorporated tritium. BC3F1 female mice mated with ICR male were given drinking water containing various concentrations of tritium for whole pregnant period, from the morning when the vaginal plug was observed to the day just before term. At various times of the pregnant period, blood and fetuses were taken from the female mice to measure the tritium concentration using a Packard model of sample oxidizer. The absorbed radiation dose of the fetus from the incorporated tritium was estimated on the basis of the tritium concentration measured. The tritium concentration of the embryos increased gradually from the first pregnant day to reach the plateau level at the 7 to 9th day. The estimated radiation dose increased almost linearly depending on the tritium concentration in the drinking water. /Tritium containing drinking water/

Water itself is nontoxic and is in fact essential for life. Solutes dissolved in water may be toxic, but those interactions are covered by the reactive groups that the solute belongs to.

To evaluate the efficacy of Ringer's lactate, isotonic saline and hypertonic saline on the clinical and biochemical recovery of athletes with exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy caused by fluid overload. We retrospectively reviewed serial blood sodium concentrations (Na+) and qualitative signs of recovery and time to recovery in two healthy menstruant females hospitalised with dilutional exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy after withdrawal from the 2011 Comrades Marathon (89 km) and Argus Cycle Tour (109 km). Improvements in blood Na+ did not occur with intravenous administration of Ringer's lactate solution, but did occur with administration of isotonic and hypertonic saline. Qualitative improvements in mental status were not quantitatively related to the biochemical value of blood Na+ or subsequent return to normonatremia. Hyponatremia should be suspected in all female athletes presenting to the medical area of endurance races with vomiting, altered mental status and a history of high fluid intake. If a diagnosis of exercise-associated hyponatremia with cerebral encephalopathy is confirmed, the treatment of choice is administration of an intravenous bolus of hypertonic saline. Administration of Ringer's lactate should be discouraged, as this does not correct Na+ and appears to delay recovery.|/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Water (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Human systemic effects by ingestion of very large amounts: body temperature increase, convulsions, diarrhea, fever, hypermotility, muscle contraction or spasticity, mydriasis, nausea or vomiting, tremors.|/CASE REPORTS/ Dilutional hyponatremia is a serious adverse effect of desmopressin, a vasopressin analog that is widely prescribed to manage monosymptomatic enuresis. The presentation of hyponatremia, largely related to cerebral dysfunction, can include severe signs like altered mental status and seizures. /The authors/ reviewed the literature dealing with altered mental status or seizures in enuretic subjects on desmopressin. The retained publications included patients who were described individually, revealing data on mode of administration, further identifiable factors predisposing to hyponatremia, presentation and clinical course. /It was/ found 54 cases of hyponatremia secondary to desmopressin treatment presenting with altered mental status or seizures. In most cases the complication developed 14 days or less after starting desmopressin. An intranasal formulation had been used in 47 patients. Excess fluid intake was documented as a contributing factor in at least 22 cases. In 6 cases severe signs of hyponatremia developed in the context of intercurrent illnesses. Altered mental status or seizures are very rare but recognized complications of desmopressin in enuresis. This complication mostly develops in subjects managed with the intranasal formulation 14 days or less after starting the medication, following excess fluid intake and during intercurrent illnesses.|/CASE REPORTS/ A 62-year-old man with no major comorbidities became acutely hyponatremic on the second postoperative day following a routine carotid endarterectomy. He developed a headache, became hypertensive and confused, and then had a seizure and required intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. A CT angiogram of his head and carotid arteries was normal, as was a subsequent MRI head. His serum and urine osmolality were low. He was treated by fluid restriction and his hyponatraemia resolved over 3 days. On discontinuation of sedation the patient woke up appropriately. The cause of his hyponatremia was initially a mystery but when questioned by the medical team he admitted that he drank about 5 liters of water in the afternoon on the second postoperative day. At this point the diagnosis of dilutional hypervolemic hyponatremia secondary to water intoxication could be made.|/CASE REPORTS/ A syndrome of hyponatremia associated with excessive beer drinking was first recognised in 1971. This syndrome has been referred to as beer potomania. Dilutional hyponatremia occurs due to excessive consumption of an exclusive beer diet which is poor in salt and protein. /The authors/ report a case of beer potomania who improved dramatically with introduction of solute load, with no subsequent neurological sequelae.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Water (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hydrogen Oxide

Agriculture consumes by far the most of any use category to which the accessible runoff worldwide is applied ... The number of acres irrigated with sprinkler and microirrigation systems has continued to increase and comprises more than half the total irrigated acreage.|Water Source Use in the US.

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Water: ACTIVE|Some bottled waters contain fluoride, and some do not. Fluoride can occur naturally in source waters used for bottling or be added. Most bottled waters contain fluoride at levels that are less than optimal for good oral health.|People with compromised immune systems may want to take special precautions with the water they drink. In healthy individuals, the parasite Cryptosporidium can cause illness; however, for those with weakened immune systems, it can cause severe illness and possibly death. Look for bottled water treatments that protect against Cryptosporidium, which include: Reverse Osmosis Distillation Filtration with an absolute 1 micron filter.|The proper amount of fluoride from infancy through old age helps prevent and control tooth decay. Community water fluoridation is a widely accepted practice for preventing and controlling tooth decay by adjusting the concentration of fluoride in the public water supply|According to the EPA, approximately 286 million Americans receive their tap water from a community water system. These public water systems are monitored and regulated as set by the EPA. An estimated 15% of Americans, or about 45 million people, get their water from private ground water wells that are not subject to EPA regulations. Private ground water wells can provide safe, clean water. However, well water can also become contaminated, leading to illness. It is the responsibility of well owners to maintain and treat their well.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for Water (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Solvents|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Cosmetics -> Solvent