C.I. Basic Yellow 2

303.83000

303.15000

219-567-2

DL992L7W39

93737|4045

DTXSID9020114

Yellow powder

2925290090

30.33000

4.13650

Auramine o appears as yellow flakes or powder. (NTP, 1992)

1.01g/cm3

>250 °C (decomp)

406.2ºC at 760mmHg

199.4ºC

Soluble in water or ethanol

Store at RT.

8.31E-07mmHg at 25°C

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 1000 mg/kg

Insoluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

AURAMINE O is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

UN 2811

3

R22; R24; R40

S36/37-S45

BY3675000

T

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P280-P312

H302-H311-H351

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for AURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DACRE JC ET AL; PROBLEM DEFINITION STUDIES ON POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. V. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, TOXICOLOGICAL, & BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 7 CHEMICALS USED IN PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS; REPORT; USAMBRDL-TR-7704; DTIC NUMBER AD-A090631, 101, (1979). A DATA BASE & SUMMARY REGARDING AURAMINE.|COMBES RD, HAVELAND-SMITH RB; A REVIEW OF THE GENOTOXICITY OF FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC COLORS AND OTHER AZO, TRIPHENYLMETHANE AND XANTHENE DYES; MUTAT RES 98 102 (1982). AURAMINE IS CONSIDERED TO BE A PRO-CARCINOGEN DESPITE EVIDENCE SHOWING IT TO BE INACTIVE USING IN VITRO CELL TRANSFORMATION.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P322, P330, P337+P313, P361, P363, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 62 companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P330, P337+P313, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P322, P330, P337+P313, P361, P363, P405, and P501|H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, P391, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical at ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for AURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Auramine hydrochloride is used as a dye(1) and, therefore, it may be released to the environment during its production and use(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Screening studies show that biodegradation is slow(1,2). Based on the UV spectrum(3), photolysis may be an important removal process if auramine hydrochloride is spilled on soil surfaces. By analogy to other aromatic amines(4), when released to soil, auramine hydrochloride may undergo covalent chemical bonding with humic materials which can result in its chemical alteration to a latent form and tight adsorption. When covalently bound in this latent form, leaching in soil systems is not expected to occur. This covalent bonding proceeds in two steps; a rapid and reversible bonding followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction(4). Based on estimated Koc values of 50,000 for auramine hydrochloride and 25,000 for the parent compound, auramine(5,SRC), auramine hydrochloride is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC), based upon a suggested classification scheme(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on analogy to other aromatic amines(1), auramine hydrochloride may undergo covalent bonding with humic materials in the water column and in sediment; partitioning from the water column to sediment and suspended material is, therefore, important. Auramine hydrochloride may be susceptible to photooxidation via hydroxyl and peroxy radicals based on analogy to other aromatic amines(2,SRC). According to the UV spectrum(4), photolysis may be important in near-surface water. A BCF range of 3.8-16(3) suggests that auramine hydrochloride will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC). Aquatic hydrolysis and volatilization do not appear to be environmentally important removal processes of auramine hydrochloride from water(SRC). Based on two screening studies(5,6), biodegradation does not appear to be important(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on a modified regression-derived equation(1), the vapor pressure for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 1.7X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(2), this vapor pressure value suggests that auramine hydrochloride will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Particulate phase auramine hydrochloride will probably be removed from air via dry deposition, or degraded in air by photolysis(SRC) based on its UV spectrum(3).

The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of auramine hydrochloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 3.65X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 hr at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). Aromatic amines are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(2); therefore, auramine hydrochloride is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). As a class, aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water via reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals(3); typical half-lives for hydroxyl radical and peroxy radical reaction are on the order of 19-30 sunlight hours(3); however, rate data specific to auramine hydrochloride were not located(SRC). Photolysis is expected to be important(SRC). According to the UV spectrum, auramine hydrochloride strongly absorbs UV radiation > 290 nm(4).

The BCF range for auramine hydrochloride was experimentally determined to be 3.8-16 in a flow-through test using carp, Cyprinus Carpio(1). This BCF value indicates that auramine hydrochloride will not bioconcentrate in fish(SRC).

Aromatic amines have been observed to undergo rapid and reversible covalent bonding with humic materials in aqueous solution; the initial bonding reaction is followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction believed to represent the addition of the amine to quinoidal structures followed by oxidation of the product to give an amino-substituted quinone; these processes represent pathways by which aromatic amines may be converted to latent forms in the biosphere(4). In the absence of covalent bonding, one can estimate the adsorption potential based on the Koc value. Based on an experimental water solubility of 10,000 mg/L(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), the Koc value for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 27(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), this Koc value indicates that auramine hydrochloride will have very high soil mobility. However, using a structure estimation method(5), Koc values of 50,000 and 25,000 can be estimated for auramine hydrochloride and its parent compound, respectively, and these Koc values indicate that auramine hydrochloride will be immobile in soil(3,SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 2.8X10-16 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C using a chemical structure estimation method(1). The Henry's Law constant for auramine, the parent compound, can be estimated to be 3.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C using a chemical structure estimation method(1). According to a suggested classification scheme(2), these Henry's Law constant values suggest that auramine hydrochloride and its parent compound are essentially nonvolatile from water.

In occupational settings, worker exposure to auramine hydrochloride is expected to be via inhalation of dust and dermal contact. (SRC)|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14,100 workers are potentially exposed to auramine hydrochloride in the USA(1).

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. (See all compounds classified as Coloring Agents.)|Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents.)|Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) (See all compounds classified as Disinfectants.)

ALTHOUGH THE REQUIREMENT FOR METABOLIC ACTIVATION REGARDING AURAMINE IS UNRESOLVED, IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE A PRO-CARCINOGEN. IT POSSESSES METHYLATED AMINO GROUPS. IT WILL UNDERGO RESONANCE CONJUGATION RENDERING THE AMINO N ATOM POSITIVELY CHARGED & THUS MORE PRONE TO HYDROXYLATION. THE DIRECT ACTIVITY OF AURAMINE VARIOUSLY REPORTED MAY BE DUE TO WEAK ELECTROPHILICITY AT THE UNSUBSTITUTED POSITIVELY CHARGED CENTRAL N ATOM IN THE OTHER EXTREME RESONANCE FORM. /AURAMINE/

Commercial product usually contains dextrin, or other diluents, that are added to standardize the dye.

SYMPTOMS: Exposure to this compound may cause skin and eye irritation. It may also cause skin burns, dermatitis, eye irritation, edema of eyelids, hyperemia, corneal opacity, necrosis, corneal erosion, nausea and vomiting. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It may cause skin and eye irritation. When heated to decomposition, this compound emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrochloride gas. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

DNA DAMAGE WAS INDUCED AFTER TREATMENT IN VITRO OF A HUMAN CELL LINE. PURIFIED AURAMINE WAS NEGATIVE REGARDING DNA DAMAGE & SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE INDUCTION. COMMERCIAL AURAMINE USED IN THE STUDY HAD MICHLAR'S KETONE AS A MAJOR CONTAMINANT. /AURAMINE/

Auramine

Grades: Certified, approximately 85% dye content.

Benzenamine, 4,4'-carbonimidoylbis[N,N-dimethyl-, hydrochloride (1:1): ACTIVE