Carbophenothion

342.87

342.87

212-324-1

998NGA2Q61

0410

231691

3018

DTXSID7022120

COLORLESS LIQ|Light amber liquid

101

5.1

Carbophenothion appears as an off-white to amber liquid with a mild odor of rotten eggs. Used as an insecticide and acaricide, primarily for citrus crops and deciduous fruits and nuts. (EPA, 1998)

1.271 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

25°C

82 °C @ Press: 0.01 Torr

-18 °C

1.598

Solubility in water: none

APPROX 4°C

Vapour pressure at 20°C: negligible

Relative vapour density (air = 1): 11.8

Oral-rat LD50: 6.8 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 218 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; heat releases toxic phosphorus oxide, sulfur oxide, chloride gas

MERCAPTAN-LIKE ODOR

Pale amber liquid /technical 95%/

Insoluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

CARBOPHENOTHION is a halogenated organophosphate derivative. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

NON-CORROSIVE

II

6.1(a)

3018

3

24/25-50/53-67-65-38-11-28-24

28-36/37-45-60-61-62

TD5250000

T,N,Xn,F

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

RELATIVELY STABLE TO HYDROLYSIS AND HEAT (LESS THAN 80 DEG C).

P264-P273-P280-P301 + P310-P312-P501

H300-H311-H410

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Toxicology Review: Air Quality Monographs #73-19 (1973)

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide Liquid, n.o.s.) Container may explode in heat of fire. Fire and runoff from fire control water may produce irritating or poisonous gases. (EPA, 1998)|Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents.

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P405, and P501|H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 41 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P350, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P314, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P405, and P501

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o. s) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. (Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) This material may burn, but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)|Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|USE OF RUBBER GLOVES, GOGGLES, RESPIRATOR &...PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/|WORKERS HANDLING AND APPLYING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES ... MUST BE GIVEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT COMPRISING OVERALLS MADE OF A TIGHT FABRIC OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, GLOVES AND RUBBER BOOTS. THEY MUST WEAR A RESPIRATOR WITH AN ACTIVATED-CARBON GAS FILTER CARTRIDGE AFFORDING PROTECTION FOR A DETERMINED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS. THE EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY GOGGLES. ... /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

Spills of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulations may be reduced to solid phase by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: These should be removed by vacuum cleaning or by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. In the field they may be washed away with water into a suitable soak-hole. /Pesticides/

ANY MATERIAL SPILLED ON SKIN SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY REMOVED WITH SOAP & WATER. WHEN SPRAYING & DUSTING...CONTAMINATED CLOTHING SHOULD BE CHANGED FREQUENTLY. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/|CONTAINERS ... SHOULD BE CLEANED WITH A SUSPENSION OF BLEACHING POWDER IN WATER OR WITH OTHER ALKALINE SOLN AFTER SOAKING FOR 24 HR AND THEN BE RINSED WITH HOT WATER. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/|THE STRICT OBSERVANCE OF HYGIENE RULES- NO SMOKING AND NO FOOD INTAKE DURING WORK, THOROUGH WASHING WITH SOAP AFTER WORK, CHANGING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BEFORE GOING HOME- IS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/|THE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SHOULD BE KEPT IN SEPARATE PLACES WHERE IT CANNOT BE CONTAMINATED WITH TOXIC CHEMICALS. IT SHOULD BE FORBIDDEN TO KEEP THIS CLOTHING IN LIVING QUARTERS. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MUST BE WASHED AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK AND EACH TIME IT IS CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES. BEFORE WASHING THE CLOTHING SHOULD BE SOAKED FOR SEVERAL HOURS IN A CALCIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION. /PESTICIDES/

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory failure. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Carbophenothion is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

Carbophenothion was qualitatively identified in surface soil samples collected from Tuscaloosa Co., Pickens Co. and Greene Co., Alabama(2). Dislodgeable residues of carbophenothion were identified 1-28 days postapplication (January 24, 1983) at a concn range of 0.8 to 17.2 ppm on soil samples taken midway between trees in an orange grove in Florida(1). In the same study, residues were identified 1-28 days postapplication (January 24, 1983) at concns ranging from 0.06 to 26.6 ppm on soil samples taken at the dripline(1).

Carbophenothion was detected at a concn of 3.5 ng/cu m in indoor air from a formulating plant located in Southern Florida(1).

most toxic

Following relatively large single doses, carbophenothion potentiates the toxicity of malathion about 3-fold. It does not potentiate other compounds tested.

LD50 Rat (male) oral 79.4 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (female) oral 20 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 1850 mg/kg

Carbophenothion's production and former use(5) as an insecticide, acaricide(1), miticide(2), and in combination with petroleum oil as a spray to control aphids, mites, scale insects(3) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Carbophenothion is not a registered pesticide product in the US(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 19,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that carbophenothion is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of carbophenothion from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.0X10-7 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 0.63 mg/l(4). Carbophenothion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.0X10-7 mm Hg(5).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 19,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that carbophenothion is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.0X1-7 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 0.63 mg/l(4). Carbophenothion may be susceptible to biodegradation in water; after 2 weeks, approximately 10% of an initial concn of 10 mg/l carbophenothion remained in raw river water samples(8). Hydrolysis may be an important fate process of carbophenothion in water(9); however, no rate data under environmental conditions (pH 5-9) were located. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 2500(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), carbophenothion, which has a vapor pressure of 3.0X10-7 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase carbophenothion is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hr(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase carbophenothion may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Carbophenothion absorbs little UV light >290 nm and none above 310 nm in hexane solution(4) which suggests that carbophenothion would not be susceptible to direct photolysis.

/CARBOPHENOTHION/ IS OXIDIZED TO THE PHOSPHOROTHIOATE ON THE LEAF SURFACES.|AFTER EXPOSURE OF CARBOPHENTHION TO UV (MAX @ 2540 A), CORRESPONDING SULFOXIDE WAS OBSERVED ... .|The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of carbophenothion with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Carbophenothion absorbs little UV light >290 nm and none above 310 nm in hexane solution(2) which suggests that carbophenothion would not be susceptible to direct photolysis. Using paper chromatography, no degradation products were observed under daylight conditions in aqueous solution for carbophenothion(3). At an unknown pH, untreated and sterile sediment/water systems retained 57% carbophenothion after 5 days and 61% after 7 days, respectively, suggesting that biological processes are not responsible for carbophenothion biodegradation(4). Hydrolysis may be the primary fate process of carbophenothion in water(4); however, no rate data under environmental conditions (pH 5-9) were located.

An estimated BCF of 2500 was calculated for carbophenothion(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). An average BCF of 950 was reported for carbophenothion(4). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high.

4.57e+04 L/kg|The Koc of carbophenothion is estimated as 19,000(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). Average Koc values of about 45,400(4) and 46,800(5) have been experimentally determined. According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that carbophenothion is expected to be immobile.

The Henry's Law constant for carbophenothion is estimated as 2.0X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.0X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.63 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that carbophenothion is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Carbophenothion's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). Carbophenothion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.0X10-7 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: Carbophenothion was not detected in 19 wells sampled across 4 counties in California(1).

In August 1975 to July 1976, the FDA's Monitoring Progam for chemical contaminants tested the US food supply for carbophenothion levels(1). 1 of 20 garden fruit composites from 20 U.S. cities tested positive, with a concn of 0.195 ppm(1). Carbophenothion occurred in apples (0.04 and 0.48 ppm), pears (0.57 ppm), and tomatoes (0.43, 0.47, and 0.59 ppm) imported from Chile, Australia, and Spain, respectively, to the Swedish market during June 1966 to March 1967(2). For all domestic and imported apple, orange, pear and peach samples tested from 1964-1969, carbophenothion was qualitatively detected in 1.3% of all domestic samples and 0.2% of all imported samples(3). In a Market Basket Study conducted by the FDA between 1985-1991, a maximum residue of 0.33 and 0.51 ppm carbophenothion was measured in 7 out of 862 domestic and imported oranges, respectively(6). In 1992-1993, 80-92 and 85.4-98.5% carbophenothion was recovered from domestic and imported pears and tomatoes, respectively, in a Market Basket Study conducted by the Food and Drug Administration(4). In 1994-1995, carbophenothion was found in 5 out of 22 satsuma oranges and 2 out of 5 white grapefruits with residues ranging 0-1.5 and 1.25-2.98 mg/kg in Valencian, Spain(5).

An epidemic among 19 workers on a sugar cane estate ... occurred under circumstances suggesting that the route of exposure was either by inhalation or percutaneous absorption or both.|Occupational exposure to carbophenothion may have occurred through inhalation(1), and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where carbophenothion was(3) produced or used(SRC). An average residue concentration of 15 ug was detected on the hands of 8 farmers 84 days after application(2). The general population may have been exposed to carbophenothion via the ingestion of contaminated food(SRC).

Following intraperitoneal injection /of carbophenothion/, mice excreted over 75% of the dose within 24 hr.|Excretion of carbophenothion is rapid.

OXIDATIVE METAB OF TRITHION WAS STUDIED ON FIELD-GROWING LETTUCE. SAMPLES WERE REMOVED @ VARIOUS TIMES AFTER SPRAYING & ANALYZED. ... PRINCIPAL ROUTE OF OXIDN INVOLVED THIOETHER OXIDN TO FORM SULFOXIDE & THEN SULFONE. THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY PHOSPHOROTHIONATE OXIDN TO FORM THIOLPHOSPHATE SULFONE ... .|(14)C-Carbophenothion ... was rapidly and extensively metabolized by the rat. Some of the urinary label was due to products derived from 4-chlorothiophenol either via direct conjugation (glucuronide, 2.9%; sulfate, 5.9%) or via sequential methylation and oxidation to yield 4-chlorophenyl methyl sulfone and its 3-hydroxylation product ... . The major metabolite of /trithion/ ... was p-chlorobenzenesulfinic acid, which probably derived from ... trithion-S-oxide &/or its oxon. The corresponding sulfonic acid ... was also formed ... . At dosages of 5.3 and 0.53 mg/kg trithion, the rat excreted 93 and 40%, respectively, of the dose as a mixture of diethyl phosphate and diethyl thiophosphate.|In the presence of NADPH and under aerobic conditions, thioether containing organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides were oxidized by the flavin-adenine dinucleotide-dependent monooxygenase purified from pig microsomes.|Carbophenothion is metabolized to the oxon, and both compounds are oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone.

Cholinesterase inhibitor.|Some organic compounds (e.g. ...carbophenothion ...) inhibit aliesterases (diethylsuccinase and tributyrinase) at substantially lower daily dosage levels than they require to inhibit cholinesterases to the same degree.

This material is highly toxic; the estimated fatal oral dose is 0.6 g for a 150 lb. (70 kg) person. It is an indirect cholinesterase inhibitor, meaning its effects are on the nervous system. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised. Note: Carbophenothion is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Signs and Symptoms of Carbophenothion Exposure: Acute exposure to carbophenothion may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma, Mental confusion, and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to carbophenothion exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to carbophenothion. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to carbophenothion. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of carbophenothion is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of carbophenothion may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of 7.5 mg of glycopyrolate were added to 200 ml of saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. This may represent an alternative when there is a concern for respiratory infection due to excessive and difficult to control secretions, and in the presence of altered level of consciousness where the distinction between atropine toxicity or relapse of organophosphate poisoning is unclear. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Pralidoxime. Before administration of pralidoxime, draw a blood sample (heparinized) for cholinesterase analysis (since pralidoxime tends to reverse the cholinesterase depression). Administer pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM), a cholinesterase reactivator, in cases of severe poisoning by organophosphate pesticides in which respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and/or twitching are severe. When administered early (usually less than 48 hours after poisoning) pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic as well as the muscarinic effects of poisoning. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the "aging" process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a non-reactivatable form. ... Dosage of pralidoxime may be repeated in 1-2 hours, then at 10-12 hour intervals if needed. In very severe poisonings, dosage rates may be doubled. Repeated doses of pralidoxime are usually required. In cases that involve continuing absorption of organophosphate (as after ingestion of large amounts), or continuing transfer of highly lipophilic organophosphate from fat into blood, it may be necessary to continue administration of pralidoxime for several days beyond the 48 hour post-exposure interval usually cited as the limit of its effectiveness. ... Blood pressure should be monitored during administration because of the occasional occurrence of hypertensive crisis. Administration should be slowed or stopped if blood pressure rises to hazardous levels. Be prepared to assist pulmonary ventilation mechanically if respiration is depressed during or after pralidoxime administration. If intravenous injection is not possible, pralidoxime may be given by deep intramuscular injection. /Organophosphate pesticides/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CARBOPHENOTHION (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. NAUSEA, ... VOMITING, ABDOMINAL CRAMPS, DIARRHEA, EXCESSIVE SALIVATION. ... 2. HEADACHE, GIDDINESS, VERTIGO & WEAKNESS. 3. RHINORRHEA & SENSATION OF TIGHTNESS IN CHEST ARE COMMON IN INHALATION EXPOSURE. 4. BLURRING OR DIMNESS OF VISION, MIOSIS, ... TEARING, CILIARY MUSCLE SPASM, LOSS OF ACCOMMODATION & OCULAR PAIN, ... MYDRIASIS ... SOMETIMES SEEN ... PROBABLY DUE TO SYMPATHO-ADRENAL DISCHARGE. 5. LOSS OF MUSCLE COORDINATION, SLURRING OF SPEECH, FASCICULATIONS & TWITCHING OF MUSCLES (PARTICULARLY OF TONGUE & EYELIDS), & GENERALIZED PROFOUND WEAKNESS. 6. MENTAL CONFUSION, DISORIENTATION & DROWSINESS. /PARATHION/|SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 7. DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF SALIVA & OF RESP TRACT MUCUS, ORONASAL FROTHING, CYANOSIS, PULMONARY RALES & RHONCHI & HYPERTENSION, (PRESUMABLY DUE TO ASPHYXIA). 8. RANDOM JERKY MOVEMENTS, INCONTINENCE, CONVULSIONS, & COMA. 9. DEATH PRIMARILY DUE TO RESP ARREST ARISING FROM FAILURE OF RESP CENTER, PARALYSIS OF RESP MUSCLES, INTENSE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION OR ALL THREE. /PARATHION/|Seven members of a family became ill after eating tortillas made from flour which had been purchased from a salvage store and which apparently had been contaminated with carbophenothion during shipment. The onset of illness ranged from 4 to 6 hours after the meal. One woman experienced only nausea and vomiting and did not require hospitalization. Other members of the family developed more severe poisoning, including coma in four, and one remained critically ill for 4 days in spite of receiving 66 mg of atropine sulfate and 8 gm of pralidoxime chloride before he regained consciousness. All were fully recovered within 6 days.|Carbophenothion produces illness typical of cholinesterase inhibitors.

carbophenothion

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Headache. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Muscle twitching. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

80% AS AN INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE ON CITRUS CROPS; 20% AS AN INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE PRINCIPLY ON DECIDUOUS FRUITS & NUTS, BUT ALSO ON ALFALFA & CLOVER, VEGETABLES, COTTON, SORGHUM, ORNAMENTALS, TREES & SHRUBS, & AS AN ACARICIDE ON FIELD & SWEET CORN (1974)

USEPA/OPP PC Code 058102; Trade Names: Trithion, ENT-23708, R-1303, Dagadip, Garrathion, Endyl, Lethox, Acarithion, Nephocarp, Oleoakarithion. Stauffer R-1303, Trithion miticide..|EC (4E & 8E), WP (25W), DUST GRANULES.|TECHNICAL GRADE IS ABOUT 95% PURE.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Carbophenothion (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.|USEFUL ON WIDE RANGE OF FRUIT & NUT, VEGETABLE, & FIBER CROPS. PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE AS ACARICIDE. ... /FOREIGN APPLICATIONS/: CONTROL OF LEAFHOPPER & BROWN PLANTHOPPER (PHILIPPINE RECOMMENDATION) (LETHOX EC).|AS INSECTICIDE AGAINST LICE, TICKS, AND BLOWFLIES ON LIVESTOCK. DIPPING SHEEP PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST SUSCEPTIBLE PARASITES FOR OVER 2 MO. /FORMER/|USA REGULATIONS DO NOT PERMIT ITS USE ON FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS, BUT ALLOWS 10 PPM TOLERANCE FOR ITS RESIDUES IN OR ON DEHYDRATED CITRUS PULP OR MEAL FOR CATTLE FEED WHEN PRESENT ... AS RESULT OF ITS INSECTICIDAL APPLICATION TO CITRUS FRUITS, & HAS ALLOWED 0.1 PPM RESIDUE IN RED MEATS ... . /FORMER/

PRODUCT ANALYSIS: A. UV ABSORPTION @ 263 NM. B. HYDROLYZE EXTRACT, REACT WITH 2,6-DIBROMO-N-CHLORO-P-QUINONEIMINE & MEASURE @ 480 NM. C. HYDROLYZE WITH ALKALI AFTER EXTRACTION & ACIDIFICATION TO LIBERATE FORMALDEHYDE, WHICH IS DETERMINED BY COLOR REACTION WITH CHROMATROPIC ACID ... D. OXIDIZE WITH PERACETIC ACID AND DETERMINE BY ENZYMATIC METHOD ... .|GENERAL SAMPLE, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, SPECTROPHOTOMETRY @ 490 NM.|HYDROLYSIS WITH AQ POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE TO P-CHLOROTHIOPHENOL & REACTION WITH TETRAZOTIZED O-DIANISIDINE PH 4.8-6.7 GIVES YELLOW COLOR IN CARBONTETRACHLORIDE WITH MAX @ 375 NM.|AOAC Method 974.22. Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues Carbon column cleanup method.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for CARBOPHENOTHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TWO PHASE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-ACETIC ACID-BENZENE SYSTEM TO OXIDIZE CARBOPHENOTHION TO STRONG CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS. DETERMINATION BY MEASURING INHIBITION BY IT OF CHOLINESTERASE IN HUMAN BLOOD PLASMA.

Agrochemicals -> Acaricides, Insecticides|INSECTICIDES