1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

687.64

687.64

253-692-3

34I00D6RNM

DTXSID1024627

Needles from benzene/ethanol|White, crystalline powder

2909309090

18.5

8.9

1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is a white powder. (NTP, 1992)

2.58 g/cm³

222-223 °C

566.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

238.8±28.6 °C

1.667

DMSO: Insoluble (<1 mg/mL at 19 deg C); 95% ethanol: Insoluble (<1 mg/mL at 19 deg C)

1.89X10-10 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

LD50 oral in dog: > 10gm/kg

Henry's Law constant = 4.25X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

68% bromine content /commercial mixture/|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.49X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Ethers

Simple aromatic halogenated organic compounds, such as 1,2-BIS(2,4,6-TRIBROMOPHENOXY)ETHANE, are very unreactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

II

9

3152

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310

H315-H318-H335

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Flash point data for this compound are not available but it is probably non-flammable. (NTP, 1992)

Not Classified

Fires involving this compound should be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: You should dampen the solid spill material with acetone, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the adsorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

A skin irritant.

SOIL: 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in soil samples collected from the vicinity of the Michigan Chemical Corporation Plant Site (Velsicol) in April 1977 at a concentration of 253 ug/kg(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected, not quantified in Arkansas soil; sampling was conducted in areas surrounding the bromine industry in El Dorado and Magnolia. It was not detected in samples from similar industrial sites in Bayonne and Sayerville, New Jersey(2).|SEDIMENT: ... 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) was ... found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of /decabromoduphenyl ether/ (BDE-209), but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum /2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromoethylbenzene/ (PEB) concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ cu m, which was 10 times higher than the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.

RURAL/REMOTE: 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the atmosphere at an e-waste site and a rural site in Southern China at concentrations ranging from 4.49 to 398 pg/cu m, average 78.7 pg cu m for the e-waste site and from not detected to 28.4 pg/cu m, average 2.97 for the rural site(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in air particulate samples collected at the Michigan Chemical Corporation Plant Site (Velsicol) at concentrations of 39 to 183 ng/cu m(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected, not quantified in Arkansas air particulate; sampling was conducted in areas surrounding the bromine industry in El Dorado and Magnolia. It was not detected in air from similar industrial sites in Bayonne and Sayerville, New Jersey(2). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the vapor phase, particle phase and precipitation at five US Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites from the Great Lakes Basin at concentrations of 0.2 to 0.8 pg/cu m, 0.2 to 1 pg/cu m, and 0.01 to 0.1 ng/L; sampling was conducted during 2005-2009(3). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the ambient air in the vicinity of organo-bromine synthesis facilities on July 22, July 24 and July 25, 1977 at 39, 172, and 183 ng/cu m(4).|Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. ... These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the indoor dust from Belgium houses, offices, day care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK at a concentration ranging from < 0.5 to 1740 ng/g(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in dust from a main living area, a bedroom, and a home vacuum bag in Boston in 2006 at mean concentrations of 48.1 ng/g, 47.8 ng/g, and 17.7 ng/g(2).|1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in 20 of 30 hard plastic toys (race cars, weapons, hand-held video game consoles, action figures) and 2 of 15 rubber/soft plastic toys (Barbie dolls, teethers) at 2.42-236,515 and 713-3694 ng/g, respectively(1). It was not detected in 18 foam toys (mats, puzzles, swords) or textile/stuffed toys (animals, dolls). All toys were purchased in Guangzhou, China from Oct 2007 to Apr 2008(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) is a white, crystalline powder. It is used as a flame retardant for many thermoplastic and thermoset systems. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In occupational setting BTBPE was detected in less than 10% of the human serum samples. ANIMAL STUDIES: There was concordance between the BTBPE-induced transcriptional responses in vitro and in ovo for CYP1A4/5 (up-regulated) and type III iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (DIO3; down-regulated) in chicken embryonic hepatocytes and chicken embryo. BTBPE was negative in four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated with BTBPE did not show any effects on concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones, liver deiodinase enzyme activity, or thyroid glandular histology suggesting that BTBPE is not a potent thyroid axis disruptor.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed in the laboratory to an environmentally relevant dose of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) via their diet for 49 days, followed by 154 days of untreated food to examine bioaccumulation parameters, potential biochemical effects, and metabolic products. There was a linear increase in the amount of BTBPE in fish during the uptake phase of the experiment, and an uptake rate constant of 0.0069 +/- 0.0012 (arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error) nmoles per day was calculated. The elimination of BTBPE from the fish obeyed first-order depuration kinetics (r2 = 0.6427, p < 0.001) with a calculated half-life of 54.1 +/- 8.5 days. The derived biomagnification factor of 2.3 +/- 0.9 suggests that this chemical has a high potential for biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Debrominated and hydroxylated metabolites were not detected in liver extracts and suggest that either biotransformation or storage of BTBPE-metabolites in the hepatic system of fish is minor or that our exposure time frame was too short. Similar concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones, liver deiodinase enzyme activity, and thyroid glandular histology suggest that BTBPE is not a potent thyroid axis disruptor.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has prompted the search for appropriate substitutes. These substitutes, referred to as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), are poorly characterized in terms of their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The authors assessed the bioaccumulation potential of 3 non-PBDE brominated flame retardants: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-BDBPE), and BZ-54, a mixture of bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate) (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB). Replicate outdoor aquatic mesocosms were treated individually at concentrations designed to give a maximum load of 500 ng/g of flame retardant in the upper 5 cm of the sediment. Caged fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, 24 fish per replicate) were introduced to each mesocosm and acclimated for 10 d prior to exposure. The exposure period was 42 d, followed by 28 d of depuration after transfer to a control mesocosm, during which physical, reproductive, and biochemical end points were examined. Tissue samples were taken to measure the accumulation, depuration, and biotransformation of NBFRs. Fathead minnows were observed to accumulate, after growth adjustment, BTBPE (16-4203 ng/g lipid) and TBBPA-BDBPE (>1000 ng/g lipid) but with a lack of consistent accumulation observed for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP. However, limited biologically meaningful or consistent responses were observed in the monitored physical, reproductive, and biochemical parameters. Fathead minnows from each treatment exhibited several brominated transformation products. ... These NBFRs have the potential to be bioaccumulative and persistent in vivo and, therefore, warrant further study of physiological effects linked to chronic, sublethal responses.

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane's production and use as a brominated additive flame retardant(1) for many thermoplastic and thermoset systems(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 910,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 8.9(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.9X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Utilizing a screening test using an acclimated soil/sewage inoculum, 1.1 to 1.41% of the total 14C-activity evolved as CO2 after 26 to 30 weeks(5) which indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 910,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 8.9(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values ranging from 8.6 to 43.6 in carp(7) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2014).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.9X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BCF values of 8.6-27.1 and 25.4-43.6 at 0.3 and 0.03 ppm, respectively, in an 8-week study using carp (Cyprinus carpio) were measured for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate.|Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed in the laboratory to an environmentally relevant dose of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) via their diet for 49 days, followed by 154 days of untreated food to examine bioaccumulation parameters, potential biochemical effects, and metabolic products. There was a linear increase in the amount of BTBPE in fish during the uptake phase of the experiment, and an uptake rate constant of 0.0069 +/- 0.0012 (arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error) nmoles per day was calculated. The elimination of BTBPE from the fish obeyed first-order depuration kinetics (r2 = 0.6427, p < 0.001) with a calculated half-life of 54.1 +/- 8.5 days. The derived biomagnification factor of 2.3 +/- 0.9 suggests that this chemical has a high potential for biomagnification in aquatic food webs. ...

The Koc of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is estimated as 910,000(SRC), using a log Kow of 8.9(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is estimated as 4.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.9X10-10 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

ENVIRONMENTAL: 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was not detected (detection limit 0.86 ng/g lipid) in 105 breast milk samples collected from women in Sherbrooke, Canada, samples were collected 2008-2009(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,564 workers (1,404 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of dust particles, and dermal contact with products containing 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(SRC).|1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the indoor air of a electronic recycling plant after the dismantling of computers, tv sets, etc. at 30 pmol/cu m and in offices with computers at 0.0084 pmol/cu m(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane was detected in the indoor air from a plant that recycled electronic products at 5.6-67 ng/cu m, average 20 ng/cu m(2).

Adults and toddlers were exposed to 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane with high dust ingestion at 0.01 ng/kg bw/day and 0.05 ng/kg bw/day, respectively(1). 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, in paired human maternal serum and breast milk samples was reported at not detected (detection limit 3.2 ng/g lipid) to 16 ng/g lipid and not detected (detection limit 0.86 ng/g lipid), respectively, samples collected from women in Sherbrooke, Canada in 2008 and 2009(2).

Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm. (See all compounds classified as Flame Retardants.)

(14)C1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (FF-680) was administered at 0.05, 0.5, or 5% in the diet for 1 day to three groups (four rats per group) of rats, and daily at 0.05% in the diet for 10 days to another group of five rats. In addition, another group of four rats were given a single oral gavage dose of 200 mg/kg of ((14)C)FF-680 in corn oil and were used for bile collection. At all dose levels, (14)CFF-680-derived radioactivity was excreted almost totally via the fecal route (> 99% of the total excreted (14)C), with < 1% recovered in the urine. No radioactivity was detected in the expired air, and very little radioactivity was excreted in the bile (ca. 0.04% of the dose). At 4 days after the start of administration of the dosed diet for 1 day, no radioactivity was detected in any tissue analyzed, except adipose tissue, skin, and thymus, in which trace concentrations of radioactivity were detected in some animals. At 10 days after the start of administration of dosed diet to rats dosed for 10 days, trace but detectable levels of radioactivity were observed in all tissues analyzed except the brain of some animals. Excluding the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue contained the highest concentration of (14)C radioactivity, followed by kidney, skin, and thymus, whereas brain, testes, and spleen contained the lowest concentrations of radioactivity. No parent compound was detected in the urine, while fecal radioactivity was identified as the parent compound. Mean recovery of radioactivity ranged from ca. 86-101% of the ((14)C) FF-680 consumed. The data indicate that FF-680 was very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, following daily administration for 10 days, trace amounts of radioactivity accumulated in tissues to provide detectable levels.|A single oral dose of (14)C 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was administered to conventional and bile-duct cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Tissue disposition, excretion and metabolism was determined. BTBPE is a low-volume brominated flame retardant used in resins or plastics. ... BTBPE was fairly insoluble in lipophilic solutions, which made dose preparation difficult. The great majority of (14)C (>94%) was excreted in the feces of both groups of rats at 72 hr, and tissue retention was minimal. Lipophilic tissues contained the highest concentrations of BTBPE, e.g. thymus, adipose tissue, adrenals, lung, and skin. Metabolites were excreted in the urine, bile and feces, but at a very low level. ... Despite a limited quantity of stable metabolites extractable in the feces, non-extractable (14)C levels were relatively high (39% of the 0-24 hr fecal (14)C), which suggested that BTBPE could be metabolically activated in the rat and covalently bound to fecal proteins and/or lipids. It was concluded that limited absorption and metabolism of BTBPE would occur by ingestion in mammals.

A single oral dose of (14)C 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was administered to conventional and bile-duct cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rats. ... Metabolites were excreted in the urine, bile and feces, but at a very low level. Fecal metabolites were characterized as monohydroxylated, monohydroxylated with debromination, dihydroxylated/debrominated on a single aromatic ring, monohydroxylated on each aromatic ring with accompanying debromination, and cleavage on either side of the ether linkage to yield tribromophenol and tribromophenoxyethanol. Despite a limited quantity of stable metabolites extractable in the feces, non-extractable 14C levels were relatively high (39% of the 0-24 hr fecal (14)C), which suggested that BTBPE could be metabolically activated in the rat and covalently bound to fecal proteins and/or lipids. It was concluded that limited absorption and metabolism of BTBPE would occur by ingestion in mammals.|... Debrominated and hydroxylated metabolites were not detected in liver extracts and suggest that either biotransformation or storage of BTBPE-metabolites in the hepatic system of fish is minor or that our exposure time frame was too short. ...|... Fathead minnows from each treatment exhibited several brominated transformation products. ...

... The elimination of BTBPE from the fish obeyed first-order depuration kinetics (r2 = 0.6427, p < 0.001) with a calculated half-life of 54.1 +/- 8.5 days. ...

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SURVEILLANCE/ Dust ingestion is an important route of human exposure to organic contaminants, especially for flame retardants (FRs) in occupational settings. Several classes of organic contaminants were analyzed in matched dust and serum samples from academics and workers in electronics and clothing stores of Faisalabad, Pakistan. ... Two novel brominated FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in <10% of the serum samples. p,p'-DDE was the major contaminant in serum contributing to ~75% of the total contaminant burden. Levels of Penta-BDE congeners in serum and dust were significantly correlated (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) for the academics, suggesting dust ingestion as an important determinant for their serum levels.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Eleven novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were analyzed in dust samples from California homes as a part of the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) and from the living quarters of California fire stations as a part of the Firefighter Occupational Exposure (FOX) study using high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The eleven NBFRs were alpha- and beta-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (alpha- and beta-DBE-DBCH), 2-bromoallyl 2,3,6-tribromophenylether (BATE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (TBP-DBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). Six of the seven NBFRs that are produced in relatively small quantities (i.e., alpha-, beta-DBE-DBCH, BATE, PBEB, PBT, TBP-DBPE) were measured close to or below the limit of quantitation (0.64ng/g) in both the NCCLS and FOX samples, and the seventh, HBB, was measured at median concentrations of 1.85ng/g and 9.40ng/g in the NCCLS and FOX samples, respectively. The remaining four NBFRs, EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE, and DBDPE, are produced in higher quantities, and were detected at median concentrations of 337ng/g, 186ng/g, 22.3ng/g, and 82.8ng/g, respectively in the NCCLS samples, and at median concentrations of 2687ng/g, 2076ng/g, 28.4ng/g, and 161ng/g, respectively, in the FOX samples. Concentrations of NBFRs in the NCCLS and FOX dust samples were several times lower than concentrations of PBDEs previously measured in the same samples. Concentrations of NBFRs in the NCCLS and FOX dust samples were generally comparable to concentrations of NBFRs in other studies of house dust from the US and Canada.

1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Benzene, 1,1'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis[2,4,6-tribromo-: ACTIVE|T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.|The phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has prompted the search for appropriate substitutes. These substitutes, referred to as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), are poorly characterized in terms of their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity.

Method describes collecting semi- and nonvolatile brominated organic compd, including 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, from air by using glass fiber filter & high-vol air sampler. Extracts were analyzed by either gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer, electron-capture detection, or thin-layer chromatography.|The analytical characteristics of halogenated flame retardants (contaminants), including 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, were studied. Suitable electron capture GLC conditions were developed and retention times & sensitivity responses were obtained. The behavior of these industrial chemicals through the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) multiresidue method for nonfatty foods was studied using fish as test substrate. Of the 24 flame retardants investigated, 23 were recovered (85-110%) using the AOAC method.