Montmorillonite ((Al1.33-1.67Mg0.33-0.67)(Ca0-1Na0-1)0.33Si4(OH)2O10.xH2O)

30.06900

30.04700

215-288-5

A585MN1H2L|A3N5ZCN45C

DTXSID6051225

C178444

Powder

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

141

1.02620

2.0745 g/cm³ @ Temp: 21 °C

-20ºC

Interstitial water held in the clay mineral lattice is an additional major factor controlling the plastic, bonding, compaction, suspension and other properties of montmorillonite-group clay minerals

UN 3260 8/PG 3

3

36/37/38-34-48/20-36/38

S22-S26-S45-S36/37/39

CT9450000

Xi

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P260-P305 + P351 + P338

H290-H315-H319-H373

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Strong oxidizing agents

Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite.[Elmore AR, Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Int J Toxicol 22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)]

Not Classified

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.|Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Not flammable or combustible.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Poor aqueous solubility and the unpleasant taste of aripiprazole (APZ) have been recurring problems, owing to its low bioavailability and low patient tolerance, respectively. Herein, we prepared a nanohybrid system that was based on a bentonite clay material, montmorillonite (MMT), which could both mask the taste and enhance the solubility of APZ (i.e., APZ-MMT). To further improve the efficacy of this taste masking and drug solubility, APZ-MMT was also coated with a cationic polymer, polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate (AEA). In vitro dissolution tests at neutral pH showed that the amount of drug that was released from the AEA-coated APZ-MMT was greatly suppressed (<1%) for the first 3 min, thus suggesting that AEA-coated APZ-MMT has strong potential for the taste masking of APZ. Notably, in simulated gastric juice at pH 1.2, the total percentage of APZ that was released within the first 2 hr increased up to 95% for AEA-coated APZ-MMT. Furthermore, this in vitro release profile was also similar to that of Abilify(c), a commercially available medication. In vivo experiments by using Sprague-Dawley rats were also performed to compare the pharmacokinetics of AEA-coated APZ-MMT and Abilify(c). AEA-coated APZ-MMT exhibited about 20% higher systemic exposure of APZ and its metabolite, dehydro-APZ, compared with Abilify(c). Therefore, a new MMT-based nanovehicle, which is coated with a cationic polymer, can act as a promising delivery system for both taste masking and for enhancing the bioavailability of APZ.|The present study was designed to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp (Carassius auratus). One hundred eighty carp were randomly divided into four groups and fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, Cd-comtaminated basal diet (120 mg Cd/kg dry weight) and Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, respectively. After 60 days, fish were sacrificed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidative indices in liver and kidney. The results showed that the exposure of carp to dietary Cd caused decreases in glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content and total antioxidant capacity level, while MMT supplemented in diet compensated Cd-induced decreases in above antioxidant indices to some extent in liver and kidney. As compared with the control group, increases in MDA content were observed in both measured tissues of carp exposed to dietary Cd, while MDA content decreased in carp exposed to Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with MMT in comparison with the Cd-contaminated group. It was suggested that MMT, when co-administered with Cd in diet, could alleviate dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The present study was designed to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp (Carassius auratus). One hundred eighty carp were randomly divided into four groups and fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, Cd-comtaminated basal diet (120 mg Cd/kg dry weight) and Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, respectively. After 60 days, fish were sacrificed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidative indices in liver and kidney. The results showed that the exposure of carp to dietary Cd caused decreases in glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content and total antioxidant capacity level, while MMT supplemented in diet compensated Cd-induced decreases in above antioxidant indices to some extent in liver and kidney. As compared with the control group, increases in MDA content were observed in both measured tissues of carp exposed to dietary Cd, while MDA content decreased in carp exposed to Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with MMT in comparison with the Cd-contaminated group. It was suggested that MMT, when co-administered with Cd in diet, could alleviate dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp.

Montmorillonite is ubiquitous in low concentrations worldwide in soil, sediment, and airborne dusts(1). The highest quality sodium bentonite deposits, which contain sodium montmorillonite, are located in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. High quality calcium bentonite deposits, which contain calcium montmorillonite, are located in Texas and Mississippi, along with Arizona, Alabama, and Nevada(2).|Montmorillonites, which are chemically more complex than kaolinites, are common in the lower parts of weathering profiles, nearer the rock, where chemistry exerts a strong control on mineralogy. Water molecules are strongly attracted to clay mineral surfaces. Kaolinite is found in most weathering zones and soil profiles(1).

Montmorillonite's production and use in a wide variety of product types, including bath products, makeup and skin care products(1), lubricating greases; inks; paints; oil-based drilling fluids, adhesives; as granular in pet litter; to clarify wines, cider, beer; as floor absorbents; and in water clarification(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as carriers and diluents in pesticide preparations(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Montmorillonite's production and use in a wide variety of product types, including bath products, makeup and skin care products, lubricating greases; inks; paints; oil-based drilling fluids, adhesives; as granular in pet litter; to clarify wines, cider, beer; as floor absorbents; and in water clarification may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as carriers and diluents in pesticide preparations will result in its direct release to the environment. Montmorillonite is a naturally occuring mineral. Deopsits of sodium bentonite, which contain sodium montmorillonite, are located in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. Deposits of calcium bentonite, which contain calcium montmorillonite, are located in Texas and Mississippi, as well as Arizona, Alabama, and Nevada. Occupational exposure to montmorillonite may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where montmorillonite is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to montmorillonite via inhalation of, ingestion of, and dermal contact with consumer products containing montmorillonite. (SRC)

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 97,731 workers (7,768 of these are female) are potentially exposed to montmorillonite in the US(1). The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has determined that occupational exposure to montmorillonite may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where montmorillonite is produced or used(2). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to montmorillonite via inhalation of, ingestion of, and dermal contact with consumer products containing montmorillonite(SRC).

Antidotes|EXPL THER The subretinal transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE cells) grown on polymeric supports may have interest in retinal diseases affecting RPE cells. In this study, montmorillonite based polyurethane nanocomposite (PU-NC) was investigated as substrate for human RPE cell growth (ARPE-19 cells). The ARPE-19 cells were seeded on the PU-NC, and cell viability, proliferation and differentiation were investigated. The results indicated that ARPE-19 cells attached, proliferated onto the PU-NC, and expressed occludin. The in vivo ocular biocompatibility of the PU-NC was assessed by using the HET-CAM; and through its implantation under the retina. The direct application of the nanocomposite onto the CAM did not compromise the vascular tissue in the CAM surface, suggesting no ocular irritancy of the PU-NC film. The nanocomposite did not elicit any inflammatory response when implanted into the eye of rats. The PU-NC may have potential application as a substrate for RPE cell transplantation.

Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS. (See all compounds classified as Antidotes.)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Investigators/ reported radiological evidence, not supported by autopsy, of significant damage to lungs following exposures to bentonite or montmorillonite dust of 10-42 years.|/CASE REPORTS/ A fuller's earth worker developed signs of pneumoconiosis. Pathological examination of the lung tissues showed interstitial collections of dust laden macrophages associated with mild fibrosis. Mineralogical analysis showed a high content of montmorillonite. This study shows that a pneumoconiosis can result from prolonged heavy exposure to calcium montmorillonite (fuller's earth) in the absence of quartz. The disease is relatively mild and associated with little clinical disability.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Functional effects of montmorillonite particles on mammalian cells were also reported. Neuroblastoma cells (with differentiation induced by exposure to dimethylsulfoxide) briefly exposed to up to 1.0 mg/mL had their resting potentials depolarized and lost the ability to maintain action potentials in response to stimulation. Human leukocytes incubated with sterile, magnesium-saturated montmorillonite at a concentration of 5.3 mg/mL lost all capacity to phagocytize Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exposure of hamster tracheal epithelial cells to montmorillonite, however, did not prevent these cells from phagocytizing the clay particles.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Cell suspensions were incubated with bentonite or montmorillonite for (where specified) 30 min to 24 hr, and the cells were tested for physical integrity or functional ability. Cell types included rat peritoneal macrophages, rabbit and rat alveolar macrophages, a macrophage-like cell line, other white cells, human and other erythrocytes, rodent neural cells, hamster tracheal epithelial cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results usually indicated a high degree of cytotoxicity. Concentrations below 1.0 mg/mL of bentonite and montmorillonite particles less than 5 um in diameter caused lysis of human neutrophils, many types of erythrocytes, mouse embryo neuronal cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The velocity and degree of lysis of sheep erythrocytes were dose dependent. Using cow erythrocytes and montmorillonite, /investigators/ found that particles 0.2-2.0 um in diameter were most active and that particles greater than 2.0 um in diameter showed little or no haemolytic activity. The ability of low concentrations of these particles to lyse mammalian cells, although widespread, was not universal, since /investigators/ reported no lysis of neuroblastoma cells or oligodendroglial cells incubated in 0.1 mg montmorillonite or bentonite/mL for 18 or 24 hr.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The subretinal transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE cells) grown on polymeric supports may have interest in retinal diseases affecting RPE cells. In this study, montmorillonite based polyurethane nanocomposite (PU-NC) was investigated as substrate for human RPE cell growth (ARPE-19 cells). The ARPE-19 cells were seeded on the PU-NC, and cell viability, proliferation and differentiation were investigated. The results indicated that ARPE-19 cells attached, proliferated onto the PU-NC, and expressed occludin. The in vivo ocular biocompatibility of the PU-NC was assessed by using the HET-CAM; and through its implantation under the retina. The direct application of the nanocomposite onto the CAM did not compromise the vascular tissue in the CAM surface, suggesting no ocular irritancy of the PU-NC film. The nanocomposite did not elicit any inflammatory response when implanted into the eye of rats. The PU-NC may have potential application as a substrate for RPE cell transplantation.

Bentonite

The term montmorillonite ... is used both for a group of related clay minerals and for a specific member of that group. For the former use, smectite is more appropriate (a group of clay minerals that includes montmorillonite, saponite, sauconite, beidellite, nontronite, etc.)|Members of the smectite group include the dioctahedral minerals montmorillonite, beidellite, and nontronite, and the trioctahedral minerals hectorite (Li-rich), saponite (Mg-rich), and sauconite (Zn-rich). The basic structural unit is a layer consisting of two inward-pointing tetrahedral sheets with a central alumina octahedral sheet. The layers are continuous in the a and b directions, but the bonds between layers are weak and have excellent cleavage, allowing water and other molecules to enter between the layers causing expansion in the c direction.|Plate-like montmorillonite is the most common nanoclay used in materials applications. Montmorillonite consists of ~ 1 nm thick aluminosilicate layers surface-substituted with metal cations and stacked in ~ 10 um-sized multilayer stacks. Depending on surface modification of the clay layers, montmorillonite can be dispersed in a polymer matrix to form polymer-clay nanocomposite. Within the nanocomposite individual nm-thick clay layers become fully separated to form plate-like nanoparticles with very high (nm x um) aspect ratio.|A clay forming the principal constituent of bentonite and fuller's earth.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for Montmorillonite (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

There is no single or simple procedure for the positive identification of montmorillonite-group or other aluminosilicates or for their quantification in dust and other samples. The application of several methods may be necessary for even approximate identification and rough quantification. These methods include X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, differential thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. In the past, chemical methods based on differences in resistance of various clay minerals to chemical attack, the so-called "rational methods of analysis," were used.|Montmorillonite can be distinguished from beidellite, nontronite, and saponite by its irreversible collapse of the structure after Li /lithium/ saturation and heat treatment. Li migration to the octahedral charge converts montmorillonite to a non-expandable structure upon treatment with water, glycol, or ethylene glycol. The procedure is known as the Greene-Kelly test.

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) - also referred to as energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microanalysis, electron microscopic microanalysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry - and electron diffraction may permit the rapid identification of individual clay mineral particles and have been applied particularly to the identification of inhaled particles sampled via bronchoalveolar lavage or from lung specimens. EDXA requires a scanning or transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and appropriate mathematical tools for analysing the resulting spectra. EDXA identifies and quantifies elements above atomic number 8. Since the basic classification of clay minerals is based on structural formula and the atomic composition is similar for many different clay minerals, EDXA cannot provide secure identification except by comparison with standards previously identified by other means. Application of EDXA without appropriate standards is likely to generate significant errors. In practice, EDXA is ordinarily combined with conventional transmission electron microscopy to first visualize a particle. Probe size is then adjusted downward so that only the selected particle is analysed. The best results are obtained by operating the microanalysis in scanning transmission mode. /Clay mineral particles/

Cosmetics -> Absorbent; Bulking; Emulsion stabilizing; Stabilizing; Viscosity controlling