Manufacturer: Hangzhou Royalchem Co.,LTD.
Website: www.cnroyalchem.com
【 Providing a complete set of intermediates and impurities for Oxytetracycline 】
【 Providing a complete set of intermediates and impurities for Oxytetracycline 】
【 Providing a complete set of intermediates and impurities for Oxytetracycline 】
1. Chemical Identification
Chemical Name: Oxytetracycline Dihydrate
Synonyms: Oxytetracycline Hydrate;4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,6,10,12,12a-hexahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxonaphthacene-2-carboxamide Dihydrate; Terramycin (brand name originator)
CAS Registry Number: 6153-64-6
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₉ · 2H₂O
Molecular Weight: 496.47 g/mol
2. Structural Characteristics
Chemical Class: Tetracycline antibiotic.
Structure: Consists of the Oxytetracycline base molecule complexed with two molecules of water (dihydrate). The tetracyclic ring structure is characteristic of this antibiotic class.
3. Physical Description & Properties
Appearance: Yellow to pale yellow crystalline powder. Typically appears as a free-flowing powder.
Odor: Odorless or with a faint characteristic odor.
Solubility:
Water: Slightly soluble (approx. 0.25-0.5 mg/mL at 25°C). Solubility increases in alkaline solutions (forms salts).
Organic Solvents: Soluble in dilute acids, alkali hydroxides, and carbonates. Slightly soluble in alcohols (ethanol, methanol). Practically insoluble in chloroform, ether, and most non-polar solvents.
Melting Point: Decomposes upon heating, typically starting around 184-185°C (with decomposition).
Optical Rotation: [α]²⁵D approx. -196° to -201° (c = 0.5 in 0.1N HCl).
pKa: Approx. pKa1 = 3.3 (trione system), pKa2 = 7.3 (dimethylammonium), pKa3 = 9.1 (phenolic diketone).
Partition Coefficient (Log P): Estimated Log P (octanol/water) ~ -1.1 to -1.4 (indicating hydrophilic character).
Stability:
Light: Degrades upon exposure to strong light (photosensitive). Solutions darken on exposure to light.
Moisture: Hygroscopic. The dihydrate form provides some stability compared to the anhydrous form, but excessive moisture can still contribute to degradation.
pH: Stable in acidic conditions below pH 2. Less stable in neutral or alkaline solutions. Degradation occurs rapidly at high pH.
Temperature: Relatively stable at room temperature when dry and protected from light. Decomposes upon heating.
Oxidation: Susceptible to oxidative degradation.
4. Pharmacological Action & Uses
Mechanism of Action: Bacteriostatic antibiotic. Inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor (A) site.
Spectrum of Activity: Broad-spectrum activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, and some protozoa (e.g., amoebae). Note: Widespread resistance has developed; susceptibility testing is crucial.
Gram-positive: Streptococcus spp. (some), Staphylococcus aureus (penicillin-sensitive, some resistant), Bacillus anthracis , Listeria monocytogenes , Clostridium spp.
Gram-negative: Haemophilus influenzae , Pasteurella multocida , Brucella spp. , Vibrio cholerae , Francisella tularensis , Yersinia pestis , Neisseria meningitidis , Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), some E. coli , Salmonella , Shigella .
Others: Chlamydia trachomatis , Chlamydophila psittaci , Rickettsia spp. , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Treponema pallidum (syphilis - alternative), Leptospira spp. , Actinomyces spp. , Entamoeba histolytica .
Primary Uses:
Human Medicine: Treatment of respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis), urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, acne (topical and systemic), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, Q fever, psittacosis, brucellosis, tularemia, chancroid, cholera, Lyme disease (early stage), syphilis (penicillin-allergic patients), chlamydial infections. Often used where penicillin is contraindicated. Topical formulations for eye/ear infections and skin conditions.
Veterinary Medicine: Extensively used in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture for treatment and control of bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory diseases, enteritis, mastitis, foot rot, metritis, pink eye). Also used as a growth promoter in some regions (though increasingly restricted).
5. Safety & Handling (GHS Classification - Typical)
Hazards:
H315: Causes skin irritation.
H319: Causes serious eye irritation.
H335: May cause respiratory irritation.
H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. (Environmental Hazard)
Precautionary Statements (P-Codes):
P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P264: Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P273: Avoid release to the environment.
P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P312: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P337+P313: If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P391: Collect spillage.
P501: Dispose of contents/container to an approved waste disposal plant in accordance with local regulations.
Handling: Handle in a well-ventilated area. Avoid generating dust. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat. Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Storage: Store in a tightly closed container in a cool (2-8°C recommended), dry, dark place. Protect from light and moisture. Store away from strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Consider controlled room temperature for some formulations if stability data supports it. Keep container tightly closed when not in use.
6. Regulatory Information (Examples)
Human Use: Requires prescription. Included in various pharmacopoeias (USP, Ph. Eur., BP, JP).
Veterinary Use: Widely approved globally for various species under specific brand names and formulations (injectables, oral solutions/powders, premixes, boluses, ointments). Withdrawal periods must be strictly observed in food-producing animals.
US: Approved by FDA-CVM (e.g., OTC 200-009 for injectable solution in cattle/swine).
EU: Approved under various marketing authorizations (e.g., EMEA/V/C/002152 for 100 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs, sheep).
Environmental: Classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment. Avoid release into waterways or sewage systems. Dispose of waste according to local regulations.
7. Applications
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in human and veterinary medicinal products.
Raw material for formulating tablets, capsules, oral suspensions, injectable solutions, topical ointments/creams, ophthalmic/otic preparations.
Feed additive for livestock and poultry (growth promotion and disease control - regulations vary).
Research reagent.
Ecuador
