Doxycycline

444.44

444.43

209-271-1

334895S862

DTXSID0037653|DTXSID4041020

YELLOW, CRYSTALLINE POWDER

QJ01AA02|J01AA02|A - Alimentary tract and metabolism|J - Antiinfectives for systemic use

3004909090

182

-0.02

yellow crystal powder

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

206-209°C (dec.)

685.2±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg

368.2±31.5 °C

1.737

VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER; SPARINGLY SOL IN ALC; FREELY SOL IN DIL ACID & ALKALI HYDROXIDE SOLN; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN CHLOROFORM & ETHER.

store in a tightly closed container.

3.09None

3.09

197.4 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW]|196.8 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]|205.7 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]|199.24 Ų [M-H]-

CHARS WITHOUT MELTING @ ABOUT 201 °C. /DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE/|ALC & WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION ARE LOST BY DRYING @ 100 °C UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE. /DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE/|LIGHT YELLOW POWDER WHICH CRYSTALLIZES FROM ETHANOL & HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AS THE HEMIHYDRATE HEMIALCOHOLATE /DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE/|SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: -110 DEG @ 25 °C/D (0.01 N METHANOLIC HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 1%) /DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Stable at normal temperatures and pressures.

P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H302

Manufacturers, packers, and distributors of drug and drug products for human use are responsible for complying with the labeling, certification, and usage requirements as prescribed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (secs 201-902, 52 Stat. 1040 et seq., as amended; 21 U.S.C. 321-392).|The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl doxycycline, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 and 507 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Gleckman RA, Bergman MM; Selected Newer Uses of Some Older Antibiotics. Hosp Formul 21 (Aug): 844-50 (1986). A review of the traditional uses and the newer and unique applications of clindamycin hydrochloride, doxycycline hyclate, erythromycin, penicillin, and vancomycin hydrochloride is presented including their effectiveness against such pathogens as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, Chlamydia species and atypical mycobacteria, as well as in the therapy of lyme disease and legionnaires' disease|Maibach H; Second-Generation Tetracyclines, A Dermatologic Overview: Clinical Uses and Pharmacology. Cutis 48 (5): 411-7 (1991). Tetracycline and its derivatives are frequently used in the treatment of acne, soft tissue bacterial infections, Lyme disease (borreliosis), chlamydial-infections, and respiratory tract infections. Several pharmacologic and microbiological properties of these antibiotics make them particularly suitable for such uses. First-generation tetracyclines have long been in use; however, the second-generation tetracyclines minocycline, doxycycline hyclate, and doxycycline monohydrate have also become widely prescribed, and can offer advantages to the dermatologist over tetracycline. This paper reviews the important pharmacologic and microbiological characteristics of these three commonly used second-generation tetracyclines, and their clinical applications in dermatology.|Riond JL, Riviere JE; Pharmacology and Toxicology of Doxycycline. Vet Hum Toxicol 30 (5): 431-43 (1988).|Saivin S, Houin G; Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline and Minocycline. Clin Pharmacokinet 15 (6): 355-66 (1988). Doxycycline and minocycline are second-generation tetracyclines. They are readily absorbed, distributed throughout the organism as a function of their lipophilicity and eliminated in both the urine and the faeces. The influence of age, renal disease, malnutrition and hyperlipidemia is reviewed, together with the main pharmacokinetic interactions.

|Danger|H302 (80.26%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 152 companies from 17 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 96 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

There are various precautions to be undertaken while doxycyline is administered. A full list of adverse events is included in the "Adverse Effects" section of this drug entry. **A note on tooth development and tetracycline use** The use of tetracyclines, including doxycycline, during tooth development (i.e. the last half of pregnancy, throughout infancy, and in childhood up to 8 years of age) may lead to tooth enamel hypoplasia and yellow-gray discoloration of teeth. It is advisable not to administer doxycycline in this age group according to the FDA label, except for in cases of post-exposure cases of anthrax (including inhalational anthrax). Other sources state that doxycycline should not be administered in children under 12 years. **A note on Clostridium difficile** Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) and antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis may result from doxycycline use. Administering antibacterial agents changes the normal flora of the colon leading to an overgrowth of C. difficile. This bacteria produces toxins A and B, which contribute to the development of CDAD. in moderate to severe cases, therapy with a suitable oral antibacterial agent effective against Clostridium difficile should be considered. Fluids, electrolytes and protein replacement should be provided when warranted. **A note on gastrointestinal irritation** Gastrointestinal irritation may also occur. Rarely, esophagitis and esophageal ulcers have been reported in patients receiving doxycycline. Most of these patients took medication immediately before going to bed. Administration of appropriate amounts of fluid with the tablets is recommended to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration, and late evening ingestion of the dose should be avoided. To decrease the risk of gastric irritation, it is recommended that doxycycline is taken with food or milk. The absorption of doxycycline is not significantly influenced by simultaneous ingestion of food or milk. **Pregnancy** Results of animal research indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues and exert toxic effects on the developing fetus, manifested by retardation of skeletal development. The importance of this in humans is not known, however, doxycycline should not be used in pregnant women unless the benefit significantly outweighs the risk. **Carcinogenicity** In vivo studies conducted in rats and mice have not provided conclusive evidence that tetracyclines may be carcinogenic or that they affect fertility. In two mammalian cell lines, positive tests for mutagenicity occurred at concentrations of 60 and 10 mcg/ml respectively. In humans, no association between tetracyclines and these effects have been established.

Doxycycline has been associated with rare instances of hepatic injury, generally arising within 1 to 2 weeks of starting therapy, sometimes with a history of previous administration of the agent without injury. The pattern of injury ranges from hepatocellular to cholestatic and is probably most commonly mixed. The onset is often abrupt and can be accompanied by signs of hypersensitivity, such as fever, rash and eosinophilia (DRESS syndrome). Recovery is usually rapid and usually complete within 4 to 6 weeks. However, instances of severe and prolonged cholestatic liver injury have been reported with oral doxycycline. The autoimmune-like hepatitis that has been described with minocycline has not been linked to doxycycline, despite similarities in chemical structure and similar indications and uses, perhaps because it is used less frequency in a low dose, long term regimen. High dose intravenous doxycycline can cause acute fatty liver typical of that caused by intravenous tetracycline, particularly in susceptible patients such as pregnant women. This type of injury is, however, quite rare. Nevertheless, for these reasons, the duration and dose of parenteral doxycycline therapy should be minimized.

ORAL ADMIN OF FERROUS SULFATE (200-600 MG) INTERFERES WITH ABSORPTION OF ... /DOXYCYCLINE/ FROM GI TRACT & VICE VERSA, LEADING TO DECR SERUM LEVELS OF ANTIBIOTIC & IRON SALT, RESPECTIVELY. IF SIMULTANEOUS ADMIN IS NECESSARY, PATIENTS SHOULD RECEIVE ... /DOXYCYCLINE/ 3 HR AFTER OR 2 HR BEFORE IRON ADMIN.|DOXYCYCLINE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INTERACT WITH ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE.|The half-life of doxycycline may be decr by concurrent administration of carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), or barbiturates, which incr the hepatic metabolism of this antibiotic.|CONCOMITANT USE OF TETRACYCLINES & CORTICOSTEROIDS MAY RESULT IN SUPERINFECTION. ... INCREASED BLOOD UREA NITROGEN LEVELS /IN PATIENTS RECEIVING TETRACYCLINES & DIURETICS/. ... TETRACYCLINES SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN CONCOMITANTLY WITH OTHER POTENTIALLY HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS. /TETRACYCLINES/|For more Interactions (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 MOUSE ORAL 1007.45 MG/KG|LD50 MOUSE IV 204-222.5 MG/KG

CHILDREN RECEIVING LONG OR SHORT TERM THERAPY WITH TETRACYCLINE MAY DEVELOP BROWN DISCOLORATIONS OF TEETH. LARGER DOSE OF DRUG RELATIVE TO BODY WT, MORE INTENSE THE DISCOLORATION OF ENAMEL. ... DISCOLORATION IS PERMANENT. /TETRACYCLINE/

>90%,.

Doxycycline is indicated for the treatment of various infections by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes, as well other types of bacteria. A complete list of organisms is available in the FDA label and in the "indications" section of this drug entry. The following are some of the major infections that may be treated with doxycycline: Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox, and tick fevers caused by Rickettsiae Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Psittacosis (ornithosis) caused by Chlamydia psittaci Trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, although the infectious agent is not always eliminated as judged by immunofluorescence Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections in adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum Relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis **A note regarding anti-microbial resistance** It is important to note that doxycycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection. Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcus faecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracyclines. Therefore, tetracyclines such as doxycycline should not be used to treat streptococcal infections unless the microorganism has been demonstrated to be susceptible.|FDA Label|Treatment of periodontal disease in dogs.Periodontal pocket probing depths >=4 mm are evidence of disease that may be responsive to treatment with the Doxirobe Gel. Use of this product as directed should result in attachment level gains, periodontal pocket depth reductions, local antimicrobial effect and improved gingival health. Noticeable improvements in these parameters should be evident within 2-4 weeks following treatment. The response in individual dogs is dependent on the severity of the condition and rigor of adjunctive therapy.

Doxycycline is a semisynthetic, tetracycline related bacteriostatic antibiotic that has been linked to rare instances of acute cholestatic liver injury.

Antiinfective Agents

Antibiotics, Tetracycline|AGAINST GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA IT IS ABOUT TWICE AS POTENT AS TETRACYCLINE, EXCEPT THAT IT IS UP TO 10 TIMES AS POTENT AGAINST STREP VIRIDANS. FURTHERMORE, STRAINS OF STREP FAECALIS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO OTHER TETRACYCLINES MAY BE SENSITIVE TO DOXYCYCLINE.|DOSE OF DOXYCYCLINE FOR ADULTS IS 100 MG EVERY 12 HR DURING FIRST 24 HR, FOLLOWED BY 100 MG ONCE DAY, OR TWICE DAILY WHEN SEVERE INFECTION IS PRESENT. CHILDREN OVER 8 YR SHOULD RECEIVE 4-5 MG/KG/DAY, DIVIDED INTO 2 EQUAL DOSES GIVEN @ 12 HR INTERVAL DURING FIRST DAY, AFTER WHICH SINGLE DOSE OF HALF THIS AMT IS ADMIN.|AFFINITY OF DOXYCYCLINE FOR METALLIC IONS MAY NOT BE AS GREAT AS THAT OF OTHER TETRACYCLINES SINCE IT CAN BE GIVEN WITH FOOD OR MILK WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT INACTIVATION OR IMPAIRMENT OF ABSORPTION.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TETRACYCLINES SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN TO PREGNANT OR NURSING WOMEN & CHILDREN UNDER 8 YR UNLESS THERE ARE COMPELLING REASONS TO DO SO.|TREATMENT OF PREGNANT PATIENTS ... MAY PRODUCE DISCOLORATION OF TEETH IN THEIR OFFSPRING. ... CHILDREN UP TO 8 YR OLD MAY BE SUSCEPTIBLE ... TETRACYCLINES ARE DEPOSITED IN SKELETON DURING GESTATION. ... 40% DEPRESSION OF BONE GROWTH ... DEMONSTRATED IN PREMATURE INFANTS TREATED WITH THESE AGENTS. /TETRACYCLINES/|TETRACYCLINES POSE SPECIAL DANGER IN PREGNANT WOMEN, WITH RESPECT TO POSSIBLE HEPATIC INJURY, PARTICULARLY IF USED FOR TREATMENT OF PYELONEPHRITIS, RELATIVELY COMMON OCCURRENCE IN SUCH PATIENTS INDEED, FATALITIES HAVE OCCURRED. /TETRACYCLINES/|IT SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED THAT CROSS-SENSITIZATION AMONG VARIOUS TETRACYCLINES IS COMMON.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The tetracyclines, including doxycycline, are mainly bacteriostatic and are thought to exert antimicrobial effects by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic antibiotics suppress the growth of bacteria, or keep them in the stationary phase of growth. The tetracyclines, including doxycycline, have a similar antimicrobial spectrum of activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, treating numerous infectious diseases. Cross-resistance of these microorganisms to tetracyclines is a common occurrence. Doxycycline shows favorable intra-cellular penetration, with bacteriostatic activity on a wide range of bacteria. Doxycycline has antiparasitic effects,,. In addition to the above effects, this drug has demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions, which may help to manage inflammatory conditions such as rosacea.

Substances that inhibit the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Bacterial Agents.)|Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585) (See all compounds classified as Antimalarials.)

Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins by varying degrees. Doxycycline is almost completely absorbed after oral administration. This drug is highly lipid soluble and has a low affinity for calcium binding. Absorption is not significantly affected by the concomitant ingestion of food or milk. Peak serum levels of approximately 2.6 mcg/ml are reached at 2 hours following a 200 mg tablet oral dose.|Mainly the urine and feces as active and unchanged drug. Between 40% and 60% of an administered dose can be accounted for in the urine by 92 hours, and approximately 30% can be accounted for in the feces.|Doxycycline diffuses readily into most body tissues, fluid and/or cavities and the volume of distribution has been measured as 0.7 L/kg.|The excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40% over 72 hours in individuals with normal kidney function (creatinine clearance approximately 75 mL/min). This rate may fall as low as 1-5% over 72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min). Some clinical studies have shown no major difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18-22 hours) in patients with normal and severely impaired renal function. Hemodialysis does not affect serum half-life of doxycycline.|RELATIVE INSENSITIVITY OF DOXYCYCLINE PHARMACOKINETICS TO RENAL INSUFFICIENCY HAS ... BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN HUMANS & APPEARS TO BE ASSOC WITH INCR FECAL EXCRETION OWING TO DIFFUSION OF DRUG INTO LUMEN OF SMALL INTESTINE. ... RENAL CLEARANCE OF ACTIVE ANTIBIOTIC IS ... 20 ... ML/MIN FOR DOXYCYCLINE ... .|SERUM LEVELS OF DOXYCYCLINE ARE EQUIV WHETHER DRUG IS DOSED BY IV OR PER OS ROUTE. AFTER MULTIPLE DAILY IV DOSES OF 200 MG, SERUM LEVELS ... FLUCTUATED BETWEEN 5-6 & 1-2 UG/ML, WHICH IS ABOVE MIN INHIBITORY CONCN FOR MOST SUSCEPTIBLE PATHOGENS.|URINARY EXCRETION OF ... DOXYCYCLINE IS INCR @ HIGH URINARY PH VALUES. ALKALINE TREATMENT OF SUBJECTS RESULTED IN 24% INCR IN CUMULATIVE URINARY TETRACYCLINE EXCRETION COMPARED WITH ACID TREATMENT (P< 0.05) & 54% INCR FOR DOXYCYCLINE (P LESS THAN 0.05). RENAL CLEARANCE ... INCR DURING ALKALINE TREATMENT ... .|... MORE COMPLETELY ABSORBED AFTER ORAL ADMIN THAN OTHER TETRACYCLINES ... IN PLASMA, IT IS ABOUT 90% PROTEIN BOUND, WHICH IS HIGHEST DEGREE FOR ANY OF TETRACYCLINES.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Doxycycline is metabolized in the liver and gastrointestinal tract and concentrated in bile,. Major metabolic pathways of doxycycline have not been identified, however, enzyme inducers have been found to decrease the half-life of doxycycline.|/DOXYCYCLINE/ IS EXCRETED IN FECES (UP TO 90%) AS INACTIVE CONJUGATE OR PERHAPS AS CHELATE.|Although it was previously suggested that doxycycline is partially metabolized in the liver, recent studies indicate that the drug is not metabolized but is partially deactivated in the intestine by chelate formation.

16.33 hr (± 4.53 sd).|DOXYCYCLINE: ROUTES OF EXCRETION: HEPATIC, RENAL; NORMAL HALF-LIFE: 20 HR; MAINTENANCE DOSE INTERVALS: 12-24 HR.|DOXYCYCLINE IS LONG-ACTING, HAVING SERUM HALF-LIFE OF 15-17 HR AFTER INITIAL DOSE & ABOUT 22 HR AFTER 4TH DAY OF TREATMENT.|The serum half-life of doxycycline is 14-17 hr after a single dose and 22-24 hr after multiple doses in patients with normal renal function. In patients with severe renal impairment, the serum half-life of doxycycline is reported to be 18-26 hr after a single dose, and 20-30 hr after multiple doses. It appears that serum half-life of doxycycline is not altered in patients undergoing hemodialysis. In patients with normal renal function, approximately 20-26% of a single oral or iv dose of doxycycline is excreted in urine and 20-40% is excreted in feces within 48 hr as active drug. In patients with creatinine clearances less than 10 ml/minute, the fraction of doxycycline excreted in urine within 72 hr may decrease to about 1-5%.

In bacterial replication, an interaction that is important for translation initiation of proteins occurs at the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA, found on the ribosome on the 30S subunit,,. The 30S subunit is the smaller subunit of the ribosome of prokaryotes, including bacteria. Tetracyclines such as doxycycline are thought to inhibit translation by binding to the 16S rRNA portion of the ribosome, preventing binding of tRNA to the RNA-30S bacterial ribosomal subunit, which is necessary for the delivery of amino acids for protein synthesis. As a result of the above actions, the initiation of protein synthesis by polyribosome formation is blocked. This stops the replication of bacteria and produces a bacteriostatic effect.|TETRACYCLINES INHIBIT BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. ... ONCE TETRACYCLINES GAIN ACCESS TO THE BACTERIAL CELL, THEY BIND PRINCIPALLY TO 30 S SUBUNITS OF BACTERIAL RIBOSOMES. THEY APPEAR TO PREVENT ACCESS OF AMINOACYL T-RNA TO M-RNA-RIBOSOME COMPLEX. ... ONLY SMALL PORTION OF DRUG IS IRREVERSIBLY BOUND, & INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF THE TETRACYCLINESARE REVERSIBLE WHEN THE DRUG IS REMOVED. /TETRACYCLINES/

GASTRIC DISTRESS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY ADMIN OF TETRACYCLINES WITH FOOD (NOT DAIRY PRODUCTS). NAUSEA & VOMITING OFTEN SUBSIDE ... & CAN FREQUENTLY BE CONTROLLED BY TEMPORARY REDUCTION IN DOSE OR BY USE OF SMALLER AMOUNTS @ MORE FREQUENT INTERVALS. /TETRACYCLINES/

CHILDREN RECEIVING LONG OR SHORT TERM THERAPY WITH TETRACYCLINE MAY DEVELOP BROWN DISCOLORATIONS OF TEETH. LARGER DOSE OF DRUG RELATIVE TO BODY WT, MORE INTENSE THE DISCOLORATION OF ENAMEL. ... DISCOLORATION IS PERMANENT. /TETRACYCLINE/|TETRACYCLINES EXERT PROFOUND METABOLIC EFFECTS. ... RESULTS IN WT LOSS, INCR URINARY BUT NOT FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION, NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE, & ELEVATED SERUM NONPROTEIN NITROGEN CONCN. BASIS FOR ... CHANGES APPEARS TO BE ANTIANABOLIC EFFECT--INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTH. /TETRACYCLINES/|INSTANCE OF DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION HAS BEEN REPORTED IN PREGNANT WOMAN WHO DEVELOPED HEPATORENAL FAILURE AFTER BEING GIVEN ONLY 2 DOSES OF 100 MG EACH OF TETRACYCLINE IM. /TETRACYCLINES/|DOXYCYCLINE ... IS SAID TO PRODUCE HIGH INCIDENCE /OF "SUNBURN" REACTION/. PHOTOTOXICITY IS EVIDENT ONLY WHEN SKIN IS EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT CONTAINING RAYS IN RANGE OF 270 TO 320 MU; THESE ARE FILTERED OUT BY ORDINARY WINDOW GLASS & ARE PRESENT IN SUNLIGHT OF TEMPERATE ZONES ONLY IN SUMMER.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Naphthacenecarboxamide, 4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-, (4S-(4alpha,4aalpha,5alpha,5aalpha,6alpha,12aalpha))-

DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE, USP (VIBRAMYCIN, OTHERS) ... ARE AVAILABLE IN WIDE VARIETY OF FORMS FOR ORAL, TOPICAL, & PARENTERAL ADMIN.|Capsules and tablets, 50 and 100 mg. Vials, 100 and 200 mg.|Doxycycline Calcium Oral: Suspension 50 mg (of doxycycline) per 5 ml, Vibramycin Calcium Syrup (with parabens povidone propylene glycol and sodium metabisulfite). /Doxycycline calcium/|Oral capsules: 50, 100 mg (of doxycycline); Vibramycin Hyclate; 100 mg (of doxycycline) Doxy-Caps|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DOXYCYCLINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Doxycycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic derived from oxytetracycline. Doxycycline is commercially available as the calcium, the hyclate, and the monohydrate salts.

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of some tetracyclines in bulk and pharmaceuticals is based on the reaction of the drug with sodium tungstate at pH 6 to form a yellow complex which can be determined spectrophotometrically. The complexes show absorption max at 380, 3385 and 390 nm for oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and chlortetracycline respectively.|A permanganometric method for doxycycline in the determination of bulk and pharmaceuticals depends upon the preliminary TLC sepn of 1-14 mg doxycycline on silica gel-H glass plates, using butanol-ammonium hydroxide-water (5:1:5) as developing solvent. The spot corresponding to the intact mol-parallel to that of a reference sample - was identified under UV lamp, scratched extracted with water, treated with 25% sulfuric acid, heated to 60-70 deg and titrated with 0.05N KMnO4. The doxycycline concn was computed from a satd. calibration curve, or from the equivalence factor calculated to be 0.542 mg doxycycline for each of 0.542N KMnO4. The efficiency of the method was assessed by mixing a reference sample of doxycycline with controlled, alkaline degraded samples.|Two indirect titrimetric procedures for the determination of the pharmacol. activity of doxycycline are described, using bromate and N-bromosuccinimide. The two methods depend upon TLC sepn of the active doxycycline, treating with HOAC, 20% hydrochloric acid, known excess of either std KBrO3 in the presence of potassium bromide or N-bromosuccinimide, and allowing the reaction to proceed at room temp. The residual reagent is treated with KI and titrated with Na2S2O3 using starch as indicator. The concn of doxycycline is computed from the calculated equivalence factors. The efficiency of the procedures are assessed by analyzing mixt of a reference sample of doxycycline and controlled alk.-degraded samples; the results obtained agree with the calc. The methods are applied to doxycycline bulk powder and to its capsule pharmaceutical formulations. They are of particular value as stability-indicating procedures.|Gravimetric, titrimetric, and spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of doxycycline in pharmaceuticals. The gravimetric method is based on doxycycline pptn reaction with silicotungstic, phosphotungstic, silicomolybdic and phosphomolybdic acids and Na tetraphenylborate. The direct titration with silicotungstic acid, or indirect titration using silicotungstic acid and Na methoxyde in acid or base solutions were also suitable for doxycycline determination. The spectrophotometric method is based on the doxycycline complex formation with silicotungstic acid and measurement of the absorbance at 380 nm.

DOXYCYCLINE DETERMINATION IN HUMAN SERUM AND URINE BY HPLC.|Determination of doxycycline in serum by using HPLC at 350 nm. Flow rate is 990 ml/hr and the detection limit is 50 ug/l.|Several methods have been described for the analysis of doxycycline in serum which require at least 0.5 ml sample. The assay presented here requires small amt of serum (0.1 ml) and shows good sensitivity. An Ultrabase C-18 column and mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-distilled water (28:72) were used, flow rate 1 ml/minand monitored at 350 nm. Linearity proved satisfactory between 0.025 and 2.5 ug/ml of serum. This assay for doxycycline showed good precision (coefficient of variation < 6%) and allowed quantification of serum levels as low as 25 ng/ml using 100 uL samples.

Veterinary drugs -> Doxirobe -> EMA Drug Category|Antibacterials for systemic use -> Veterinary pharmacotherapeutic group|Human drugs -> Rare disease (orphan)|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients|Polyketides [PK] -> Linear tetracyclines [PK07]|Pharmaceuticals -> Animal Drugs -> Approved in Taiwan