PALIPERIDONE- paliperidone_tablet, film coated, extended release

Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. The mechanism of action of paliperidone in schizophrenia is unclear. However, the drug’s therapeutic effect in schizophrenia could be mediated through a combination of central dopamine Type 2 (D 2 2A In vitro 2 2A 2 2A 1 2 1 1 2 in vitro. Following a single dose, the plasma concentrations of paliperidone gradually rise to reach peak plasma concentration (C max Steady-state concentrations of paliperidone are attained within 4-5 days of dosing with paliperidone extended-release tablets in most subjects. The mean steady-state peak:trough ratio for a paliperidone extended-release tablets dose of 9 mg was 1. 7 with a range of 1. Following administration of paliperidone extended-release tablets, the (+) and (-) enantiomers of paliperidone interconvert, reaching an AUC (+) to (-) ratio of approximately 1. 6 at steady-state. The absolute oral bioavailability of paliperidone following paliperidone extended-release tablets administration is 28%. Administration of a 12 mg paliperidone extended-release tablet to healthy ambulatory subjects with a standard high-fat/high-caloric meal gave mean C max [see Dosage and Administration (2. 3) Based on a population analysis, the apparent volume of distribution of paliperidone is 487 L. The plasma protein binding of racemic paliperidone is 74%. Although in vitro in vivo [see Drug Interactions (7) One week following administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg immediate-release 14 in vivo Population pharmacokinetic analyses found no difference in exposure or clearance of paliperidone between extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates. The dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets should be reduced in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2. 5) inf In a study in adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B), the plasma concentrations of free paliperidone were similar to those of healthy subjects, although total paliperidone exposure decreased because of a decrease in protein binding. Consequently, no dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Paliperidone extended-release tablets have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Paliperidone systemic exposure in adolescents weighing >= 51 kg (>= 112 lbs) was similar to that in adults. In adolescents weighing < 51 kg (< 112 lbs), a 23% higher exposure was observed; this is considered not to be clinically significant. Age did not influence the paliperidone exposure. No dosage adjustment is recommended based on age alone. However, dose adjustment may be required because of age-related decreases in creatinine clearance [see Renal Impairment Dosage and Administration (2. 5) No dosage adjustment is recommended based on race. No differences in pharmacokinetics were observed in a pharmacokinetic study conducted in Japanese and Caucasians. No dosage adjustment is recommended based on gender. No differences in pharmacokinetics were observed in a pharmacokinetic study conducted in men and women. No dosage adjustment is recommended based on smoking status. Based on in vitro.

Paliperidone extended-release tablets are an atypical antipsychotic agent indicated for Treatment of schizophrenia ( 1. 1 Adults: Efficacy was established in three 6-week trials and one maintenance trial. 1 Adolescents (ages 12-17): Efficacy was established in one 6-week trial. 1 Treatment of schizoaffective disorder as monotherapy and as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants. 2 Efficacy was established in two 6-week trials in adult patients. 2 Paliperidone extended-release tablets are indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia [see Clinical Studies (14. 1) The efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in schizophrenia was established in three 6-week trials in adults and one 6-week trial in adolescents, as well as one maintenance trial in adults. Paliperidone extended-release tablets are indicated for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder as monotherapy and an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressant therapy [see Clinical Studies (14. 2) The efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in schizoaffective disorder was established in two 6-week trials in adults.

Initial Dose Recommended Dose Maximum Dose Schizophrenia en dash adults ( 2. 1 6 mg/day 3 - 12 mg/day 12 mg/day Schizophrenia en dash adolescents ( 2. 1 Weight < 51 kg 3 mg/day 3 - 6 mg/day 6 mg/day Weight >= 51 kg 3 mg/day 3 - 12 mg/day 12 mg/day Schizoaffective disorder en dash adults ( 2. 2 6 mg/day 3 - 12 mg/day 12 mg/day Tablet should be swallowed whole and should not be chewed, divided, or crushed. 3 The recommended dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults is 6 mg administered once daily. Initial dose titration is not required. Although it has not been systematically established that doses above 6 mg have additional benefit, there was a general trend for greater effects with higher doses. This must be weighed against the dose-related increase in adverse reactions. Thus, some patients may benefit from higher doses, up to 12 mg/day, and for some patients, a lower dose of 3 mg/day may be sufficient. Dose increases above 6 mg/day should be made only after clinical reassessment and generally should occur at intervals of more than 5 days. When dose increases are indicated, increments of 3 mg/day are recommended. The maximum recommended dose is 12 mg/day. In a longer-term study, paliperidone extended-release tablets have been shown to be effective in delaying time to relapse in patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on paliperidone extended-release tablets for 6 weeks [see Clinical Studies (14) The recommended starting dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents 12-17 years of age is 3 mg administered once daily. Dose increases, if considered necessary, should be made only after clinical reassessment and should occur at increments of 3 mg/day at intervals of more than 5 days. Prescribers should be mindful that, in the adolescent schizophrenia study, there was no clear enhancement to efficacy at the higher doses, i. , 6 mg for subjects weighing less than 51 kg and 12 mg for subjects weighing 51 kg or greater, while adverse events were dose-related. The recommended dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder in adults is 6 mg administered once daily. Some patients may benefit from lower or higher doses within the recommended dose range of 3 to 12 mg once daily. A general trend for greater effects was seen with higher doses. This trend must be weighed against dose-related increase in adverse reactions. Dosage adjustment, if indicated, should occur only after clinical reassessment. Dose increases, if indicated, generally should occur at intervals of more than 4 days. Paliperidone extended-release tablets can be taken with or without food. Paliperidone extended-release tablets must be swallowed whole with the aid of liquids. Tablets should not be chewed, divided, or crushed. The medication is contained within a nonabsorbable shell designed to release the drug at a controlled rate. The tablet shell, along with insoluble core components, is eliminated from the body; patients should not be concerned if they occasionally notice in their stool something that looks like a tablet. Concomitant use of paliperidone extended-release tablets with risperidone has not been studied. Since paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone, consideration should be given to the additive paliperidone exposure if risperidone is coadministered with paliperidone extended-release tablets. Dosing must be individualized according to the patient’s renal function status. For patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance >= 50 mL/min to < 80 mL/min), the recommended initial dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets is 3 mg once daily. The dose may then be increased to a maximum of 6 mg once daily based on clinical response and tolerability. For patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance >= 10 mL/min to < 50 mL/min), the recommended initial dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets is 1. 5 mg once daily, which may be increased to a maximum of 3 mg once daily after clinical reassessment. As paliperidone extended-release tablets have not been studied in patients with creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min, use is not recommended in such patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3) For patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, (Child-Pugh Classification A and B), no dose adjustment is recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3) Because elderly patients may have diminished renal function, dose adjustments may be required according to their renal function status. In general, recommended dosing for elderly patients with normal renal function is the same as for younger adult patients with normal renal function. For patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 10 mL/min to < 50 mL/min), the maximum recommended dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets is 3 mg once daily [see Renal Impairment.

Commonly observed adverse reactions (incidence >= 5% and at least twice that for placebo) were ( 6 Adults with schizophrenia: extrapyramidal symptoms, tachycardia, and akathisia. Adolescents with schizophrenia: somnolence, akathisia, tremor, dystonia, cogwheel rigidity, anxiety, weight increased, and tachycardia. Adults with schizoaffective disorder: extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, dyspepsia, constipation, weight increased, and nasopharyngitis. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact RK Pharma Inc at 1-844-757-4276 (1-844-RKPHARM) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or http://www. gov/medwatch The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling: Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning Warnings and Precautions (5. 1) Cerebrovascular adverse reactions, including stroke, in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 2) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 3) QT prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 4) Tardive dyskinesia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5) Metabolic changes [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 6) Hyperprolactinemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7) Potential for gastrointestinal obstruction [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8) Orthostatic hypotension and syncope [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 9) Falls [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 10) Leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 11) Potential for cognitive and motor impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 12) Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 13) Dysphagia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 14) Priapism [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 15) Disruption of body temperature regulation [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 16) The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials in adult subjects with schizophrenia (reported in 5% or more of subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets and at least twice the placebo rate in any of the dose groups) were extrapyramidal symptoms, tachycardia, and akathisia. The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials in adult patients with schizoaffective disorder (reported in 5% or more of subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets and at least twice the placebo rate) were extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, dyspepsia, constipation, weight increased, and nasopharyngitis. The most common adverse reactions that were associated with discontinuation from clinical trials in adult subjects with schizophrenia (causing discontinuation in 2% of paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects) were nervous system disorders. The most common adverse reactions that were associated with discontinuation from clinical trials in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder were gastrointestinal disorders, which resulted in discontinuation in 1% of paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects [see Adverse Reactions (6) The safety of paliperidone extended-release tablets was evaluated in 1205 adult subjects with schizophrenia who participated in three placebo-controlled, 6-week, double-blind trials, of whom 850 subjects received paliperidone extended-release tablets at fixed doses ranging from 3 mg to 12 mg once daily. The information presented in this section was derived from pooled data from these three trials. Additional safety information from the placebo-controlled phase of the long-term maintenance study, in which subjects received paliperidone extended-release tablets at daily doses within the range of 3 mg to 15 mg (n = 104), is also included. The safety of paliperidone extended-release tablets was evaluated in 150 adolescent subjects 12-17 years of age with schizophrenia who received paliperidone extended-release tablets in the dose range of 1. 5 mg to 12 mg/day in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The safety of paliperidone extended-release tablets was also evaluated in 622 adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder who participated in two placebo-controlled, 6-week, double-blind trials. In one of these trials, 206 subjects were assigned to one of two dose levels of paliperidone extended-release tablets: 6 mg with the option to reduce to 3 mg (n = 108) or 12 mg with the option to reduce to 9 mg (n = 98) once daily. In the other study, 214 subjects received flexible doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets (3-12 mg once daily). Both studies included subjects who received paliperidone extended-release tablets either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants. Adverse events during exposure to study treatment were obtained by general inquiry and recorded by clinical investigators using their own terminology. Consequently, to provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals experiencing adverse events, events were grouped in standardized categories using MedDRA terminology. Throughout this section, adverse reactions are reported. Adverse reactions are adverse events that were considered to be reasonably associated with the use of paliperidone extended-release tablets (adverse drug reactions) based on the comprehensive assessment of the available adverse event information. A causal association for paliperidone extended-release tablets often cannot be reliably established in individual cases. Further, because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials en dash Schizophrenia in Adults and Adolescents. Adult Patients with Schizophrenia Table 4 enumerates the pooled incidences of adverse reactions reported in the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adults, listing those that occurred in 2% or more of subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets in any of the dose groups, and for which the incidence in paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects in any of the dose groups was greater than the incidence in subjects treated with placebo. Adverse Reactions Reported by >= 2% of Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets-Treated Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia in Three Short-Term, Fixed-Dose, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Table includes adverse reactions that were reported in 2% or more of subjects in any of the paliperidone extended-release tablets dose groups and which occurred at greater incidence than in the placebo group. Data are pooled from three studies; one study included once-daily paliperidone extended-release tablets doses of 3 mg and 9 mg, the second study included 6 mg, 9 mg, and 12 mg, and the third study included 6 mg and 12 mg [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Extrapyramidal symptoms includes the terms dyskinesia, dystonia, extrapyramidal disorder, hypertonia, muscle rigidity, oculogyration, parkinsonism, and tremor. Somnolence includes the terms sedation and somnolence. Tachycardia includes the terms tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, and heart rate increased. Adverse reactions for which the paliperidone extended-release tablets incidence was equal to or less than placebo are not listed in the table, but included the following: vomiting. Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 3 mg once daily 6 mg once daily 9 mg once daily 12 mg once daily Body System or Organ Class (N = 355) (N = 127) (N = 235) (N = 246) (N = 242) Dictionary-Derived Term Total percentage of subjects with adverse reactions 37 48 47 53 59 Cardiac disorders Atrioventricular block first degree 1 2 0 2 1 Bundle branch block 2 3 1 3 < 1 Sinus arrhythmia 0 2 1 1 < 1 Tachycardia 7 14 12 12 14 Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal pain upper 1 1 3 2 2 Dry mouth 1 2 3 1 3 Salivary hypersecretion < 1 0 < 1 1 4 General disorders Asthenia 1 2 < 1 2 2 Fatigue 1 2 1 2 2 Nervous system disorders Akathisia 4 4 3 8 10 Dizziness 4 6 5 4 5 Extrapyramidal symptoms 8 10 7 20 18 Headache 12 11 12 14 14 Somnolence 7 6 9 10 11 Vascular disorders Orthostatic hypotension 1 2 1 2 4 Adolescent Patients with Schizophrenia Table 5 lists the adverse reactions reported in a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study in adolescent subjects 12-17 years of age with schizophrenia, listing those that occurred in 2% or more of subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets in any of the dose groups, and for which the incidence in paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects in any of the dose groups was greater than the incidence in subjects treated with placebo. Adverse Reactions Reported by >= 2% of Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets-Treated Adolescent Subjects with Schizophrenia in a Fixed-Dose, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Table includes adverse reactions that were reported in 2% or more of subjects in any of the paliperidone extended-release tablets dose groups and which occurred at greater incidence than in the placebo group. Extrapyramidal symptoms includes the terms oculogyric crisis, muscle rigidity, musculoskeletal stiffness, nuchal rigidity, torticollis, trismus, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, dyskinesia, dystonia, extrapyramidal disorder, hypertonia, hypokinesia, muscle contractions involuntary, parkinsonian gait, parkinsonism, tremor, and restlessness. Somnolence includes the terms somnolence, sedation, and hypersomnia. Insomnia includes the terms insomnia and initial insomnia. Hypertension includes the terms hypertension and blood pressure increased. Gynecomastia includes the terms gynecomastia and breast swelling. Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 1. 5 mg once daily 3 mg once daily 6 mg once daily 12 mg once daily Body System or Organ Class (N = 51) (N = 54) (N = 16) (N = 45) (N = 35) Dictionary-Derived Term Total percentage of subjects with adverse reactions 43 37 50 58 74 Cardiac disorders Tachycardia 0 0 6 9 6 Eye disorders Vision blurred 0 0 0 0 3 Gastrointestinal disorders Dry mouth 2 0 0 0 3 Salivary hypersecretion 0 2 6 2 0 Swollen tongue 0 0 0 0 3 Vomiting 10 0 6 11 3 General disorders Asthenia 0 0 0 2 3 Fatigue 0 4 0 2 3 Infections and infestations Nasopharyngitis 2 4 0 4 0 Investigations Weight increased 0 7 6 2 3 Nervous system disorders Akathisia 0 4 6 11 17 Dizziness 0 2 6 2 3 Extrapyramidal symptoms 0 4 19 18 23 Headache 4 9 6 4 14 Lethargy 0 0 0 0 3 Somnolence 4 9 13 20 26 Tongue paralysis 0 0 0 0 3 Psychiatric disorders Anxiety 4 0 0 2 9 Reproductive system and breast disorders Amenorrhea 0 0 6 0 0 Galactorrhea 0 0 0 4 0 Gynecomastia 0 0 0 0 3 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Epistaxis 0 0 0 2 0 Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials en dash Schizoaffective Disorder in Adults Table 6 enumerates the pooled incidences of adverse reactions reported in the two placebo-controlled 6-week studies in adult subjects, listing those that occurred in 2% or more of subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets and for which the incidence in paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects was greater than the incidence in subjects treated with placebo. Adverse Drug Reactions Reported by >= 2% of Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets-Treated Adult Subjects with Schizoaffective Disorder in Two Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Table includes adverse reactions that were reported in 2% or more of subjects in any of the paliperidone extended-release tablets dose groups and which occurred at greater incidence than in the placebo group. Data are pooled from two studies. One study included once-daily paliperidone extended-release tablets doses of 6 mg (with the option to reduce to 3 mg) and 12 mg (with the option to reduce to 9 mg). The second study included flexible once-daily doses of 3 to 12 mg. Among the 420 subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets, 230 (55%) received paliperidone extended-release tablets as monotherapy and 190 (45%) received paliperidone extended-release tablets as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants. Extrapyramidal symptoms includes the terms bradykinesia, drooling, dyskinesia, dystonia, hypertonia, muscle rigidity, muscle twitching, oculogyration, parkinsonian gait, parkinsonism, restlessness, and tremor. Percentage of Patients Placebo Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets 3-6 mg 9-12 mg 3-12 mg once daily once daily once daily fixed-dose range fixed-dose range flexible dose Body System or Organ Class (N = 202) (N = 108) (N = 98) (N = 214) Dictionary-Derived Term Total percentage of subjects with adverse reactions 32 48 50 43 Cardiac disorders Tachycardia 2 3 1 2 Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal discomfort/Abdominal pain upper 1 1 0 3 Constipation 2 4 5 4 Dyspepsia 2 5 6 6 Nausea 6 8 8 5 Stomach discomfort 1 0 1 2 General disorders Asthenia 1 3 4 < 1 Infections and Infestations Nasopharyngitis 1 2 5 3 Rhinitis 0 1 3 1 Upper respiratory tract infection 1 2 2 2 Investigations Weight increased 1 5 4 4 Metabolism and nutrition disorders Decreased appetite < 1 1 0 2 Increased appetite < 1 3 2 2 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Back pain 1 1 1 3 Myalgia < 1 2 4 1 Nervous system disorders Akathisia 4 4 6 6 Dysarthria 0 1 4 2 Extrapyramidal symptoms 8 20 17 12 Somnolence 5 12 12 8 Psychiatric disorders Sleep disorder < 1 2 3 0 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Cough 1 1 3 1 Pharyngolaryngeal pain < 1 0 2 1 Monotherapy versus Adjunctive Therapy The designs of the two placebo-controlled, 6-week, double-blind trials in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder included the option for subjects to receive antidepressants (except monoamine oxidase inhibitors) and/or mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, or lamotrigine). In the subject population evaluated for safety, 230 (55%) subjects received paliperidone extended-release tablets as monotherapy and 190 (45%) subjects received paliperidone extended-release tablets as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants. When comparing these 2 subpopulations, only nausea occurred at a greater frequency (>= 3% difference) in subjects receiving paliperidone extended-release tablets as monotherapy. Discontinuations Due to Adverse Reactions Schizophrenia Trials The percentages of subjects who discontinued due to adverse reactions in the three schizophrenia placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adults were 3% and 1% in paliperidone extended-release tablets- and placebo-treated subjects, respectively. The most common reasons for discontinuation were nervous system disorders (2% and 0% in paliperidone extended-release tablets- and placebo-treated subjects, respectively). Among the adverse reactions in the 6-week, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study in adolescents with schizophrenia, only dystonia led to discontinuation (< 1% of paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects). Schizoaffective Disorder Trials The percentages of subjects who discontinued due to adverse reactions in the two schizoaffective disorder placebo-controlled 6-week studies in adults were 1% and < 1% in paliperidone extended-release tablets- and placebo-treated subjects, respectively. The most common reasons for discontinuation were gastrointestinal disorders (1% and 0% in paliperidone extended-release tablets- and placebo-treated subjects, respectively). Dose-Related Adverse Reactions Schizophrenia Trials Based on the pooled data from the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia, among the adverse reactions that occurred with a greater than 2% incidence in the subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets, the incidences of the following adverse reactions increased with dose: somnolence, orthostatic hypotension, akathisia, dystonia, extrapyramidal disorder, hypertonia, parkinsonism, and salivary hypersecretion. For most of these, the increased incidence was seen primarily at the 12 mg dose, and, in some cases, the 9 mg dose. In the 6-week, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study in adolescents with schizophrenia, among the adverse reactions that occurred with > 2% incidence in the subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets, the incidences of the following adverse reactions increased with dose: tachycardia, akathisia, extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, and headache. Schizoaffective Disorder Trials In a placebo-controlled, 6-week, high- and low-dose study in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder, akathisia, dystonia, dysarthria, myalgia, nasopharyngitis, rhinitis, cough, and pharyngolaryngeal pain occurred more frequently (i. , a difference of at least 2%) in subjects who received higher doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets compared with subjects who received lower doses. Demographic Differences An examination of population subgroups in the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia and in the two placebo-controlled, 6-week studies in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder did not reveal any evidence of clinically relevant differences in safety on the basis of gender or race alone; there was also no difference on the basis of age [see Use in Specific Populations (8. 5) Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Pooled data from the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia provided information regarding treatment-emergent EPS. Several methods were used to measure EPS: (1) the Simpson-Angus global score (mean change from baseline) which broadly evaluates Parkinsonism, (2) the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale global clinical rating score (mean change from baseline) which evaluates akathisia, (3) use of anticholinergic medications to treat emergent EPS (Table 7), and (4) incidence of spontaneous reports of EPS (Table 8). For the Simpson-Angus Scale, spontaneous EPS reports and use of anticholinergic medications, there was a dose-related increase observed for the 9 mg and 12 mg doses. There was no difference observed between placebo and paliperidone extended-release tablets 3 mg and 6 mg doses for any of these EPS measures. Treatment-Emergent Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Assessed by Incidence of Ratings Scales and Use of Anticholinergic Medication Schizophrenia Studies in Adults Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 3 mg 6 mg 9 mg 12 mg once daily once daily once daily once daily EPS Group (N = 355) (N = 127) (N = 235) (N = 246) (N = 242) Parkinsonism For Parkinsonism, percent of patients with Simpson-Angus global score > 0. 3 (Global score defined as total sum of items score divided by the number of items) 9 11 3 15 14 Akathisia For Akathisia, percent of patients with Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale global score 2 6 6 4 7 9 Use of anticholinergic medications Percent of patients who received anticholinergic medications to treat emergent EPS 10 10 9 22 22 Table 8. Treatment-Emergent Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)-Related Adverse Events by MedDRA Preferred Term Schizophrenia Studies in Adults Dyskinesia group includes: Dyskinesia, extrapyramidal disorder, muscle twitching, tardive dyskinesia Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 3 mg 6 mg 9 mg 12 mg once daily once daily once daily once daily EPS Group (N = 355) (N = 127) (N = 235) (N = 246) (N = 242) Overall percentage of patients with EPS-related AE 11 13 10 25 26 Dyskinesia 3 5 3 8 9 Dystonia 1 1 1 5 5 Hyperkinesia 4 4 3 8 10 Parkinsonism 2 3 3 7 6 Tremor 3 3 3 4 3 Compared to data from the studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia, pooled data from the two placebo-controlled 6-week studies in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder showed similar types and frequencies of EPS as measured by rating scales, anticholinergic medication use, and spontaneous reports of EPS-related adverse events. For subjects with schizoaffective disorder, there was no dose-related increase in EPS observed for parkinsonism with the Simpson-Angus scale or akathisia with the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale. There was a dose-related increase observed with spontaneous EPS reports of hyperkinesia and dystonia and in the use of anticholinergic medications. Table 9 shows the EPS data from the pooled schizoaffective disorder trials. Treatment-Emergent Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)-Related Adverse Events by MedDRA Preferred Term Schizoaffective Disorder Studies in Adults Dyskinesia group includes: Dyskinesia, muscle twitching Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 3-6 mg 9-12 mg 3-12 mg once daily once daily once daily fixed-dose range fixed-dose range flexible dose EPS Group (N = 202) (N = 108) (N = 98) (N = 214) Overall percentage of patients with EPS-related AE 11 23 22 17 Dyskinesia 1 3 1 1 Dystonia 1 2 3 2 Hyperkinesia 5 5 8 7 Parkinsonism 3 14 7 7 Tremor 3 12 11 5 The incidences of EPS-related adverse events in the adolescent schizophrenia studies showed a similar dose-related pattern to those in the adult studies. There were notably higher incidences of dystonia, hyperkinesia, tremor, and parkinsonism in the adolescent population as compared to the adult studies (Table 10). Treatment-Emergent Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)-Related Adverse Events by MedDRA Preferred Term Schizophrenia Studies in Adolescent Subjects Hyperkinesia group includes: Akathisia Percentage of Patients Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 1. 5 mg 3 mg 6 mg 12 mg once daily once daily once daily once daily EPS Group (N = 51) (N = 54) (N = 16) (N = 45) (N = 35) Overall percentage of patients with EPS-related AE 0 6 25 22 40 Hyperkinesia 0 4 6 11 17 Dystonia 0 2 0 11 14 Tremor 0 2 6 7 11 Parkinsonism 0 0 6 2 14 Dyskinesia 0 2 6 2 6 Class Effect: Laboratory Test Abnormalities In the pooled data from the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia and from the two placebo-controlled, 6-week studies in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder, between-group comparisons revealed no medically important differences between paliperidone extended-release tablets and placebo in the proportions of subjects experiencing potentially clinically significant changes in routine serum chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters. Similarly, there were no differences between paliperidone extended-release tablets and placebo in the incidence of discontinuations due to changes in hematology, urinalysis, or serum chemistry, including mean changes from baseline in fasting glucose, insulin, c-peptide, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol measurements. However, paliperidone extended-release tablets were associated with increases in serum prolactin [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7) Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Premarketing Evaluation of Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets The following additional adverse reactions occurred in < 2% of paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects in the above schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder clinical trial datasets. The following also includes additional adverse reactions reported at any frequency by paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects who participated in other clinical studies. Cardiac Disorders: Eye Disorders: Gastrointestinal Disorders: General Disorders: Immune System Disorders: Infections and Infestations: Investigations: Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Nervous System Disorders: Psychiatric Disorders: Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Vascular Disorders: The safety of paliperidone extended-release tablets was also evaluated in a long-term trial designed to assess the maintenance of effect with paliperidone extended-release tablets in adults with schizophrenia [see Clinical Studies (14) The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of paliperidone extended-release tablets; because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency: angioedema, ileus, priapism, somnambulism, swollen tongue, tardive dyskinesia, urinary incontinence, urinary retention. Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. Adverse reactions reported with risperidone can be found in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the risperidone package insert.

Paliperidone extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to either paliperidone or risperidone, or to any of the excipients in the paliperidone extended-release tablets formulation. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic reactions and angioedema, have been reported in patients treated with risperidone and in patients treated with paliperidone. Paliperidone is a metabolite of risperidone. Known hypersensitivity to paliperidone, risperidone, or to any excipients in paliperidone extended-release tablets.

Renal Impairment: Dosing must be individualized according to renal function status. 5 Elderly: Same as for younger adults (adjust dose according to renal function status). 4 Pregnancy: May cause extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms in neonates with third trimester exposure. 1 Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in the treatment of schizophrenia not established in patients less than 12 years of age. Safety and effectiveness in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder not established in patients less than 18 years of age. 4 There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to atypical antipsychotics, including paliperidone extended-release tablets, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by contacting the National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics at 1-866-961-2388 or online at http://womensmentalhealth. org/clinical-and-research-programs/pregnancyregistry/. Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery (see Clinical Considerations (see Data (see Clinical Considerations The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2en dash4% and 15en dash20%, respectively. In animal reproduction studies, there were no increases in fetal abnormalities when pregnant rats and rabbits were treated with paliperidone during the period of organogenesis with up to 8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on mg/m 2 Animal data There is a risk to the mother from untreated schizophrenia, including increased risk of relapse, hospitalization, and suicide. Schizophrenia are associated with increased adverse perinatal outcomes, including preterm birth. It is not known if this is a direct result of the illness or other comorbid factors. Published data from observational studies, birth registries, and case reports on the use of atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy do not report a clear association with antipsychotics and major birth defects. A prospective observational study including 6 women treated with risperidone, the parent compound of paliperidone, demonstrated placental passage of risperidone and paliperidone. A retrospective cohort study from a Medicaid database of 9258 women exposed to antipsychotics during pregnancy did not indicate an overall increased risk for major birth defects. There was a small increase in the risk of major birth defects (RR = 1. 26, 95% CI 1. 02 en dash 1. 56) and of cardiac malformations (RR = 1. 26, 95% CI 0. 88 en dash 1. 81) in a subgroup of 1566 women exposed to the parent compound of paliperidone, risperidone, during the first trimester of pregnancy; however, there is no mechanism of action to explain the difference in malformation rates. In animal reproduction studies, there were no increases in fetal abnormalities when pregnant rats and rabbits were treated with paliperidone during the period of organogenesis with up to 8 times the MRHD of 12 mg based on mg/m 2 Additional reproduction toxicity studies were conducted with orally administered risperidone, which is extensively converted to paliperidone. Cleft palate was observed in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with risperidone at 3 to 4 times the MRHD of 16 mg based on mg/m 2 2 2 In rat reproduction studies with risperidone, pup deaths occurred at oral doses which are less than the MRHD of risperidone based on mg/m 2 registered Limited data from published literature report the presence of paliperidone in human breast milk. There is no information on the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production; however, there are reports of sedation, failure to thrive, jitteriness, and extrapyramidal symptoms (tremors and abnormal muscle movements) in breastfed infants exposed to paliperidone's parent compound, risperidone (see Clinical Considerations Infants exposed to paliperidone through breastmilk should be monitored for excess sedation, failure to thrive, jitteriness, and extrapyramidal symptoms (tremors and abnormal muscle movements). Based on the pharmacologic action of paliperidone (D2 receptor antagonism), treatment with paliperidone extended-release tablets may result in an increase in serum prolactin levels, which may lead to a reversible reduction in fertility in females of reproductive potential [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7) Safety and effectiveness of paliperidone extended-release tablets in the treatment of schizophrenia were evaluated in 150 adolescent subjects 12-17 years of age with schizophrenia who received paliperidone extended-release tablets in the dose range of 1. 5 mg to 12 mg/day in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Safety and effectiveness of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of schizophrenia in patients < 12 years of age have not been established. Safety and effectiveness of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder in patients < 18 years of age have not been studied. In a study in which juvenile rats were treated with oral paliperidone from days 24 to 73 of age, a reversible impairment of performance in a test of learning and memory was seen, in females only, with a no-effect dose of 0. 63 mg/kg/day, which produced plasma levels (AUC) of paliperidone similar to those in adolescents at MRHD of 12 mg/day. No other consistent effects on neurobehavioral or reproductive development were seen up to the highest dose tested (2. 5 mg/kg/day), which produced plasma levels of paliperidone 2-3 times those in adolescents. Juvenile dogs were treated for 40 weeks with oral risperidone, which is extensively metabolized to paliperidone in animals and humans, at doses of 0. 25, or 5 mg/kg/day. Decreased bone length and density were seen with a no-effect dose of 0. 31 mg/kg/day, which produced plasma levels (AUC) of risperidone plus paliperidone which were similar to those in children and adolescents receiving the MRHD of risperidone. In addition, a delay in sexual maturation was seen at all doses in both males and females. The above effects showed little or no reversibility in females after a 12-week drug-free recovery period. The long-term effects of paliperidone extended-release tablets on growth and sexual maturation have not been fully evaluated in children and adolescents. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets were evaluated in a 6-week placebo-controlled study of 114 elderly subjects with schizophrenia (65 years of age and older, of whom 21 were 75 years of age and older). In this study, subjects received flexible doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets (3 mg to 12 mg once daily). In addition, a small number of subjects 65 years of age and older were included in the 6-week placebo-controlled studies in which adult schizophrenic subjects received fixed doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets (3 mg to 15 mg once daily) [see Clinical Studies (14) Overall, of the total number of subjects in schizophrenia clinical studies of paliperidone extended-release tablets (n = 1796), including those who received paliperidone extended-release tablets or placebo, 125 (7. 0%) were 65 years of age and older and 22 (1. 2%) were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in response between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney and clearance is decreased in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3) [see Dosage and Administration (2. 5) Dosing must be individualized according to the patient’s renal function status [see Dosage and Administration (2. 5) No dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Paliperidone extended-release tablets have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Patients with Parkinson’s Disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies can experience increaded sensitivity to paliperidone extended-release tablets. Manifestations can include confusion, obtundation, postural instability with frequent falls, extrapyramidal symptoms, and clinical features consistent with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Centrally-acting drugs: Due to CNS effects, use caution in combination. Avoid alcohol. 1 Drugs that may cause orthostatic hypotension: An additive effect may be observed when co-administered with paliperidone extended-release tablets. 1 Strong CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducers: It may be necessary to increase the dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets when a strong inducer of both CYP3A4 and P-gp (e. , carbamazepine) is co-administered. Conversely, on discontinuation of the strong inducer, it may be necessary to decrease the dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets. 2 Co-administration of divalproex sodium increased C max 7. 2 Given the primary CNS effects of paliperidone [see Adverse Reactions (6. 2) Because of its potential for inducing orthostatic hypotension, an additive effect may be observed when paliperidone extended-release tablets are administered with other therapeutic agents that have this potential [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 9) Paliperidone is not expected to cause clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions with drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes. In vitro Paliperidone is a weak inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at high concentrations. No in vivo Pharmacokinetic interaction between lithium and paliperidone extended-release tablets is unlikely. In a drug interaction study, co-administration of paliperidone extended-release tablets (12 mg once daily for 5 days) with divalproex sodium extended-release tablets (500 mg to 2000 mg once daily) did not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics (AUC 24h max,ss Paliperidone is not a substrate of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, so that an interaction with inhibitors or inducers of these isozymes is unlikely. While in vitro in vivo In vitro Co-administration of paliperidone extended-release tablets 6 mg once daily with carbamazepine, a strong inducer of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), at 200 mg twice daily caused a decrease of approximately 37% in the mean steady-state C max Paliperidone is metabolized to a limited extent by CYP2D6 [see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3) Co-administration of a single dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets 12 mg with divalproex sodium extended-release tablets (two 500 mg tablets once daily) resulted in an increase of approximately 50% in the C max Pharmacokinetic interaction between lithium and paliperidone extended-release tablets is unlikely.

Schizophrenia Trials
Data on mean changes in body weight and the proportion of subjects meeting a weight gain criterion of >= 7% of body weight from the three placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose studies in adult subjects are presented in Table 3a. Table 3a. Mean Change in Body Weight (kg) and the Proportion of Subjects with >= 7% Gain in Body Weight from Three Placebo-Controlled, 6-Week, Fixed-Dose Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 3 mg/day 6 mg/day 9 mg/day 12 mg/day n = 323 n = 112 n = 215 n = 235 n = 218 Weight (kg) Change from baseline -0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.1 Weight Gain >= 7% increase from baseline 5% 7% 6% 9% 9% In the uncontrolled, longer-term open-label extension studies, paliperidone extended-release tablets were associated with a mean change in weight of +1.4 kg at Week 24 (n = 63) and +2.6 kg at Week 52 (n = 302). Weight gain in adolescent subjects with schizophrenia was assessed in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and an open-label extension with a median duration of exposure to paliperidone extended-release tablets of 182 days. Data on mean changes in body weight and the proportion of subjects meeting a weight gain criterion of >= 7% of body weight [see Clinical Studies (14.1) Table 3b. Mean Change in Body Weight (kg) and the Proportion of Subjects with >= 7% Gain in Body Weight from a Placebo-Controlled 6-Week Study in Adolescent Subjects (12-17 years of age) with Schizophrenia Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 1.5 mg/day 3 mg/day 6 mg/day 12 mg/day n = 51 n = 54 n = 16 n = 45 n = 34 Weight (kg) Change from baseline 0.0 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.5 Weight Gain >= 7% increase from baseline 2% 6% 19% 7% 18% In the open-label long-term study the proportion of total subjects treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets with an increase in body weight of >= 7% from baseline was 33%. When treating adolescent patients with paliperidone extended-release tablets, weight gain should be assessed against that expected with normal growth. When taking into consideration the median duration of exposure to paliperidone extended-release tablets in the open-label study (182 days) along with expected normal growth in this population based on age and gender, an assessment of standardized scores relative to normative data provides a more clinically relevant measure of changes in weight. The mean change from open-label baseline to endpoint in standardized score for weight was 0.1 (4% above the median for normative data). Based on comparison to the normative data, these changes are not considered to be clinically significant.
Schizoaffective Disorder Trials
In the pooled data from the two placebo-controlled, 6-week studies in adult subjects with schizoaffective disorder, a higher percentage of paliperidone extended-release tablets-treated subjects (5%) had an increase in body weight of >= 7% compared with placebo-treated subjects (1%). In the study that examined high- and low-dose groups, the increase in body weight of >= 7% was 3% in the low-dose group, 7% in the high-dose group, and 1% in the placebo group.
OVERDOSAGE
While experience with paliperidone overdose is limited, among the few cases of overdose reported in pre-marketing trials, the highest estimated ingestion of paliperidone extended-release tablets was 405 mg. Observed signs and symptoms included extrapyramidal symptoms and gait unsteadiness. Other potential signs and symptoms include those resulting from an exaggeration of paliperidone’s known pharmacological effects, i. , drowsiness and somnolence, tachycardia and hypotension, and QT prolongation. Torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in a patient in the setting of overdose. Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. Overdose experience reported with risperidone can be found in the OVERDOSAGE section of the risperidone package insert. There is no specific antidote to paliperidone, therefore, appropriate supportive measures should be instituted and close medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers. Consideration should be given to the extended-release nature of the product when assessing treatment needs and recovery. Multiple drug involvement should also be considered. In case of acute overdose, establish and maintain an airway and ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Administration of activated charcoal together with a laxative should be considered. The possibility of obtundation, seizures, or dystonic reaction of the head and neck following overdose may create a risk of aspiration with induced emesis. Cardiovascular monitoring should commence immediately, including continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for possible arrhythmias. If antiarrhythmic therapy is administered, disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine carry a theoretical hazard of additive QT-prolonging effects when administered in patients with an acute overdose of paliperidone. Similarly, the alpha-blocking properties of bretylium might be additive to those of paliperidone, resulting in problematic hypotension. Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated with appropriate measures, such as intravenous fluids and/or sympathomimetic agents (epinephrine and dopamine should not be used, since beta stimulation may worsen hypotension in the setting of paliperidone-induced alpha blockade). In cases of severe extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic medication should be administered.
NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
Carcinogenicity studies with paliperidone administered orally have not been performed. Carcinogenicity studies with risperidone, which is extensively converted to paliperidone in rats, mice, and humans, were conducted in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats. Risperidone was administered in the diet at daily doses of 0. 5, and 10 mg/kg for 18 months to mice and for 25 months to rats. A maximum tolerated dose was not achieved in male mice. There were statistically significant increases in pituitary gland adenomas, endocrine pancreas adenomas, and mammary gland adenocarcinomas. The no-effect dose for these tumors was less than or equal to the MRHD of risperidone based on mg/m 2 2 [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7) No evidence of genotoxic potential for paliperidone was found in the Ames reverse mutation test, the mouse lymphoma assay, or the in vivo In a study of fertility, the percentage of treated female rats that became pregnant was not affected at oral doses of paliperidone of up to 2. 5 mg/kg/day which is 2 times the MRHD based on mg/m 2 2 The fertility of male rats was not affected at oral doses of paliperidone of up to 2 times the MRHD of 12 mg/day based on mg/m 2 2.
CLINICAL STUDIES
The acute efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets (3 mg to 15 mg once daily) was established in three placebo-controlled and active-controlled (olanzapine), 6-week, fixed-dose trials in non-elderly adult subjects (mean age of 37) who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. Studies were carried out in North America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Asia. The doses studied among these three trials included 3 mg/day, 6 mg/day, 9 mg/day, 12 mg/day, and 15 mg/day. Dosing was in the morning without regard to meals. Efficacy was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), a validated multi-item inventory composed of five factors to evaluate positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganized thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. Efficacy was also evaluated using the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. The PSP is a validated clinician-rated scale that measures personal and social functioning in the domains of socially useful activities (e. , work and study), personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors. In all 3 studies (n = 1665), paliperidone extended-release tablets were superior to placebo on the PANSS at all doses. Mean effects at all doses were fairly similar, although the higher doses in all studies were numerically superior. Paliperidone extended-release tablets were also superior to placebo on the PSP in these trials. An examination of population subgroups did not reveal any evidence of differential responsiveness on the basis of gender, age (there were few patients over 65), or geographic region. There were insufficient data to explore differential effects based on race. In a longer-term trial, adult outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia who had clinically responded (defined as PANSS score <= 70 or <= 4 on pre-defined PANSS subscales, as well as having been on a stable fixed dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the last two weeks of an 8-week run-in phase) were entered into a 6-week open-label stabilization phase where they received paliperidone extended-release tablets (doses ranging from 3 mg to 15 mg once daily). After the stabilization phase, patients were randomized in a double-blind manner to either continue on paliperidone extended-release tablets at their achieved stable dose, or to placebo, until they experienced a relapse of schizophrenia symptoms. Relapse was pre-defined as significant increase in PANSS (or pre-defined PANSS subscales), hospitalization, clinically significant suicidal or homicidal ideation, or deliberate injury to self or others. An interim analysis of the data showed a significantly longer time to relapse in patients treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets compared to placebo, and the trial was stopped early because maintenance of efficacy was demonstrated. The efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in adolescent subjects with schizophrenia was established in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 6-week study using a fixed-dose weight-based treatment group design over the dose range of 1. 5 to 12 mg/day. The study was carried out in the U. , India, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine, and involved subjects 12-17 years of age meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, with diagnosis confirmation using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: a placebo group or paliperidone extended-release tablets Low, Medium, or High dose groups. Doses were administered based on body weight to minimize the risk of exposing lower-weight adolescents to high doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets. Subjects weighing between 29 kg and less than 51 kg at the baseline visit were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1. 5 mg (Low dose), 3 mg (Medium dose), or 6 mg (High dose) of paliperidone extended-release tablets daily, and subjects weighing at least 51 kg at the baseline visit were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1. 5 mg (Low dose), 6 mg (Medium dose), or 12 mg (High dose) of paliperidone extended-release tablets daily. Efficacy was evaluated using PANSS. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in adolescents with schizophrenia in the dose range of 3 to 12 mg/day. Doses within this broad range were shown to be effective, however, there was no clear enhancement to efficacy at the higher doses, i. , 6 mg for subjects weighing less than 51 kg and 12 mg for subjects weighing 51 kg or greater. Although paliperidone was adequately tolerated within the dose range of 3 to 12 mg/day, adverse events were dose-related. Adults: Efficacy was evaluated using the PANSS, a validated multi-item inventory composed of five factors to evaluate positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganized thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. As secondary outcomes, mood symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-21) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The paliperidone extended-release tablets group in the flexible-dose study (dosed between 3 and 12 mg/day, mean modal dose of 8. 6 mg/day) and the higher dose group of paliperidone extended-release tablets in the 2 dose-level study (12 mg/day with option to reduce to 9 mg/day) were each superior to placebo in the PANSS. Numerical improvements in mood symptoms were also observed, as measured by the HAM-D-21 and YMRS. In the lower dose group of the 2 dose-level study (6 mg/day with option to reduce to 3 mg/day), paliperidone extended-release tablets were not significantly different from placebo as measured by the PANSS. Taking the results of both studies together, paliperidone extended-release tablets improved the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder at endpoint relative to placebo when administered either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants. An examination of population subgroups did not reveal any evidence of differential responsiveness on the basis of gender, age, or geographic region.

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