Acute renal failure in newborns refers to the damage to the kidneys in a short period of time under various pathological conditions such as hypovolemia, shock, hypoxia, hypothermia, drug poisoning, etc., which manifests as oliguria or anuria, fluid disorders, acid-base imbalance, and increased concentrations of metabolites (urea, creatinine, etc.) in the plasma that need to be excreted through the kidneys. Acute renal failure is often a late complication of serious diseases and is one of the clinical syndromes of critical neonatal illness. Acute renal failure in newborns can be caused by decreased glomerular filtration function alone, and may also be accompanied by tubular dysfunction or tubular necrosis. The incidence of congenital renal damage and renal malformations in newborns is higher than that in older children, and renal dysfunction in newborns can be the first symptom of congenital renal dysplasia.