Chromium trioxide

99.99430

99.92530

215-607-8

1194

1463|1755

DTXSID0040125

Dark red, bipyramidal prismatic crystals, flakes or granular powder|Brown solid|Flake, ground powder form|Dark-red ... flakes or powder [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution (H2CrO4)]

2819100000

51.21000

-0.35640

Chromium trioxide, anhydrous appears as a dark purplish red solid. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may explode. Highly toxic. A confirmed human carcinogen.

2.70 g/cm³

197 °C

330ºC

250ºC

H2O: Highly soluble

Do not store near combustible materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away fr

Very low

CrO₃: Noncombustible Solid, but will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.

Odorless

Dissolves in water to form a weak acid

Chromium trioxide, CrO3, contains hexavalent chromium. Its molecular weight is 100.01. It is also known as red oxide of chromium, chromic anhydride, chromic acid anhydride and, erroneously, chromic acid.|Heat of fusion: 37.7 cal/g|Deliquescent|Hexavalent chromium is linked to oxygen and is a powerful oxidizer, but it does not form coordination compounds, and is easily reduced to chromium trioxide. /Hexavalent chromium/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Deliquescent. Water soluble, giving acidic solutions.

Anhydrides

Strong Oxidizing Agent

CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE is a powerful oxidizing agent. Can react violently upon contact with reducing reagents, including organic matter, leading to ignition or explosion. Dangerously reactive with acetone, alcohols, alkali metals (sodium, potassium), ammonia, arsenic, dimethylformamide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, peroxyformic acid, pyridine, selenium, sulfur, and many other chemicals [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 852]. Noncombustible but can accelerate the burning of combustible materials. Sufficient heat may be generated from the reaction with combustible materials to ignite the mass. Aqueous solutions corrode many metals rapidly. Often mixed with sulfuric acid to make "cleaning solution" for glass. Used cleaning solution in closed bottles may explode due to the build up of gaseous carbon dioxide arising from oxidation of organic impurities [Bryson, W. R., Chem. Brit., 1975, 11, p. 377].

May ignite organic materials on contact. (USCG, 1999)

CrO3: Noncombustible Solid, but will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.

II

5.1

UN 1463

3

R24/25; R26; R35; R42/43; R45; R46; R48/23; R50/53; R62; R9

S45-S53-S60-S61

GB6650000

O; T+; N

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents, bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Stable. Strong oxidizer. Reacts with most organic material in a violent and often explosive fashion. Moisture sensitive.

P201-P260-P280-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H271-H301 + H311-H314-H317-H330-H334-H340-H350-H361f-H372-H410

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/|Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|Chemical reduction of concentrated materials to Cr (III) and precipitation by pH adjustment. Precipitates are normally disposed in a chemical waste landfill. Recovery and recycle is a viable alternative to disposal for chromium in plating wastes, tannery wastes, cooling tower blowdown and chemical plant wastes. Recommendable methods: Reduction and precipitation. Not recommendable method: Landfill. Peer-review: Cr (VI) can be removed from solution of low acidity by ion exchange. This can allow recovery of Cr (VI), or the resin can be solidified and disposed of to a landfill. Do not landfill chromium trioxide. Contact with combustible material may cause fire. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))|Wastewater treatment sludge from the production of chrome green pigments is a poor candidate for incineration. /Chrome green pigments/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Incompatible materials: Organic materials, Phosphorus, powdered metals.|Water-reactive.|Acetylene is oxidized violently.|Stirring chromium trioxide (added in small portions) with unheated /hexamethylphosphoramide/ leads to the formation of a complex useful for oxidizing alcohols to carbonyl derivatives. The trioxide must not be crushed before being added to the solvent, because violent decomposition may then occur.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological profile for chromium (September 2012).[DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological profile for chromium (September 2012); Available from, as of February 8, 2016: ww.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf]

Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode (USCG, 1999)|Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion.|Carcinogens, Teratogens, Reactive - 1st degree

|Danger|H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]|P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P283, P284, P285, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P306+P360, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P361, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 591 companies from 37 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]|P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P283, P284, P285, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P306+P360, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P361, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]|P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P284, P285, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P361, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P281, P285, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P314, P321, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P370+P378, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]: Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2016)

Goggles and respirator. (Special chromic acid filters are available for respirators to prevent inhalation of dust or mist.) (USCG, 1999)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Powerful oxidizer ... contact with combustible material may cause fire.|Ignites on contact with alcohols, acetic anhydride + tetrahydronaphthalene, acetone, butanol, chromium(II) sulfide, cyclohexanol, dimethyl formamide, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol, 2-propanol, pyridine.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Use water spray to cool unopened containers.|Small fire: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon may provide limited control. Large fire: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.|/When fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus, with a full facepiece, operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromic acid & chromates/

... If involved in a fire decomposes to produce chromium fumes.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Isolation and Evacuation: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.|Cr(VI) cmpd in waste sludge are completely removed by redn by carbon at 600 °C. /Chromium VI/|Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. If chromic acid or chromates are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromic acid or chromates should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromic acid and chromates/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.|Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/|/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/|/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/|/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Chromium trioxide, anhydrous is included on the dangerous goods list.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Chromium trioxide, anhydrous is included on the dangerous goods list.

Very irritating to eyes and respiratory tract.|Chromic acid mist & chromate dusts may cause severe irritation of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lung. /Chromic acid mist & chromate dusts/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(II) compounds, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 1 mg/10 cu m. /Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.5 mg Cr/cu m. /Chromium metal, chromium(II) and chromium(III) compounds/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.0002 mg Cr(VI)/cu m. NIOSH considers all Cr(VI) compounds (including chromic acid, tert-butyl chromate, zinc chromate, and chromyl chloride) to be potential occupational carcinogens. /All hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI) compounds/|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents, bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in tissue lesions.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause nasal ulceration. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

NO contact with combustible substances or reducing agents.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or ventilation.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/|Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromic trioxide is a brown solid. It is used Chromium plating, copper stripping, aluminum anodizing, corrosion inhibitor, photography, purifying oil and acetylene, hardening microscopical preparations, oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. It is also has been used as a veterinary medication. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chronic industrial exposures have led to severe liver damage, CNS involvement and perhaps lung cancer. Allergic reactions are common. If ingested, is characterized by fulminant gastroenteritis, shock, and toxic nephritis. Chromium trioxide causes local burns. Levels of Cr VI in the form of chromium trioxide were capable of giving rise to nasal irritation at concentrations as low as 0.06 mg/cu m. In an otorhinolaryngological examination survey of 77 workers from 8 chromium-plating factories ... workers were exposed to a hexavalent chromium trioxide aerosol at levels ranging from 23-681 ug/cu m. Sixteen papillomas of the upper respiratory tract were found in 14 of the 77 workers. The authors compared this prevalence of papillomas of the oral cavity with that of other workers surveyed (10/208) and with that of clinical patients (1/40). Ulcers in 4 of 9 workers exposed to chromic trioxide mist varying from 0.18 to 1.4 mg/cu m in breathing zone have been described. In one of the cases, perforation occurred after one month of exposure. Chromosome aberration rate was significantly increased in cultured human leukocytes treated with (2 & 4 ug/mL) of chromium trioxide hexahydrate (400 & 600 ug/mL). ANIMAL STUDIES: Sarcomas (spindle-cell sarcomas and fibrosarcomas) at the implantation site were seen after 1 year in 15/35 rats implanted im with pellets of 25 mg sintered chromium trioxide. No implantation site tumors were obtained in 35 controls. A group of 43 female mice was exposed by inhalation to chromium trioxide mist (85% of particles > 5 um) generated by a miniaturized electroplating system at a chromium concentration of 1.81 mg/cu m for 120 min twice a week for 12 months, at which time 23 mice were killed. The remaining 20 were killed six months after the last exposure. Nasal perforation was seen in 3/23 and 3/20 mice killed at 12 and 18 months, respectively; 0/23 and 6/20 nasal papillomas occurred in these groups. A single lung adenoma was reported in the group killed at 18 months. No nasal inflammatory change or lung tumor was seen in a group of 20 untreated control mice. Golden hamsters received chromium(VI) trioxide iv on day 8 of pregnancy as either 5, 7.5, 10, or 15 mg/kg body weight. The dose of 15 mg/kg body weight proved to be lethal to 3/4 mother animals. The rate of resorptions increased with the higher doses (29% with 7.5 mg/kg body weight; 41% with 10 mg/kg body weight; 2% in controls), as did the rate of malformations (cleft palate, 85% at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight). With the higher doses, 31% (7.5 mg/kg body weight) and 49% (10 mg/kg body weight) of the fetuses were retarded. Chromic trioxide induced high levels of chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Chromic trioxide inhibited kiwifruit growth and development.

Renal structural and functional alterations following an exposure to a heterogeneous chemical mixture (HCM) of phthalic acid di butyl ester, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, cadmium chloride and chromium trioxide, administered /to rats/ through oral gavage in low doses (1/100 and 1/1000 of LD50 value of individual chemical) for 60 days, followed by withdrawal /until/ 120 days resulted in significant rise in kidney lipid peroxidation and fall in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants. However, withdrawal of HCM treatment restored most of these altered parameters. Degenerative changes in the kidney included proximal convoluted tubules devoid of brush boarder with cytoplasmic blebbing, dissolution and sloughing of nuclei. Cortical glomeruli were also affected with epithelial disintegration, pyknosis of podocyte nuclei and mesengial cell hyperplasia. The morphological alterations recovered fully in the low dose compared to the high dose treatment group.|This study was conducted to investigate the modulating effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, and rutin on the genotoxic damage induced by Cr(VI) in polychromatic erythrocytes of CD-1 mice. The animals were divided into the following groups: (i) vehicle only; (ii) flavonoids (10 mg/kg EGCG, 100 mg/kg quercetin, 625 mg/kg rutin, or 100-625 mg/kg quercetin-rutin); (iii) Cr(VI) (20 mg/kg of CrO3); and (iv) flavonoids concomitantly with Cr(VI). All of the treatments were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). The genotoxic damage was evaluated based on the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) obtained from the caudal vein 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr after treatment. Groups treated with EGCG and quercetin exhibited no significant statistical changes in induction of MN-PCE. However, CrO3 treatment significantly increased MN-PCE induction 24 and 48 hr after injection. Treatment with flavonoids prior to CrO3 exposure decreased MN-PCE induction compared with CrO3 only. The magnitudes of the potency of flavonoids were in the following order: rutin (82%) > quercetin (64%) > quercetin-rutin (59%) and EGCG (44%). The group treated with rutin significantly reduced genotoxic damage in mice treated with Cr(VI) (antioxidant effect). However rutin exerted a marginal genotoxic effect when administered alone (pro-oxidant effect). Our findings suggest protective effects of EGCG, quercetin, and rutin against genotoxic damage induced by Cr(VI).|The mutagenic effects of microwaves and chromium trioxide (CrO(3)) on Vicia faba root tip were studied. Micronucleus assay and chromosomal aberration assay were used to determine the mitotic index, the micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberration frequency of Vicia faba root tip cells induced by microwaves and CrO(3). The results showed that the micronucleus frequency decreased, and that the mitotic index and chromosomal aberration frequency showed linear dose responses to CrO(3), in treatment of microwaves for 5 s. In microwave of 25 s, the mitotic index decreased, the micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberration frequency increased with increase of CrO(3) concentration. We concluded that microwaves and CrO(3) had antagonistic effect on the mitotic index of Vicia faba root tip cells, but had synergetic effect on micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberration frequency of Vicia faba root tip cells.

LD50 Rat oral 135-177 mg chromic trioxide/kg.|LD50 mouse oral 80-114 mg chromic trioxide/kg.|LD50 Rat oral 80 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 127 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 14 mg/kg

/PLANTS/ Due to its widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a dangerous environmental pollutant. It is known to inhibit plant growth and development. The present study provides ...evidence of the toxicity of this metal on the male haploid generation of a higher plant. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, supplied as CrCl(3) and CrO(3), respectively, exerted a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on kiwifruit pollen tube emergence and growth. Cr(III) resulted more effective than Cr(VI) in the 16-75 uM interval; moreover, complete inhibition of germination was attained at much lower doses than Cr(VI). Also tube morphology was affected. While the plasma membrane was still undamaged in the large majority of the treated pollen grains, dramatic ultrastructural alterations were induced by chromium including chromatin condensation, swelling of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and perturbed arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Thus, it seems that the impact of the two chromium species on kiwifruit pollen may result in severe compromission of both essential structures and functions of the male gametophyte.

Using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period to chromic trioxide concentrations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 ppb (measured as chromium), the chromium BCF ranged from 4.6 to 72(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF range suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 4 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of chromium oxide (CrO3) (1333-82-0) in the United States may be as low as <100 workers and as high as 100-499 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 68,271 workers (11,533 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chromic trioxide in the US(1).|Chrome platers are exposed to chromium trioxide (CrO3) and its aqueous solution, chromic acid (H2CrO4). There is no convincing evidence that these highly corrosive soluble chromates pose a lung cancer risk among chrome plater, although the suggestion of an increased risk has been reported. Today, however, there are additives that reduce the escape of mist by reducing bubbling at electrodes, and newer plating methods, including electrolysis plating, and other control measures have greatly reduced exposures to these chromates.

Indicators and Reagents|Formerly treatment for warts & cauterization of hemorrhoids|Medication (vet): Has been used in solution as a topical antiseptic and astringent|A 25 to 100% soln has been applied on a glass rod for the destruction of warts and indolent ulcers, the surrounding tissure being protected with soft paraffin.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Soln of chromium trioxide are corrosive, acting by oxidation, and soln stronger than 5% should not be applied to mucous membranes.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499) (See all compounds classified as Indicators and Reagents.)

USA government specifications for chromium trioxide are as follows: purity, 99.5% minimum; chloride, 0.10% maximum; sulfate, 0.20% maximum; water insoluble materials, 0.10% maximum; particle size, 10% minimum passes through -30 mesh (less than 590 um US sieve).

Very irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. Ingestion causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Contact with eyes or skin causes burns; prolonged contact produces dermatitis ("chrome sores"). (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterline dressings after decontamination ... . /Ammonia and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid colume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/|Preparations containing thiosulfate are used in the immediate treatment of tissues exposed to concn Cr(VI) solutions.|Acute chromium poisoning from chromium trioxide or chromate salts, if ingested, is characterized by fulminant gastroenteritis, thrombocytopenia, shock, & toxic nephritis. Treatment of acute toxicity involves gastric lavage, alkaline diuresis, chelation therapy with calcium disodium edetate or BAL, hemodialysis in the event of renal failure, & supportive therapy. /Chromium salts or chromium trioxide/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Ulcers in 4 of 9 workers exposed to chromic trioxide mist varying from 0.18 to 1.4 mg/cu m in breathing zone. In one of the cases, perforation occurred after one month of exposure.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ This study is concerned with two specific chromium (Cr) exposure situations at a hard-process electroplating company. Its aims are to define variations in urinary Cr concentration and to clarify their exposure relationships. Airborne chromium exposure and urinary excretion were measured for a-one week period. The majority of the exposed population was divided into two groups distinguishing chromium plating and polishing functions. Analysis of airborne Cr distinguished water soluble Cr(VI), water total soluble Cr and water insoluble Cr. Volunteers provided 6-7 urine samples per day for a monitoring period of 7 days. Differences between the two groups appear in relation to the type of exposure. Low concentration water soluble Cr(VI) (5.3 ug/cu m maximum) in electroplating shops is practically undetected in other workshops. Water insoluble Cr present in low concentration in electroplating exceeds 1 mg/cu m in polishing shops. Total soluble Cr concentrations are similar in these two activities (3-10 ug/cu m). In polishing, 0.4% of the Cr aerosol comprises soluble Cr. Urinary Cr varied according to a 24 hr cycle in similar manner in both groups throughout the monitoring week. Minimum values (3-10 ug/g crea) occurred when starting a work shift, following by a rapid rise as soon as exposure commenced, whilst maximum values (12-30 ug/g crea) were recorded towards the end of the work shift. Although uncorrelated with soluble Cr(VI), urinary Cr (24 hr) is effectively related to the soluble fraction of airborne chromium. In the case of chromium electroplating, correspondence between exposure and excretion appears to be governed by relationships different to those emerging from stainless steel welding, from which current biological limit values have been derived. /Water soluble Cr(VI)/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Chronic industrial exposures have ... led to severe liver damage, CNS involvement & perhaps lung cancer. Allergic reactions are common.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute chromium poisoning from chromium trioxide ... if ingested, is characterized by fulminant gastroenteritis, shock, and toxic nephritis. ... Chromium trioxide causes local burns ... .|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

chromic anhydride

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation respiratory system; nasal septum perforation; liver, kidney damage; leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes), leukopenia (reduced blood leukocytes), eosinophilia; eye injury, conjunctivitis; skin ulcer, sensitization dermatitis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe burns.

Blood, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, eyes, skin

METAL FINISHING, 73%; WOOD PRESERVATIVES, 24%; OTHER (EG, CHEM INTERMED FOR CHROMIUM DIOXIDE), 3% (1981)|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chromic acid. Wood preserving, 63%; metal finishing, 22%; other, including water treatment, magnetic particles and catalysts, 7%; exports, 8%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chromic acid. Demand: 1987: 57,500 tons; 1988: 62,500 tons; 1992 /projected/: 78,800 tons (Includes exports but not imports, which totaled 2,870 tons in 1987.)

Chromium trioxide is available commercially at a purity of 99.9%.|Crystal grade, high purity, less dust

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting|Chromium oxide (CrO3): ACTIVE|R - indicates a substance that is the subject of a TSCA section 6 risk management rule.|/Chromic acid:/ This important acid is known also as chromium trioxide. The technical grade is obtainable from primary producers in an anhydrous form as small dark red flakes containing 99% CrO3. Like all chromates and dichromates, its chromium is in the hexavalent state. It is very soluble and strongly reactive both as an acid and as an oxidizing agent ... .|... Sometimes referred to as chromic acid although true chromic acid cannot be isolated from soln.

Fire Hazards -> Carcinogens, Teratogens, Reactive - 1st degree