Acetophenone

120.15

120.15

202-708-7

RK493WHV10

1156

7635

1993

DTXSID6021828

Colorless liquid|Liquid. Forms laminar crystals at low temperature.|Monoclinic prisms or plates

2914391000

17.1

1.58

Clear colorless to light yellow Liquid

1.033 g/cm³ @ Temp: 15 °C

20.5 °C

202 °C

180 °F

1.512

H2O: 5.5 g/L (20 ºC)

2-8°C

0.45 mm Hg ( 25 °C)

4.1 (vs air)

Oral-Rat LD50: 815 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 740 mg/kg

Combustible in case of fire, high temperature and strong oxidant

1.4-5.2%(V)

Sweet pungent odor

Sweet, pungent taste

2.74e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

1.04e-05 atm-m3/mole|Henry's Law constant= 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.7X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec

Slightly soluble in water.

Ketones

ACETOPHENONE reacts with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). Reacts with many oxidizing agents. Reacts with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. The amount of heat in these reactions may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion. Incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides.

Acetophenone|D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides|2 samples, 2-3 ppm Peroxide; > 1 yr|Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

1058 °F (USCG, 1999)|1058 def F (570 °C)|535 °C

-8,250 cal/g

Lower: 1.1, Upper: 6.7 (percent by volume)

83.6 cal/g

Critical temperature: 802 °F = 428 °C = 701K; Critical pressure: 560 psia = 38 atm = 3.8 MN/sq m

I; II; III

UN15936.1/PG3

1

22-36-63-43-36/37/38-23/24/25-45-39/23/24/25-11-67-40

26-36/37-24/25-23-53-45-16-7

AM5250000

Xn,T,F

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents. Combustible.

P305 + P351 + P338

H302-H319

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U004, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Acetophenone (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents.|Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, and strong reducing agents.

Acetophenone is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and b) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

BIBRA working group; TA:Toxicity profile. BIBRA Toxicology International: 4 (1991)|USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Document for Acetophenone: ECAO-CIN-G001 (1987)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For hybrid vehicles, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to ERG Guide 169. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Above 77 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.|Flammable - 2nd degree

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 3062 companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501|P201, P202, P210, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|P210, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2016)

Protect eyes and skin from direct contact. (USCG, 1999)|Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Wear solvent-resistant gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ACHIG recommends Teflon as a protective material. ... Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn.

Combustible.|Flammable liquid.

Forms explosive mixture with air.|Above 82 °C explosive vapor/air mixtures may be formed.|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 1 - 5.2 (estimated)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Use water spray to cool unopened containers.|To fight fire, use foam, /carbon dioxide/, dry chemical.|Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or polymer foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Use foam spray to reduce vapors. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Keep acetophenone out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the potential for an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.|Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Acetophenone (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A skin and severe eye irritant.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases. Ventilation along the floor.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

NO open flames. Above 77 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Acetophenone is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.|Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Acetophenone is included on this list.

| 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Acetophenone is used for fragrance in soaps and perfumes, as a flavoring agent in foods, and as a solvent for plastics and resins. Acute (short-term) exposure to acetophenone vapor may produce skin irritation and transient corneal injury in humans. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of acetophenone in humans. EPA has classified acetophenone as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

U004; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

U004; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when acetophenone, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in a surface water downstream from a tire fire in Virginia(1), in secondary effluents from municipal treatment plants(2) and in industrial waste water(3). The concentration of acetophenone in waste water from a shale oil processing plant in Australia was 10 mg/L(4) and in spent chlorination liquor from kraft bleaching was 0.2-0.5 g/ton of treated pulp(5). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.500 ug/L) in the effluent of a waste water treatment plant collected May 29, 2001 from Phoenix, AZ(6). Acetophenone was detected in 7.5% of samples from collected upstream, downstream and from 10 waste water treatment plants located around the country (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota) at 0.50-0.78 ug/L(7). Acetophenone has been detected in the atmosphere from vehicular exhaust(8), residential fuel oil combustion(9) and coal combustion(10).Acetophenone was detected in exhaust fumes from light duty trucks measured in a San Francisco Bay area highway tunnel in the summers of 1999, 2001 and 2006 at 0.13, 0.17 and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively(11). Acetophenone was detected in stack gas samples collected Apr 26-May 7, 2007 from steel plants in Aliaga City, Turkey at respective average and mean concentrations of 3487 and 2533 ng/cu m with no pre-heating and at 127,657 ng/cu m with pre-heating(12). Acetophenone had an emission rate of 49.0, 44.8 and 84.3 mg/kg of biomass burned in open fires(13).

SEDIMENT: Acetophenone was detected in Calcasieu River near an area of heavy industrial discharge in Lake Charles, LA(1). In sediment samples taken from US streams in the Great Lakes basin from 1994 to 2000, acetophenone was detected in 89% of samples with concentrations ranging from 10-90 ng/g dry weight(2). Acetophenone was tentatively identified in the sediments of a polluted lake in Saskatchewan, Canada(3).|SOIL: The concentration of acetophenone in soil gasses at different depths from Passerini landfill in Tuscany, Italy were as follows(1):[Table#2596]

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Acetophenone was found in 9% of air samples collected outside of 36 area homes in Chicago(1). In the US, acetophenone was detected at a median concentration of 0.041 ppb in two urban air samples and at a median concentration of 0.094 ppb in 32 samples near industrial areas(2). In the ambient air in Japan(3) and Belgium(4), acetophenone was identified, not quantified. Acetophenone was detected in ambient air samples collected Apr 26-May 7, 2007 in Aliaga City, Turkey at an average and mean concentration of 71.4 and 47.9 ng/cu m, respectively(5). The concentration of acetophenone was 0.061-0.168 ug/cu m with an average of 0.107 ug/cu m measured in 3 hour ambient air samples collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from May 3 to Nov 2, 2000(6).|INDOOR: Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in 4 of 8 indoor air samples collected Jul-Dec 1980 from New Jersey area homes and in 5 of 12 breath samples from residents of these homes(1). Its frequency of occurrence in 36 area homes in Chicago was 17% in indoor air(2). Acetophenone was detected in indoor air of 11 newly constructed homes at 0.5-<1.5 ppb(3). Acetophenone was detected at 26.4-47.9 ug/cu m in the indoor air of a telephone switching station located in Neenah, WI in July 1988(4). In 50 telecommunication offices and 9 data centers, acetophenone was detected at mean concentrations of 0.04 and 0.05 ug/cu m, respectively(5).|RURAL/REMOTE: In the US, acetophenone was not detected in the ambient air of a remote area(1). Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in the ambient air samples collected Jan 1985 from the Black Forest, Germany(2).

Acetophenone is listed as an ingredient in commercial, institutional and home use products(1). Acetophenone was detected at 0.84 ng/L in feed samples of almond shells, it was not detected in corn, alfalfa or cereal silage, or almond hulls(2). Acetophenone was detected in the concentration range 0-30 ug/cu m in the extrusion area of an electric cables insulation plant. Samples were collected in the vulcanization areas of a shoe-sole factory, a tire retreading operation, and also in the extrusion areas of the retreading operation and an insulated cable manufacturer(3).|Volatile pollutants produced from several rubber goods manufacturing processes were sampled and analyzed. Samples were collected in the vulcanization areas of a shoe-sole factory, a tire retreading operation, and also in the extrusion areas of the retreading operation and an insulated cable manufacturer. Volatile organics from the vulcanization and extrusion operations were collected on activated charcoal, desorbed with trichlorofluoromethane and analyzed by GC/MS. ... Acetophenone was detected in the concentration range 0-30 ug/cu m in the extrusion area of the electric cables insulation plant(1).|Emission rates of acetophenone from burning of wood fuel were reported as follows(1):[Table#2593]

moderately toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetophenone is a liquid, forming crystals at low temperature. It is used in perfumery to impart an orange blossom-like odor, as a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, and in organic syntheses, especially as photosensitizer. HUMAN STUDIES: No skin sensitization was noted when 2% acetophenone in petrolatum was tested on humans. The substance is irritating to the eyes, and may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness. After long-term or repeated exposure the liquid defats the skin. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of acetophenone to the eyes of rabbits as two drops of saturated aqueous solution caused discomfort. In another study, 0.005 mL of a 15% solution (750 ug) produced severe corneal necrosis in the rabbit eye. Mice survived 0.7 g/kg of acetophenone injected intraperitoneally, but clear-cut hypnotic effects occurred rapidly at dosage levels of 0.4 to 0.5 g/kg. In a combined subchronic and reproduction/developmental screening study, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats received oral gavage administrations of 0, 75, 225 or 750 mg/kg/day acetophenone for 28 days in the toxicity phase of testing. No deaths were seen; signs of overt toxicity included increased salivation at 225 and 750 mg/kg/day. The neurological examination further indicated decreased motor activity and decreased forelimb grip at 750 mg/kg/day in males only. Other signs of overt toxicity included decreased body weight and food consumption with increased cholesterol levels for the high-dose group. In the developmental portion of the study there were no adverse effects on the mating or fertility indices or on gestation lengths. The live birth index was decreased at 750 mg/kg/day. Similarly, pup survival was decreased during lactation and mean pup weights were decreased at 750 mg/kg. There was no indication of a mutagenic activity with and without metabolic activation with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1537.

Use of alcoholic beverages enhances the harmful effect.

LD50 Rat oral 2.2 g/kg.|LD50 Rat oral 2081 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (male Wistar) oral 3.0 g/kg (14 day range finding test)|LD50 Mouse (male) ip 1.07 g/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Acetophenone (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acetophenone has been identified in many types of plants(1) and as a volatile component of honey(2-3).|/Acetophenone is/ reported found cocoa, beef raspberry, peas and concord grape.|In oils of Labdanum, Stirlingia latifolia, Urtica dioica, Elsholtzia argyi var Nipponica, Elsholtzia ciliata, in various species of Orthodon (O. citraliferum, O. linalooliferum var Laerolinolooliferum, O. linalooliferum, O. sabinoliferum var Taiwanese), & in Castoreum absolute ... .|/Acetophenone/ is reported in oils of castoreum and labdanum resin; buds of balsam poplar; heavy oil fraction of coal tar

Acetophenone's production and use as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, plastics and resins, as well as a fragrance and flavor additive(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acetophenone has been identified in vehicle exhaust(2), residential fuel oil combustion(3) and coal combustion(4).|/Acetophenone is reported/ in gasoline /engine/ exhaust: <0.1 to 0.4 ppm

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 10-270(2-3) indicate that acetophenone is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetophenone from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Acetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Screening studies have indicated that acetophenone is readily biodegradable(6-8).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values in sediment of 1.23-1.98(2-3) indicate that acetophenone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 32 days, respectively(SRC). Acetophenone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.58(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Biodegradation in water surfaces is expected based on half-lives of 32, 8, and 4.5 days in groundwater, river water and lake water, respectively(9-10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetophenone, which has a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetophenone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.74X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). While acetophenone absorbs light at >290 nm(4), it is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in the environment because it donates its energy to other molecules instead of photodegrading(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetophenone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.74X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Acetophenone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Acetophenone absorbs light at >290 nm(4), but acts primarily as a photosensitizer whereby it transfers its excited energy from light absorption to a receptor molecule(4). The receptor molecule undergoes photoalteration and the excited acetophenone returns to its ground state without degradation(5).

An estimated BCF of 1 was calculated in fish for acetophenone(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.58(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

63.10 L/kg|Experimental log Koc values of acetophenone have been reported as 1.34-2.43 in a variety of soils(1-6). Koc values of 185, 270 and 105 were reported in soils containing 0.11, 0.05 and 1.2% organic carbon, respectively(7). The Koc of acetophenone was measured as 10, using an agricultural soil obtained from Northeastern China(8). The mean experimental log Koc was reported as 1.60(9). Log Koc values of 1.23-1.98 have been reported in sediments for acetophenone(4-5). According to a classification scheme(10), these log Koc values indicate that acetophenone will have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for acetophenone is reported as 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetophenone is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 32 days(SRC). Acetophenone's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.15 ug/L) in five wells located near Norman Landfill, OK(1). In samples collected from a network of 47 groundwater sites across 18 US states in 2000, acetophenone was detected at a maximum concentration of 26,700 ng/L(2). Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in an aquifer near an organic waste dump site in Australia(3). Acetophenone was detected at <0.1-10 ppb in the groundwater of a waste disposal site in Netherlands at depths of up to 39 m(4). The concentration of acetophenone in well water gasses from Passerini landfill in Tuscany, Italy was 324-727 ppbv(5).|DRINKING WATER: Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in drinking water from Philadelphia, PA(1-3), Poplarville, MS(3), Cincinnati, OH(3), Miami, FL(3), New Orleans, LA(3) Ottumwa, IA(3), Seattle, WA(3) and Bayonne-Elizabeth area, NJ(4). The concentration of acetophenone in Philadelphia, PA drinking water collected in 1974 was 1.0 ppb(5). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ug/L) in drinking water samples derived from two low flow streams; samples were collected Nov to Dec 2001 by the US Geological Survey and the Center For Disease Control and Prevention(6). A concentration of 5.4 ppb was reported in a Japanese drinking water sample(7).|SURFACE WATER: Acetophenone was qualitatively detected in the following river and sea waters in the US and other parts of the world: Kanawha River, Nitro, WV(1); unnamed river in England(2); Waal River, Netherlands(3); river in Kitakyushu area in Japan(4); Hamilton Harbor, Bermuda(5); and sea water near Japan(4). It was also detected in 6 of 204 samples, at 1-2 ppb, from 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US sampled during 1975-1976(6). Acetophenone was detected at 2 ug/L in water from Lake Michigan(7). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 500 ng/L) in surface water samples collected from Assunpink Creek, NJ(8). In surface water samples were collected March, April and August of 2004 from 18 streams in north-central and northwestern Arkansas, acetophenone was not detected (reporting limit 0.5 ug/L)(9). Acetophenone was detected at 0.22 ug/L in 1 of 30 samples collected from 23 stream locations in 10 cities in Iowa during low flow conditions, it was not detected at high or normal flow conditions(10).|RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Acetophenone was detected at 0.36 ug/kg (Entuziastov, Russia) at one of 10 early March snow samples collected in Finland (4 sites) and Russia (6 sites)(1).

Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in the volatile components of filbert nut(1), clove essential oil(2), nectarines(3) and fish sauce(4). Acetophenone was detected in honey derived from yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) in the 1994-1995 season in Australia at 0.1-0.2 mg/kg(5). Acetophenone was detected at 110.5-188.5 ug/kg in nine honey samples derived from the honeydew of holm-oak, oak and forests of Spain(6). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 1 ppb) in fresh or frozen corn kernel, but was detected in canned kernel and canned cream corn at 5 and 10 ppb, respectively(7).

Acetophenone was detected, not qunatified in 8 of 8 mother's milk samples collected from volunteers in Bridgeville, PA, Jersey City, NJ and Baton Rouge, LA(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 32 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of acetophenone in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 10,000 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 78,624 workers (31,148 of these are female) were potentially exposed to acetophenone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to acetophenone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetophenone is produced or used. Unspecified acetophenones were detected in the volatile emissions of heated painted steel products at 0.2-7.0 mg/cu m(2). Acetophenone was detected in the concentration range 0-30 ug/cu m in the extrusion area of electric cables insulation plant(3). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acetophenone via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acetophenone(SRC).

Acetophenone was detected, not quantified in 8 of 8 mother's milk samples collected from volunteers in Bridgeville, PA, Jersey City, NJ and Baton Rouge, LA(1).

Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. (See all compounds classified as Photosensitizing Agents.)

... In rats acetophenone appears to be precursor of not only mandelic acid and benzoylformic acid but benzoic acid as well. ...|The reductive cleavage of hydroperoxides by purified p450 in a reconstituted system containing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was studied. ... With cumyl hydroperoxide, acetophenone was produced, but not cumyl alcohol, indicating that a rearrangement had taken place, probably involving radical intermediates, with the formation of an additional 1-carbon product.|Early studies identified 1-phenylethanol, benzoic acid, and mandelic acid as urinary metabolites of acetophenone in rabbits and dogs. /It was/ found that rabbits administered acetophenone by gavage excreted 47% of the dose as glucuronide conjugates of 1-phenylethanol and about 20% as hippuric acid. /Another study/... reported that 1-phenylethanol and its glucuronide conjugate constituted only about 4% of the dose for rabbits treated by the ip route. ... m-Hydroxyacetophenone, p-hydroxyacetophenone, and w-hydroxyacetophenone as minor urinary metabolites of acetophenone (<1% of the dose) in rabbits.|...10% of a 100 mg/kg ip dose of radiolabeled acetophenone was excreted as /carbon dioxide/ after 4 hr and that the amount increased to 30% after 13 hr. ... Mendelic acid was present in the urine of rats treated ip with acetophenone and ... this metabolite most likely arose from w-hydroxyacetophenone.

No toxicity expected from inhalation or ingestion except slight narcotic effect. Liquid can cause eye and skin irritation on contact. (USCG, 1999)

SKIN OR EYE CONTACT: irrigate affected area with water for 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ketones and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Ketones and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ketones and related compounds/|Remove any contact lenses at once, then flush eyes, wash contaminated areas of body with soap and water. If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ...

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No skin sensitization was noted when 2% acetophenone in petrolatum was tested on humans.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Effects of long-term or repeated exposure: The liquid defats the skin.

acetophenone

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Headache. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

LESS THAN 4.5X10+6 G AS A FRAGRANCE INGREDIENT (1973)

Trade Name: Hypnone|Grades: technical, refined, perfumery.|99.0% minimum purity liquid grade. /Commercially available from ARCO/

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Ethanone, 1-phenyl-: ACTIVE|TP - indicates a substance that is the subject of a proposed TSCA section 4 test rule.

Method: OSHA PV2003; Procedure: gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector; Analyte: acetophenone; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 20.6 ng/injection.|Method: EPA-EAD 1625; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetophenone; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: not provided.|Method: EPA-RCA 8270D; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetophenone; Matrix: solid waste matrices, soils, air sampling media and water; Detection Limit: 1 ug/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-1433-01; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetophenone; Matrix: filtered wastewater and natural-water samples; Detection Limit: 0.09 ug/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-4433-06; Procedure: continuous liquid-liquid extractor with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection; Analyte: acetophenone; Matrix: whole wastewater and environmental water samples; Detection Limit: 0.07 ug/L.

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)|Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree

Flavoring Agents