Erythritol

122.12

122.12

1719753

205-737-3

RA96B954X6

760400|8099

DTXSID6043919

Bipyramidal tetragonal prisms|White crystals

29054910

80.9

-2.3

White to off-white Crystalline Powder or Crystals

1.44 g/cm³

121.5 °C

330.5 °C

329-331°C

1.537

H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear to almost clear, colorless

−20°C

5.25X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

Specific optical rotation: +11.1 °C/D alcohol, 5%; 04.4 deg water, 5-10%

About twice as sweet as sucrose

Henry's Law constant = 3.08X10-10 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 13.903 (18 °C)

129.9 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|130 Ų [M+Na]+

Colorles liquid. BP: 138 °C; freezing point -18 °C; density 1.11. Hydrolyzed to erythritol when dissolved in water /Erythritol anhydride/|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.91X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

NONH for all modes of transport

3

36/37/38

26-36

KF2000000

Xi

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H315

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Erythritol is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases.

Food labeling. Health claims: dietary noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries. ... Eligible noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners are the sugar alcohols xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, and erythritol, or a combination of these.

|Warning|H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 38 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Aggregated GHS information provided by 40 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation are recommended.|Use a NIOSH approved respirator, if it is determined to be necessary by an industrial hygiene survey involving air monitoring. In the event that a respirator is not required, an approved dust mask should be used.

Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide or foam as appropriate for surrounding fire and materials.|This material is assumed to be combustible. As with all dry powders it is advisable to ground mechanical equipment in contact with dry material to dissipate the potential buildup of static electricity.

Wear approved respiratory protection, chemically compatible gloves and protective clothing. Wipe up spillage or collect spillage using a high efficiency vacuum cleaner. Avoid breathing dust. Place spillage in appropriately labeled container for disposal. Wash spill site.

As with all fires, evacuate personnel to a safe area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing equipment and protective clothing.|As a general rule, when handling USP Reference Standards avoid all contact and inhalation of dust, mists, and/or vapors associated with the material. Wash thoroughly after handling.|/Wear/ chemically compatible gloves, /and/ safety glasses or goggles. Protect exposed skin.

Erythritol was present at a relative concentration of 5.3% of organic constituents in chitin smoke from grilling/charring of some seafood. Chitin is the polysaccharide that forms the hard shell of crustaceans and insects(1).

LD50 Dog (Male) Oral > 5 000 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (Female) Oral 13,500 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (Male) Oral 13,100 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (Female) sc > 16,000 mg/kg bw|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Erythritol (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Erythritol ... is present in various fruits, vegetables, and fermented fruits.

Erythritol's production and use as a non-nutritive sweetener in beverages(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that erythritol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of erythritol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Erythritol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that erythritol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -2.29(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2011).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), erythritol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase erythritol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase erythritol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Erythritol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of erythritol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Erythritol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Erythritol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for erythritol(SRC), using a log Kow of -2.29(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of erythritol can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that erythritol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for erythritol is estimated as 3.1X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that erythritol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Erythritol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.2X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Occupational exposure to erythritol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where erythritol is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to erythritol via ingestion of consumer products containing erythritol. Limited exposure may occur from inhaling smoke from grilling crustaceans. (SRC)

Erythritol ... can ... be found in the human body.|Seven polyols, erythritol, arabinitol, anhydroflucitol, mannitol, sorbitol, myoinositol and possibly ribitol were identified in human cerebrospinal fluid by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Quantitative data were obtained for five polyols, arabinitol, anhydroglucitol, mannitol, sorbitol and myoinositol, by screening of 205 CSF samples. These five polyols represented 90-95 per cent of the polyol-concentration which was 340 +/- 105 mumol/1 in the total series. The concentration of polyols in the CSF was two times higher than that in the plasma (148 +/- 30 mumol/1), where only anhydroglucitol and myoinositol could be quantitated. The variations noted were not associated with age, sex or the plasma concentrations of polyols. The polyols of the CSF most likely originate from brain tissue and/or spinal cord since penetration from the plasma against a gradient seems unlikely.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. (See all compounds classified as Vasodilator Agents.)

In 12 male subjects who consumed 1 g/kg bw per day erythritol in a variety of foods during a five-day test period under controlled conditions, the mean urinary excretion was 61-88% of the nominal ingested dose, with an average of 78%.|The peak serum concentration of erythritol in five non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (sex not indicated) who consumed a single dose of 20 g erythritol in solution occurred 1 hr after administration and was 650 +/= 37 ug/mL. On average, 82, 88, and 88% of the administered erythritol was recovered in the urine 24, 48, and 72 hrs after dosing, respectively.|After 12 male and 12 female volunteers received a dose of 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg bw erythritol in a chocolate snack, the plasma erythritol concentrations increased rapidly, reaching peaks of 3 and 5 mmol/L 1 and 2 hrs after dosing with 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg bw, respectively. Starting 2 hrs after treatment, the plasma erythritol concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the group given 0.8 g/kg bw than in that given 0.4 g/kg bw. At both doses, erythritol appeared in the urine within 2 hrs of dosing, the largest quantities being collected between 2 and 4 hrs after administration. Erythritol was still present in urine 22 hrs after treatment. The concentration of erythritol in the urine of individuals given 0.8 g/kg bw was about twice and significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that in the urine of people given 0.4 g/kg bw. On average, 61 and 62% of the administered erythritol was recovered in the urine after the 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg bw doses, respectively, within 22 hrs.|The kinetics of erythritol in plasma and urine were investigated in three men and three women after an overnight fast. Each subject ingested a single oral dose of 1 g/kg bw dissolved in 250 mL of water, and blood samples were taken 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after dosing for determination of plasma concentrations of erythritol. Plasma creatinine concentrations were determined in a blood sample taken before treatment. Urine was collected over 0-30 min, 30-60 min, 1-2 hr, 2-3 hr, and 3-24 hr after treatment for determination of the volume and of the erythritol and creatinine concentrations. Erythritol was detected in the plasma 10 min after dosing, and the mean plasma concentrations increased steadily from 15 min after treatment to a peak of 2.2 mg/mL after 90 min. The urine volume and erythritol concentration reached a maximum during 1-2 hr after ingestion, at about the same time that the plasma concentration of erythritol peaked. Urinary recovery of erythritol over the 24 hr collection period accounted for 78% of the administered dose, with 30% collected after 3 hr. During 1 and 2 hr after administration, the clearance of erythritol was about half that of creatinine, indicating tubular reabsorption of erythritol by the kidney.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Erythritol (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In studies designed to investigate the metabolism of erythritol in vivo in healthy volunteers and to compare the fermentation of erythritol by human fecal flora in vitro with that of glucose and lactitol, four male and two female volunteers aged 21-25 undertook an overnight fast and were then chosen at random to receive a single dose of 25 g (13)C-erythritol, (13)C-glucose, and (13)C-lactitol in 250 mL of water with at least three days between each treatment. Breath samples were taken for analysis of (13)C-carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas before treatment and at 30 min intervals up to 6 hr after treatment. The ratio of (13)C:(12)C-carbon dioxide was measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. ... In order to maintain a constant metabolic rate, the subjects remained at rest during the study. For the assay of fermentation in vitro, fecal samples were collected from six healthy volunteers (sex and age not specified) who ate a normal western diet. None of the subjects complained of gastrointestinal symptomsand none had used antibiotics in the past six months. The samples were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 6 hr, and then the hydrogen gas concentration was measured in the head-space of the incubation vials. ... After a 6 hr incubation with erythritol, the amount of hydrogen gas formed by the fecal flora was comparable to that in control vials, but significantly (p < 0.001) more hydrogen gas was produced in the glucose and lactitol vials than in either control or erythritol.|Groups of three Wistar rats of each sex were given a single dose of 0.1 g/kg bw (14)C-erythritol by gavage, as follows: germ-free rats were kept under sterile conditions until administration of commercial (14)C-erythritol; adapted conventional rats received diets containing weekly increases of 5, 10, and 20% erythritol for three weeks before administration of commercial (14)C-erythritol; unadapted conventional rats were kept on CIVO stock diet before administration of commercial (14)C-erythritol; or germ-free rats were kept under sterile conditions until dosing with purified (14)C-erythritol. Rats were not fasted before dosing. Immediately after treatment, the rats were placed in individual metabolism cages to allow collection of expired carbon dioxide, urine, and feces over 24 hrs. ... In rats that received commercial (14)C-erythritol, 2.5-2.9% of the radiolabel was erythrose and 0.2-0.35% was glucose. In germ-free rats that received purified (14)C-erythritol, less radiolabel was associated with erythrose. No volatile radioactive components were identified by lyophilization of the urine samples.|Groups of 11 male Wistar rats were fed control diet or control diet containing 10% erythritol (added at the expense of corn starch) for two weeks. They were then sacrificed, the caecal contents were collected and pooled by group, and the contents were suspended. Samples of each suspension were incubated with 12 mg (14)C-erythritol (10 uCi) for 6 hr under anaerobic conditions, and the incubation mixture was analyzed for erythritol, short-chain fatty acids, and carbon dioxide 1, 2, 4, and 6 hr after the beginning of incubation. The total recoveries of radiolabel were comparable for control and treated groups at the end of incubation, but the proportions of all (14)C-labelled products of fermentation differed significantly ( p < 0.01) between the two groups: in the controls, 84% of the radiolabel was present as unchanged erythritol, and carbon dioxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid each accounted for < 2% of the radiolabel; in contrast, < 1% of the radiolabel in the caecal contents of treated rats was present as erythritol at the end of incubation, 17% of the administered dose was released as (14)C-carbon dioxide within 2 hr of incubation, and 24% of the radiolabel was recovered as (14)C-carbon dioxide by the end of the incubation period. Succinic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were identified as fermentation products and accounted for about 60% of the radiolabel at the end of the incubation period. Succinic acid was detectable after 1 hr but not subsequently, suggesting that it was fermented to other products.

After a 12 hr fast, five men received a single oral dose of 0.3 g/kg bw erythritol as a 20% aqueous solution. Urine samples were collected over 48 hr and blood samples over 24 hr to allow determination of erythritol. The compound appeared to be readily absorbed, the plasma concentration peaking at 430 g/mL 30 min after treatment, with a half-time of 3.4 hr. ...|Three beagle dogs were given a single oral dose of 1 g/kg bw (14)C-erythritol after an 18 hr fast and were then housed individually in metabolism cages and fasted for an additional 8 hr. Blood samples were collected from each dog 1, 5, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr after dosing for determination of radiolabel in blood and plasma and for calculation of the ratio of distribution to erythrocytes. ... The concentration of erythritol in blood and plasma reached a peak 30 min after dosing and decreased in a biphasic manner with half-times of 0.07 and 1.7 hr in blood and 0.5 and 5.4 hr in plasma. ...|Groups of three male Wistar rats were given a single oral dose of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 g (14)C-erythritol/kg bw after an 18 hr fast, and they were fasted for an additional 8 hr after dosing. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein 15 and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr after dosing in order to measure radioactivity. ... After the initial absorption, a biphasic decrease in the blood concentration of radiolabel was seen, with half-time values for the biphasic decrease of about 2 and 20 hr, respectively. The biphasic decrease was also observed at 2 g/kg bw, but the half-time values were longer (3 and 28 hr), indicating a slower rate of elimination. ...

... Reports from authoritative bodies and reviews indicates that the decrease in pH in plaque as a consequence of metabolic acid production by saccharolytic bacteria when exposed to fermentable carbohydrates (i.e. sugars and starches) may promote demineralization and prevent remineralization of the hydroxyapatite crystals. Tooth hydroxyapatite crystals are very resistant to dissolution at neutral pH, but their solubility drastically increases as pH drops. Typically, the critical pH for dental enamel is around 5.5. ... Demineralization of tooth tissues can also occur as a result of consumption of dietary acids in foods or beverages, and that frequent consumption can lead to dental erosion. Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose are slowly metabolized by bacteria in the mouth. The rate and amount of acid production from these food constituents is significantly less than that from sucrose. ... Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose do not promote dental caries because they do not lower plaque pH to the level associated with enamel demineralization. ... A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of sugar-containing foods/drinks at an exposure frequency of four times daily or more and an increased tooth demineralization, and that the consumption of foods/drinks containing xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose, instead of sugar in sugar-containing foods/drinks, may maintain tooth mineralization by decreasing tooth demineralization compared with sugar-containing foods, provided that such foods/drinks do not lead to dental erosion.|The food constituents xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose resulted in reduced post-prandial blood glucose (or insulinemic) responses compared with sugars on a weight by weight basis owing to their reduced/delayed digestion/absorption and/or to a decrease in the amount of available carbohydrates, and that the consumption of foods/drinks in which xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose replaced sugars induced lower post-prandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses than sugar-containing foods/drinks. ... A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of foods/drinks containing xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose or polydextrose instead of sugar and reduction in post-prandial blood glucose responses (without disproportionally increasing post-prandial insulinemic responses) as compared to sugar-containing foods/drinks.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In order to investigate the effects of repeated doses of erythritol on blood glucose control and renal function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, three male out-patients (mean age, 65 +/- 6 years) and eight female out-patients (mean age, 50 +/- 14 years) consumed 20 g of erythritol in a solution throughout the day daily for 14 days with their usual diet, but without specific restriction on timing or division of the daily dose. Food intake was monitored for three days before the test and three days before the end of the test. Body weights before and after administration and blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c after fasting were determined in all participants as indices of control of diabetes. In four or five of the subjects, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, beta-2-microglobulin, and urinary proteins (not specified) were measured as indices of renal function before and after erythritol treatment. None of the participants reported diarrhea or any other subjective symptoms during treatment. The blood glucose concentrations after fasting, reported for nine subjects (sex not specified), decreased from 181 +/- 60 mg/dL before administration to 165 +/- 57 mg/dL after administration, which was not significant. The hemoglobin A1c concentrations after fasting, reported for all 11 participants, were the same as those before treatment for four, decreased in six, and increased in one subject after erythritol treatment. The large decreases in two subjects resulted in a decrease in the group mean value after treatment, to 7.5 +/- 1.6% from 8.5 +/- 1.5% before administration. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and beta -2-microglobulin values were reported for only five or fewer subjects, but erythritol had no effect on these parameters. Urinary proteins, as measured colorimetrically for an unspecified number of participants, were reported not to be affected by erythritol treatment. ...|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The gastrointestinal tolerance and diuretic response to repeated doses of erythritol were examined in a double-blind, two-way cross-over study in which healthy men consumed erythritol and, for comparison, sucrose. Twelve men aged 22-46 and weighing 65-98 kg consumed each test material for seven days, comprising a two-day adaption period at home and a five-day test period under supervision. The men consumed 0.3 g/kg bw erythritol or 0.6 g/kg bw sucrose in test foods during the first and second day of adaptation, respectively, and 1 g/kg bw per day of erythritol or sucrose in yoghurt, biscuits, soft drinks, or chocolate under supervision. In order to attain the correct dose, fixed amounts were given in test foods at each meal except the evening meal, when individual doses of the test compounds were administered in order to reach the nominal dose of 1 g/kg bw for each subject. Beverages such as mineral water and fruit juice were allowed ad libitum, but consumption of caffeine-containing drinks was limited to four cups per day. ... The entire urine volume was collected at five 3-hr intervals during the day and one 9-hr interval overnight throughout the test period, and sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, citrate, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetylglucosamine activities, beta-2-microglobulin, urea, and creatinine were determined. The concentration of erythritol was determined in a separate aliquot. The daily dose 1 g/kg bw per day erythritol was well tolerated, with no increase in the reported incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms such as flatulence, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. One man reported thirst during treatment with erythritol, but there were no differences in the subjective judgements of the frequency and quantity of urine production. Fluid intake varied considerably among the study participants, from 800 to 6600 mL/man per day, and the averages for both treatment periods were reported to be high in comparison to usual intakes, but there was no significant difference between the two periods. Urine production was about 7% higher during erythritol treatment, but the increase was not statistically significant. Urinary excretion of erythritol resulted in significantly (p < 0.001) increased urine osmolarity and hourly output of osmotically active solutes, but urinary pH and the excretion of creatinine, urea, citrate, sodium, potassium, and chlorine were not affected. Marginal but statistically significant increases in calcium concentration, microalbumin, beta-2-microglobulin, and N-acetylglucosamine activity were noted consistently over the five-day period after ingestion of erythritol, although the values for these parameters remained within reference intervals and below values that would be considered clinically relevant. The data on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were considered unreliable and were therefore not reported. Thus, 1 g/kg bw of erythritol was consumed as part of the regular diet over five days without adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Urine volume and urinary electrolyte and protein excretion were not significantly affected at this dose, suggesting the absence of a diuretic effect, although the high fluid consumption of the participants and the consumption of coffee and/or tea (up to four cups per day) may have prevented the detection of any diuretic effect of erythritol.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a study of the gastrointestinal tolerance of healthy adults to repeated ingestion of a tea drink containing erythritol, eight male volunteers aged 30-53 years, with a mean body weight of 70 kg, consumed five tins of tea drink, one after each meal and two between meals, for three consecutive days, for a total of 60 g erythritol and an average intake of 0.86 g/kg bw per day. Each subject completed a questionnaire on his general condition, including stool consistency and abdominal condition after ingestion. Effects on urine volume were not evaluated. No changes in stool consistency or on the frequency of defecation were reported, and no adverse effects on gastrointestinal condition or general health were reported.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The gastrointestinal tolerance of healthy adults to repeated ingestion of a coffee drink containing erythritol was evaluated in six male volunteers aged 30-53 years and with a mean body weight of 74 kg. The men drank five tins of coffee drink, one after each meal and two between meals, for three consecutive days, for a total quantity of erythritol ingested of 68 g and an average intake of 0.91 g/kg bw per day. Each man completed a questionnaire on his general condition, including stool consistency and abdominal condition after ingestion. Effects on urine volume were not evaluated. No changes in stool consistency or on the frequency of defecation were reported, and no abdominal symptoms were observed. Three of the men reported dryness or irritation of the throat and/or stomach, which was resolved by drinking water. The author suggested that these symptoms were due to the high osmotic activity of the coffee drink.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Erythritol (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Erythritol

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, (2R,3S)-rel-: ACTIVE|PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.|Table of percent relative sweetness and caloric values: [Table#7904]|Compared to sucrose, it exhibits a sweetness of 60-70% depending on the food system.|Producers of erythritol are Cargill (USA), Jungbunzlauer (Switzerland); Mitsubishi Chem. Corp (Japan), and some Chinese producers. Production in 2010 was > 30 000 t/a.

Analysis of erythritol: method, HPLC.

Food additives|Cosmetics -> Humectant; Moisturising

Food Additives -> CARRIER; CARRIER_SOLVENT; FLAVOUR_ENHANCER; HUMECTANT; SWEETENER;