Renal vein thrombosis refers to the formation of thrombosis in the main trunk and/or branches of the renal vein, which leads to partial or complete obstruction of the renal vein and causes a series of pathological changes and clinical manifestations. Renal vein thrombosis can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, in the main trunk, a single branch or multiple branches, and can also coexist with thrombosis of blood vessels in other organs. Acute thrombosis of the main trunk of the renal vein can be complicated by acute renal failure. The clinical manifestations of chronic renal vein thrombosis are often not obvious because there is sufficient time to form collateral circulation to improve renal vein return. Most renal insufficiency is reversible. In the past, this disease was mostly diagnosed by autopsy. With the advancement of X-ray angiography and selective vascular catheterization, antemortem diagnosis has increased.