1,5-Pentanediol

104.149

104.15

203-854-4

07UXZ0SCST

5927

DTXSID2041256

Viscous, oily liquid|Colorless

29053980

40.5

-0.1

Liquid

0.9939 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-18 °C

239 °C

136 deg C (277 deg F) - closed cup

n 20/D 1.450(lit.)

Micible with water.soluble in alcohols, acetone, and relatively insoluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Hygroscopic. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.

<0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

3.59

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 10000 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 19800 mg/kg

1.3-13.1%(V)

Bitter taste

Henry's Law constant = 3.1X10-7atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.3X10-11 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)

635 °F

-3151.05 kJ/mol at 25 °C

82.4 kJ/mol at 25 °C

NONH for all modes of transport

1

24/25

SA0480000

Xn:Harmful;

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501

H302

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, oxidizing agents, chloroformates, reducing agents.|Can react with oxiziding materials.

|Warning|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 337 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection not required. For nuisance exposures use type OV/AG (US) or type ABEK (EU EN 14387) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Combustible when exposed to heat or flame.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|To fight fire, use foam, /carbon doixide/, dry chemical.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required.|Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

It is essentially nonirritating to the skin and only very mildly irritating to the eyes.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

SEDIMENT: Water quality data compiled from the Retrieval (STORET) Data Warehouse and the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) reports sediment monitoring data for various chemicals but does not include 1,5-pentanediol as of 2017(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 5 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1,5-pentanediol in the United States may be as low as less than 10 workers and as high as 500 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|Occupational exposure to 1,5-pentanediol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,5-pentanediol is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,5-pentanediol via dermal contact with consumer products containing 1,5-pentanediol. (SRC)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,5-Pentanediol has antimicrobial and antifungal properties in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, 1,5-pentanediol has reported uses in products for hair loss, cold sores, nail problems, dry and scaly feet, and eczema; it can be used as a moisturizing substance and solvent. In addition, it is used as a plasticizer in cellulose products and adhesives, and in brake fluid compositions. It forms esters and polyesters which can be used as plasticizers, emulsifying agents and resin intermediates. HUMAN STUDIES: 1,5-Pentanediol (5%) was non-irritating to skin in an occlusive patch test. 1,5-Pentanediol (5% and 25% in different tests) was non-sensitizing to skin. A patient was diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis from resveratrol-containing cream which also contained 1,5-pentanediol. The reaction was attributed to sensitization to 1,5-pentanediol and potential co-sensitization to resveratrol. ANIMAL STUDIES: No-to-mild irritation was observed for undiluted 1,5-pentanediol in rabbit eyes. 1,5-Pentanediol (undiluted) was non-irritating to rabbit skin in both a 24-hour non-occlusive skin test and a 20-hour occlusive patch test on intact and scarified skin. Rats exposed to essentially saturated vapors generated at room temperature for 8 hr survived. In an Ames test, up to 5000 ug/plate 1,5-pentanediol was negative for mutagenicity.

The ability of propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol to enhance the penetration of the drug estradiol in human skin was evaluated in an in vitro experiment using a Franz diffusion cell. The test substance (100 uL of 0.12% [(3)H]estradiol in 1:10 propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, or 1,5-pentanediol/ethanol solution) was applied to the dermis, which faced the receptor side of the cell. Receptor fluid samples were collected at various time points. The steady-state flux of propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol was determined to be 0.11, 0.017, and 0.005 ug/sq cm/hr, respectively, indicating a decrease in steady-state flux with increasing alkyl chain length. After ~ 85-90 minutes the permeability of [(3)H]estradiol in human skin was ~ 5-6 ug/sq cm with propanediol and < 1 ug/sq cm with 1,4-butanediol or 1,5-pentanediol.|Penetration enhancement tests in vitro showed 1,5-pentanediol to be a penetration enhancer for certain pharmaceutical drugs. Test cream formulations containing 0.1% tri-iodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC; a thyroid hormone analog) and either 1,5-pentanediol (10%) or 1,2-propanediol (10%) showed 1,5-pentanediol to be a more effective penetration enhancer than 1,2-propanediol for TRIAC in a multilayer membrane system (MMS) experiment. Results for 1,5-pentanediol indicated that 33% of the TRIAC (pharmacologically active agent) was released from the carrier vehicle, or formulation (in MMS), to enable TRIAC to contact the skin at the epidermal surface by 30 minutes post-application; 62% TRIAC was released from the formulation by 300 minutes. In a separate experiment, test cream formulations containing 1% hydrocortisone and either 1,5-pentanediol (25%) or 1,2-propanediol (25%) were evaluated using human breast skin. Both 1,5-pentanediol (increased drug absorption 4-fold, compared to controls) and 1,2-propanediol (increased drug absorption 13-fold, compared to controls) were shown to be penetration enhancers. However, 1,2-propanediol enhanced the transfer of the drug through the skin more effectively and 1,5-Pentanediol increased retention of the drug in the skin more effectively (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). Another experiment evaluating test cream formulations containing 0.1% mometasone furoate and either 1,5-pentanediol (25%) or hexylene glycol (12%) revealed that both formulations were percutaneous absorption enhancers in human breast skin (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). The absorption of 0.1% mometasone furoate into the skin was 6% using 1,5-pentanediol and 7% using hexylene glycol as penetration enhancers.|1,5-Pentanediol (5% and 20%) and 1,2-propanediol (5% and 20%) were ... evaluated in an in vitro experiment investigating the penetration enhancement of 1% terbinafine, a lipophilic drug used to treat foot and nail fungus, in a hydrogel formulation. Both alkane diols were found to be percutaneous absorption enhancers in human breast skin (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). Results indicated that 21% and 11% terbinafine was absorbed into the skin with 20% 1,2-propanediol or 20% 1,5-pentanediol, respectively. The 5% 1,2-propanediol or 5% 1,5-pentanediol yielded 19% and 52% terbinafine absorption into skin, respectively. For comparison, the control (1% terbinafine in hydrogel without either alkane diol) resulted in 8% drug absorption into the skin.|1,5-Pentanediol (5%) was not phototoxic and not photosensitizing in a 24-hour occlusive patch test performed following UV-A/UV-B exposure to the treated skin; study authors stated that it does not absorb in the long-wave ultra-violet range.

LD50 Rat oral 2 g/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 6300 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit oral 6300 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal >20 mL/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,5-Pentanediol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,5-Pentanediol's production and use in cosmetics(1), in consumer and commercial ink, toner, and colorant products(2), as a plasticizer in cellulose products and adhesives, in brake and hydraulic fluid compositions(3,4), as a lubricating-oil additive, in antifreeze, and as a polyester resin intermediate(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,5-pentanediol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,5-pentanediol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 1,5-Pentanediol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.9X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). An 83-89% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the OECD Manometric Respiromerty test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,5-pentanediol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.27(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). An 83-89% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the OECD Manometric Respiromerty test(6) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,5-pentanediol, which has a vapor pressure of 3.9X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,5-pentanediol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) (that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1,5-Pentanediol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,5-pentanediol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,5-Pentanediol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 1,5-Pentanediol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated in fish for 1,5-Pentanediol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,5-pentanediol can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,5-pentanediol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,5-pentanediol is estimated as 3.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,5-pentanediol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 122 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as greater than a year(SRC). 1,5-Pentanediol's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not likely to occur(SRC). 1,5-Pentanediol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.9X10-3 mm Hg(3).

Water quality data compiled from the Retrieval (STORET) Data Warehouse and the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) reports surface water and ground water monitoring data for various chemicals but does not include 1,5-pentanediol as of 2017(1).

1,5-Pentanediol has been reported to have antimicrobial and antifungal properties in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, 1,5-pentanediol has reported uses in products for hair loss, cold sores, nail problems, dry and scaly feet, and eczema; it can be used as a moisturizing substance and solvent.|A controlled, double-blind comparative study was conducted to evaluate the treatment of atopic dermatitis with hydrocortisone and 1,5-pentanediol. Patients with atopic dermatitis were treated 2x/day with either 1% hydrocortisone (n=31) or 1% hydrocortisone with 25% 1,5-pentanediol (n=32) in a cream formulation for 6 weeks. Quantitative bacteria cultures were taken for Staphylococcus aureus (commonly seen in the skin of atopic dermatitis patients) from the lesional skin prior to treatment and at weeks 2, 4, and 6 of treatment. The results indicated that the hydrocortisone-only formulation was effective for 68% of the patients in that test group; the hydrocortisone plus 1,5-pentanediol formulation was effective for 69% in that group. There was a statistically significant reduction in S. aureus (baseline to week 2 and baseline to week 6) in the hydrocortisone plus 1,5-pentanediol group, which was not observed in the hydrocortisone-only group. There were 2 instances in each treatment group of "slight burning sensation" following cream application. The study authors noted that bacteria are not likely to develop resistance to 1,5-Pentanediol because of the interaction of diols on membranes.|The therapeutic effect of 1,5-Pentanediol was investigated for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis (cold sore virus) in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Patients included in the trial were those with known, frequent recurrences of herpes labialis. The treatment group (n=53) received 25% 1,5-pentanediol in a gel formulation, which was applied to both lips (0.04 g total/day) during the 26-week prophylactic evaluation. The placebo group (n=52) received the same gel formulation without 1,5-Pentanediol for 26 weeks. During the occurrence of herpes labialis episodes the treatment gel or placebo was applied to both lips (0.16 g total/day) for 5 days and then the prophylactic treatment resumed until the next herpes episode. The herpes episodes reported during the trial were 109 for the treatment group and 120 for the placebo group. 1,5-Pentanediol did not demonstrate a prophylactic effect, compared to the placebo, in preventing the recurrence of herpes labialis. However, there was a statistically significant improvement in blistering, swelling, and pain for the therapeutic use of 1,5-pentanediol as compared to the placebo. There were no treatment-related adverse events attributable to 1,5-pentanediol or the placebo reported. In the treatment and placebo groups, body weight and temperature, heart rate, and clinical parameters were nearly unchanged.

Experiments in rabbits administered single doses of alkane diols via stomach tube revealed metabolites isolated from the urine 1 to 3 days post-dosing. Propanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 2% of the administered dose (4 mmol/kg); 1,4-butanediol (9 g) was metabolized to succinic acid (7% of administered dose); 2,3-butanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 26% of the administered dose (4 mmol/kg); phenacyl glutarate (0.5% of dose) was identified after 1,5-pentanediol (8.5 g) administration; Hexanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 9% of the administered dose (2 mmol/kg) and adipic acid was detected.|In human subjects dermally exposed to 25% 1,5-Pentanediol (2 applications, 12 hours apart), increasing levels of glutaric acid were detected in urine and serum (no concentrations were provided). The study authors reported that the risk of 1,5-pentanediol accumulation at the concentration tested (therapeutic dose) was low.

A gas chromatographic/mass-spectrometry analysis was performed to determine the impurities in 1,5-Pentanediol. 1,5-Pentanediol was found to be 98.1% pure with a total of 0.28% unknown impurities, stated by the authors not to be diols. Contamination by water, 1,5-hexanediol, and 1,6-Hexanediol was found to be 0.02%, 1.02%, and 0.56%, respectively. Other diol impurities, including 1,4-Butanediol, 2,5-Hexanediol, and cyclic diols, were below the limit of detection (< 0.05%).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 1,5-Pentanediol (5%) was non-irritating /to skin/ in an occlusive patch test ... .|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 1,5-Pentanediol (5% and 25% in different tests) was non-sensitizing /to skin/ ... .|/CASE REPORTS/ A patient was prescribed a resveratrol-containing cream (also contained 1,5-pentanediol, concentration not specified) for recurrent scaling erythematous dermatitis; dermatitis intensified after 2 weeks of cream application; after use of cream was discontinued eczema eventually cleared. Patient underwent patch testing (Test 1: propylene glycol and the resveratrol cream unchanged were applied). Four months later an additional patch test (Test 2) was performed on the patient and controls using the ingredients in the resveratrol cream. A final patch test (Test 3) was performed on the patient and controls using resveratrol diluted in petrolatum. Test 1 on patient: the resveratrol cream produced +/++ reactions by days 2 and 3. Test 2 on patient and controls: patient had strong reaction to 1,5-pentanediol (++ with 5% and 10% doses and +/++ with 0.5% dose); patient had slight reactions to resveratrol showing erythema on days 2 and 3 with all dose levels; 9 of 10 controls were negative and 1 control subject developed slight erythema with all doses levels of 1,5-pentanediol and resveratrol (this control subject had not been previously exposed to resveratrol and had no prior reactions to cosmetics, but did report hyperirritable skin type). Test 3 on patient and controls: patient reacted to 5% resveratrol only (+ by days 2 and 3); controls were negative. Final conclusion: patient was diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis from resveratrol containing cream attributed to sensitization to 1,5-pentanediol and potential co-sensitization to resveratrol.|/CASE REPORTS/ A 62-year-old man, with a 20-year history of seborrhoeic dermatitis, presented with a worsening of his dermatitis. He had previously been demonstrated to be allergic to various topical corticosteroids, so he had been using an emollient cream (Sebclair), containing piroctone olamine and various anti-inflammatory substances, for 6 months, with good effect. Patch testing to the cream and its ingredients revealed positive reactions to both propyl gallate and pentylene glycol. A positive reaction to propylene glycol was also detected, whereas patch testing to butylene glycol was negative. Complete remission followed avoidance of the offending substances.

1,5-pentanediol

Grade: Technical

Plastic material and resin manufacturing|1,5-Pentanediol: ACTIVE

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission announced a recall of Aqua Dots (Spin Master Ltd.; Toronto, Canada) on November 7, 2007 due to children becoming ill after swallowing beads from these toy craft kits. Reports suggested that the beads contained 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), a precursor to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), rather than the intended, but more expensive 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD). We measured the 1,4-BD and 1,5-PD content of Aqua Dots beads to determine if 1,5-PD had been completely substituted with 1,4-BD by the manufacturer, and if the reported clinical effects from swallowing Aqua Dots beads were consistent with the estimated ingested 1,4-BD dose. In vitro bench research using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was performed. Dilute samples of pure 1,4-BD and 1,5-PD in water were used for the calibration of the GC-MS instrument. We then soaked Aqua Dots beads in water for varying durations, and the resultant solutions were analyzed for 1,4-BD and 1,5-PD content. Aqua Dots beads weighed 79.3 mg each (+/- 0.6 mg, SD), and contained 13.7% (+/- 2.4%, SD) 1,4-BD by weight; this corresponds to a 1,4-BD content of 10.8 mg (+/- 1.9 mg, SD) per bead. No 1,5-PD was detected in any beads. Aqua Dots beads contained a surprisingly high amount (nearly 14%) of extractable 1,4-BD. No 1,5-PD was detected, corroborating reports that this chemical had been completely replaced with a substitute that is metabolized into GHB after ingestion. Reports of ataxia, vomiting, seizure activity, and self-limited coma in children are consistent with the ingestion of several dozen Aqua Dots beads.